缸内直喷灵活燃料发动机性能和燃烧特性的研究

根据所测的示功图和排放结果,分析了一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷周向分层燃烧系统,能够灵活燃用甲醇、乙醇和汽油的发动机的性能和燃烧特性.研究表明,由于采用分层燃烧,灵活燃料发动机具有与直喷柴油机相当的热效率,在负荷特性上,燃用醇类燃料和汽油时的NOx排放分别仅为柴油机的10%～40%和21%～78%,CO排放低于1%,HC排放略高于柴油机,燃用醇类燃料时能实现无烟燃烧,燃用汽油时仅在高负荷时存在少许碳烟.灵活燃料发动机的燃烧由预混燃烧与扩散燃烧组成,具有非常快的燃烧速率,上止点后3～5°CA就燃烧完50%燃料,燃烧持续期在28～37°CA范围内,甲醇的燃烧速率最快,汽油的燃烧速率在低负荷时比乙醇稍快,在高负荷时比乙醇慢.     

甲醇/乙醇/汽油HCCI燃烧和排放特性对比

在Ricardo单缸四冲程汽油机上采用内部废气再循环策略,实现了汽油、乙醇和甲醇的HCCI燃烧,并对比了这3种燃料HCCI的燃烧和排放特性。结果表明:在HCCI燃烧模式下,醇类燃料与汽油相比有更多的燃料参与了低温反应,有利于化学动力学反应的进行,因此醇类燃料提前着火时刻,缩短燃烧持续期,降低发动机的燃烧温度;在相同的发动机转速和空燃比条件下,醇类燃料可以极大地降低发动机的NOx排放,特别是甲醇的NOx排放最低可达2×10-6;并且醇类燃料更有利于稀燃,适用于中高速的发动机工况。     

柴油-甲醇-正丁醇混合燃料对柴油机排放性能的影响

以正丁醇作为助溶剂,形成柴油-甲醇-正丁醇混合燃料,并将混合燃料在单缸四冲程柴油机上进行试验研究,探究混合燃料对柴油机排放特性的影响。试验所用的混合燃料中醇类的体积比为5.09%、9.82%、14.66%和19.35%,其中甲醇在混合燃料中所占体积比为2.51%、5.01%、7.53%和10.08%,正丁醇在混合燃料中所占体积比为2.67%、4.81%、7.13%和9.27%。研究表明:燃用混合燃料柴油机有效燃油消耗率、热效率分别增加0.18%～4.08%和0.28%～3.54%;输出功率、输出转矩分别下降0.75%～11.37%和1.42%～25.03%;CO、NO、NO_x等常规气体排放、PM_(2.5)排放分别下降2.76%～45.15%、3.55%～29.21%和3.55%～20.03%;但柴油中添加醇类燃料会导致甲醛、乙醛及挥发性有机化合物等非常规排放分别上升2.78%～60.53%、5.15%～63.81%和3.75%～45.49%;柴油机燃用混合燃料PM_(2.5)排放降低7.09%～48.94%。综上所述,柴油机燃用柴油与醇类燃料形成的混合燃料可以实现在降低NO_x排放的同时降低PM_(2.5)排放。     

火花点火缸内直喷灵活燃料发动机的开发

对一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷、周向分层燃烧系统的发动机在燃用甲醇、乙醇和汽油时系统参数进行优化,获得系统燃用这三种燃料时各自的最优参数。根据优化结果不同的参数对发动机性能影响的程度进行折中,获得灵活燃料发动机的系统参数,实现了在不改动发动机的前提下灵活燃用此三种燃料。发动机性能研究表明：由于采用分层燃烧,灵活燃料发动机具有与直喷柴油机相当的热效率,在负荷特性上,燃用醇类燃料和汽油时的NOx排放分别仅为柴油机的10％～40％和21％～78％,CO排放低于1％,HC排放略高于柴油机,燃用醇类燃料时可实现无烟燃烧,燃用汽油时仅在高负荷运转时存在少许碳烟。     

醇类燃料HCCI发动机燃烧特性的实验研究

在Ricardo Hydra单缸四冲程发动机上利用内部废气再循环策略实现了4种醇类燃料(纯甲醇燃料、纯乙醇燃料、体积分数为50％的甲醇与汽油混合燃料和体积分数为50％的乙醇与汽油混合燃料)的HCCI燃烧．通过调整HCCI发动机的空燃比、转速和气门相位角,研究了醇类燃料HCCI发动机的燃烧特性．结果表明,醇类燃料的 HCCI燃烧不同于普通汽油,燃烧可以在较稀的混合气浓度范围区域内实现,使发动机的运行范围向小负荷和高转速方向拓展,其中纯乙醇可以向高低负荷两个方向拓展运行范围．醇类的着火时刻受化学反应特性和加热的共同影响,其中甲醇燃料的着火在所比较的范围内都是最早的,而且甲醇燃料的着火持续期短于乙醇燃料．除了纯甲醇以外,其他醇类燃料的平均指示压力都高于汽油．     

汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究

开展了汽油机燃用含氧混合燃料时燃烧特性和碳氢排放的研究 ,分析了质量燃烧率和发动机碳氢排放。基于实测示功图的计算结果表明 ,与汽油相比 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料可明显缩短火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较小时 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,可缩短火焰发展角和明显缩短快速燃烧角 ;而当汽油中加入的醇类燃料比例较大时 ,反而会增加火焰发展角和快速燃烧角。试验结果表明 ,与燃用汽油相比 ,燃用含氧混合燃料可降低发动机碳氢排放量 ,燃用汽油 乙醚混合燃料比燃用汽油 醇类混合燃料具有更低的碳氢排放。     

柴油机燃用新型戊醇混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性

戊醇是一种能量密度较高的新一代生物质燃料,与低碳醇相比,具有与柴油更好的互溶性和较高的十六烷值.在一台单缸柴油机上研究对比了不同喷油时刻下3种不同掺混比例的戊醇、生物柴油和柴油混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性.结果表明:与柴油相比,添加戊醇后,混合燃料的最高放热率升高,燃烧持续期缩短,热效率提高.戊醇混合燃料的碳烟排放显著降低,其中戊醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的碳烟排放降低效果最佳,最高降幅为85.7%;且NOx排放下降,最大减少了11.2%,即采用戊醇混合燃料可实现碳烟和NOx排放的同时降低.     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧和颗粒尺寸分布

通过台架试验研究了乙醇的添加对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响,尤其对排气中颗粒物尺寸分布进行了深入探讨.结果表明:随着混合燃料中乙醇质量分数的增加,滞燃期增长,燃烧持续期缩短,同时发动机的等效燃油消耗率降低,热效率略有增加;在颗粒物(PM)排放方面,乙醇的添加使得积聚态颗粒数量减少,核态颗粒数量明显增加,尺寸分布的峰值向小粒径方向移动;颗粒的总数量浓度呈上升趋势,但颗粒物的总质量浓度减少.此外,乙醇的添加会增加氮氧化物(NO_x)排放.     

EGR对生物柴油/异丁醇混合燃料燃烧与排放的影响

在一台四缸四冲程水冷高压共轨柴油机上研究了生物柴油/异丁醇混合燃料在不同EGR率下的燃烧及排放特性.试验结果表明:随EGR率的升高,缸内压力和放热率峰值降低,燃料滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期先缩短后延长,NO排放与核模态颗粒物数密度降低;当EGR率小于6%时,CO和HC污染物的排放都保持在较低水平.相较于生物柴油,燃用混合燃料降低CO污染物的排放;随异丁醇掺混比例的增加,缸内压力与放热率峰值逐渐升高,CO排放降低,但HC与NO的排放逐渐升高,核模态颗粒物数密度升高,积聚态颗粒物数密度和颗粒物质量浓度有不同程度的下降.     

燃料结构和醇类含氧燃料对碳烟生成过程影响的多维数值模拟

采用多维数值模拟研究方法系统研究了燃料结构和不同醇类燃料对定容燃烧弹中正庚烷喷雾燃烧过程中碳烟生成过程的影响.研究结果表明:在高温高压条件下,燃料物性对喷雾破碎和蒸发过程影响较小,滞燃期和含氧量是影响混合过程和碳烟排放的主要因素;正十二烷的碳烟生成量远高于正庚烷,PRF20(80%,正庚烷+20%,异辛烷,质量比)的碳烟生成量与正庚烷接近;甲醇、乙醇和正丁醇燃料的含氧与促进混合共同作用可显著降低正庚烷/醇类掺混燃料的碳烟体积分数;与正庚烷和PRF20燃料相比,含氧作用是B20(80%,正庚烷+20%,正丁醇)燃料降低碳烟排放的主要因素;M20(80%,正庚烷+20%,甲醇)和E20(80%,正庚烷+20%,乙醇)的滞燃期和火焰浮起长度长,含氧量也相对较高,与此对应其碳烟生成量也较低,M20燃料的碳烟最少;在E20的滞燃期和火焰浮起长度均比M20略长的情况下,得益于甲醇较高的含氧量和C—O分子结构,相同质量掺混比例条件下正庚烷/甲醇掺混燃料降低碳烟的效果更明显.     

Performance of biodiesel/higher alcohols blends in a diesel engine

Alcohols extensively used in internal combustion engines are important renewable and sustainable energy resources from environmental and economical perspectives. Besides, bio production of alcohols decreases consumption of fossil‐based fuels. Although there are many studies with regards to the use of lower alcohols such as methanol and ethanol in internal combustion engines, there are a limited number of investigations with higher alcohols. Higher alcohols such as propanol, n‐butanol, and 1‐pentanol are part of the next generation of biofuels, given they provide better fuel properties than lower alcohols. Biodiesel–higher alcohol blends can be used in diesel engines without any engine modification but need to be tested under various engine conditions with long periods in order to evaluate their impacts on engine performance and environmental pollutants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using propanol, n‐butanol, and 1‐pentanol in waste oil methyl ester (B100) on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running at different loads (0, 3, 6, and 9 kW) with a fixed engine speed (1800 rpm). Test fuel blends were prepared by adding propanol, n‐butanol, and 1‐pentanol (10 vol.%) into waste oil methyl ester to achieve blends of B90Pr10, B90nB10, and B90Pn10, respectively. According to engine performance and exhaust emissions results, the addition of propanol, n‐butanol, and 1‐pentanol to B100 had the effect of increasing brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperatures. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased for B90Pr10 and B90nB10, while B90Pn10 showed a slight increase in BTE as compared with B100. When compared with B100, B90Pr10, B90nB10, and B90Pn10 decreased carbon monoxide emissions at lower loads while it increased slightly at 9 kW load. The decrement in oxides of nitrogen emission was observed at whole loads for B90Pr10, B90nB10, and B90Pn10 compared with B100. When considering all loads, B90Pn10 presented the best mean hydrocarbon emission with a reduction of 45.41%. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation,characterization, engine combustion and emission characteristics of rapeseed oil based hybrid fuels

In this study, hybrid fuels consisting of rapeseed oil/diesel blend, 1% aqueous ethanol and a surfactant (oleic acid/1-butanol mixture) were prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the density, viscosity and lower heating value (LHV) of these fuels were measured, and the engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions were investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the viscosity and density of the hybrid fuels were decreased and close to that of diesel fuel with the increase of ethanol volume fraction up to 30%. The start of combustion was later than that of diesel fuel and the peak cylinder pressure, peak pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate were higher than those of diesel fuel. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of hybrid fuels was increased with the volume fraction of ethanol and higher than that of diesel. The brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was almost identical for all test fuels. The smoke emissions were lower than those for diesel fuel at high engine loads, the NO_x emissions were almost similar to those of diesel fuel, but CO and HC emissions were higher, especially at low engine loads.     

Assessment of energy performance and air pollutant emissions in a diesel engine generator fueled with water-containing ethanol–biodiesel–diesel blend of fuels

Biomass based oxygenated fuels have been identified as possible replacement of fossil fuel due to pollutant emission reduction and decrease in over-reliance on fossil fuel energy. In this study, 4 v% water-containing ethanol was mixed with (65–90%) diesel using (5–30%) biodiesel (BD) and 1 v% butanol as stabilizer and co-solvent respectively. The fuels were tested against those of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends to investigate the effect of addition of water-containing ethanol for their energy efficiencies and pollutant emissions in a diesel-fueled engine generator. Experimental results indicated that the fuel blend mix containing 4 v% of water-containing ethanol, 1 v% butanol and 5–30 v% of biodiesel yielded stable blends after 30 days standing. BD1041 blend of fuel, which composed of 10 v% biodiesel, 4 v% of water-containing ethanol and 1 v% butanol demonstrated −0.45 to 1.6% increase in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC, mL kW⁻¹ h⁻¹) as compared to conventional diesel. The better engine performance of BD1041 was as a result of complete combustion, and lower reaction temperature based on the water cooling effect, which reduced emissions to 2.8–6.0% for NO_x, 12.6–23.7% particulate matter (PM), 20.4–23.8% total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 30.8–42.9% total BaPeq between idle mode and 3.2 kW power output of the diesel engine generator. The study indicated that blending diesel with water-containing ethanol could achieve the goal of more green sustainability.     

Study on combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with n-butanol and waste cooking oil blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel because of its renewability and extensive source of raw materials. Butanol can be blended in biodiesel to reduce the kinematic viscosity and promote the fuel atomization. In this respect, biodiesel was blended with 10% and 20% n-butanol, and the combustion characteristics and particulate emissions of the fuel blends were tested in a turbocharged, 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine at a constant speed of 1400 rpm under seven engine loads. The experimental results show that under various engine loads, all of the butanol and biodiesel fuel blends provide faster combustion than diesel due to the higher oxygen content of n-butanol and the lower cetane number of butanol which results in stronger premixed combustion. The addition of butanol is beneficial to concentrating the heat release and thus shorten the combustion duration. With an increased proportion of butanol, soot emissions of butanol and biodiesel fuel blends decrease, the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles (UFPs) reduce noticeably. Meanwhile, the geometric mean diameters of UFPs decrease with an increase in butanol. With an increase of the engine loads, the number concentration peaks of UFPs gradually transfer from the size range of nucleation mode particles (NMPs) to the size range of accumulation mode particles (AMPs) due to the elevated combustion temperatures and high equivalence ratios. Moreover, biodiesel and fuel blends exhibit a higher percentage of NMPs as compared to diesel because of the fuel-bound oxygen, zero aromatics, and low sulfides.     

柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料柴油机燃烧与排放特性研究

为了使柴油与甲醇互溶,提高燃料氧含量以控制碳烟排放,以正戊醇作为助溶剂,形成柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料,对三元燃料在不同温度下的互溶性进行了研究。在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上测试了1 400r/min转速下柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料的燃烧压力和排放特性;计算了瞬时燃烧放热率与燃烧温度,并与柴油进行对比。研究结果表明:甲醇能够以一定比例与柴油/正戊醇互溶,且互溶比例随温度升高而增大。与纯柴油相比,随氧含量的增加,混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,峰值燃烧温度升高;在中低负荷,峰值燃烧放热率上升;在高负荷,三元微乳化燃料的峰值燃烧放热率下降,但其扩散燃烧强度增加;混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率增加,但是其热值逐渐降低,有效热效率上升;3种含氧燃料的CO排放在低负荷时增加,高负荷时降低;HC及NOx排放升高,NO2在NOx中的比例下降;碳烟排放明显减少。     

Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation,pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends

The control of transient emissions from turbocharged diesel engines is an important objective for automotive manufacturers, as stringent criteria for exhaust emissions must be met. Starting, in particular, is a process of significant importance owing to its major contribution to the overall emissions during a transient test cycle. On the other hand, bio-fuels are getting impetus today as renewable substitutes for conventional fuels, especially in the transport sector. In the present work, experimental tests were conducted at the authors’ laboratory on a bus/truck, turbocharged diesel engine in order to investigate the formation mechanisms of nitric oxide (NO), smoke, and combustion noise radiation during hot starting for various alternative fuel blends. To this aim, a fully instrumented test bed was set up, using ultra-fast response analyzers capable of capturing the instantaneous development of emissions as well as various other key engine and turbocharger parameters. The experimental test matrix included three different fuels, namely neat diesel fuel and two blends of diesel fuel with either bio-diesel (30% by vol.) or n-butanol (25% by vol.). With reference to the neat diesel fuel case during the starting event, the bio-diesel blend resulted in deterioration of both pollutant emissions as well as increased combustion instability, while the n-butanol (normal butanol) blend decreased significantly exhaust gas opacity but increased notably NO emission.     

柴油机掺烧不同比例生物柴油的试验研究

将体积分数为10%2、0%、30%的生物柴油掺混到柴油里组成3种混合燃料,并连同纯柴油共4种燃料,在一台四缸增压中冷柴油机上进行性能、燃烧和排放特性的试验研究.结果表明,柴油机燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料的折合油耗率与燃用纯柴油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和压力升高率较低,着火时刻较晚;混合燃料的NOx和碳烟排放与燃用纯柴油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的HC和CO排放只是在1 500r/min时才较纯柴油低,当转速在2 300 r/min时,混合燃料的HC和CO排放更高.     

Performance of a common rail diesel engine using biodiesel of waste cooking oil and gasoline blend

High viscosity, high pour point and low volatility are the major application blocks for biodiesel. In this study gasoline is mixed with biodiesel and they can be soluble with each other at any proportion. Combustion and emission characteristics are investigated on a turbocharged, in-line 6-cylinder, common rail diesel engine. Results showed that pour points, viscosities and distillation temperatures obviously decrease with gasoline ratio. Peak combustion pressures of biodiesel/gasoline blend fuels increase slightly. Ignition delays, peak heat release rates and combustion temperatures increase at partial and medium loads. HC and CO emissions increase at partial and medium loads and drop at high loads. NO_X emissions of blend fuels grow by 4.2% and 6.7% compared with biodiesel averagely at 1400r/min, while soot emissions decline by 31.6% and 38.6%. For ultrafine particles (<220 nm), diameters to peak number concentration of blend fuels are smaller than that of biodiesel. Number concentrations decrease by 30% and 49% averagely compared to biodiesel. Especially, gasoline plays a significant reduction role on ultrafine particles at low and medium loads and soot emissions at high loads.     

Performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine

Results are presented on tests on a single-cylinder direct-injection engine operating on diesel fuel, jatropha oil, and blends of diesel and jatropha oil in proportions of 97.4%/2.6%; 80%/20%; and 50%/50% by volume. The results covered a range of operating loads on the engine. Values are given for the chemical and physical properties of the fuels, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, engine torque, and the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exhaust gases. Carbon dioxide emissions were similar for all fuels, the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend was observed to be the lower net contributor to the atmospheric level. The trend of carbon monoxide emissions was similar for the fuels but diesel fuel showed slightly lower emissions to the atmosphere. The test showed that jatropha oil could be conveniently used as a diesel substitute in a diesel engine. The test further showed increases in brake thermal efficiency, brake power and reduction of specific fuel consumption for jatropha oil and its blends with diesel generally, but the most significant conclusion from the study is that the 97.4% diesel/2.6% jatropha fuel blend produced maximum values of the brake power and brake thermal efficiency as well as minimum values of the specific fuel consumption. The 97.4%/2.6% fuel blend yielded the highest cetane number and even better engine performance than the diesel fuel suggesting that jatropha oil can be used as an ignition-accelerator additive for diesel fuel.