球团矿中MgO含量对炉料熔滴性能的影响

球团矿带入适宜的MgO可以提高炉渣的冶金性能,有利于高炉冶炼。为了探究球团矿MgO含量对高炉炉料性能的影响,在全球团冶炼的条件下,以高炉终渣成分为依据进行配料,利用高温熔滴炉检测球团矿不同w(MgO)时高炉初渣性质、炉料软熔滴落性能的变化情况。试验结果表明,随球团矿w(MgO)升高,初渣中未矿化的MgO明显增多,软化结束温度升高,软化温度区间变宽,炉料软化性能变差。当球团矿w(MgO)大于1.01%后初渣熔点升高,导致熔化特征温度升高,熔化带位置向高温区移动,熔化温度区间变窄,熔化带透气性提高;炉料的软熔带温度区间由229 ℃升高至269 ℃,软熔带增厚,炉料整体透气性变差。由于初渣中w((MgO))随之增加,初渣黏度升高,炉料最大压差和熔滴性能特征值增大。因此,在试验范围内,随球团矿w(MgO)升高,高炉炉料的软熔滴落性能恶化,渣铁分离变差,不利于高炉顺行。     

High Temperature Properties of BOF Slag and its Behaviour in the Blast Furnace

Slag formation in the bosh and raceway is an important issue in the blast furnace process. SSAB works in Luleå operate with 100 % olivine pellets. A small amount of basic fluxes is added from the top, slag and limestone are used. To improve the control of slag formation, a concept with injection of BOF slag was evaluated and tested in the LKAB experimental blast furnace (EBF). In this paper, the behaviour of BOF slag as a slag former, when it is top‐charged or tuyere‐injected, is evaluated based on the results from a laboratory study including reduction tests, softening and melting tests, XRD analyses and SEM analyses. Samples taken from the EBF during excavation, and with a burden probe during operation, are examined. The evaluations show that the melting point of BOF slag is quite low and will not be increased, because of the partial reduction that occurs in the BF shaft. When carbon is present at high temperatures, reduction proceeds and a high basicity slag with a high melting point, consisting of di‐ and tricalcium silicates, is formed. When pellets with a basicity of B2 ~ 1 are used, a slag with similar properties can be formed as a result of interaction with the BOF slag. BOF slag in combination with olivine pellets with a low basicity generates a slag with intermediate basicity and the reduction of iron oxides in the slag has a small effect on the melting temperature. The BOF slag decreases the melting point of coal and coke ashes.     

高炉中心加焦实验及技术分析

中心加焦有利于高炉顺行,但如果中心加焦倾角过大和加焦量过多,则造成中心料柱沸点,燃料比上升。利用溜槽结构参数,提出高炉中心加焦溜槽倾角计算方法,模拟计算炉料在炉内二次分布,分析认为球团更容易滚入中心,因此,需要根据炉料结构中球团所占比例,确定是否实施中心加焦。中心加焦量与球团比例相关,球团配比10%,可以取消中心加焦,当球团配比15%时,则需要实施中心加焦,此结论得到高炉实验验证。     

Mixed burden softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace operation Part 1 – X-ray observation of ferrous burden

Abstract

The cohesive zone in the blast furnace (BF) is largely affected by the high temperature properties of the ferrous burden. Lowering and minimising the width of this zone will increase the productivity and performance of the BF. Recently part of the BF ferrous burden has been replaced by direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI). The objective of the present work is to expand the current understanding of softening and melting (SM) mechanism of ferrous raw materials including DRI, HBI, pellets, lump ore and mixed burdens. A small scale 'deformation under load' experiment was designed to examine the interaction of ferrous burdens. The SM tests were conducted with ferrous burdens in different combinations and parameters such as bed contraction, pressure loss, reduction degree, etc. were measured. In addition, the process was visualised using X-ray fluoroscopy. There were microstructural differences between the ferrous materials which governed the initial compaction of bed. The softening of the single burdens of DRI and HBI occurs owing to softening of iron phase. In mixed burdens composed of DRI and pellets/lump ore, initial deformation is not affected by the presence of DRI; however the melting of the bed is dependent on the melting of DRI indicating its dominance over other burden components at later stages of deformation. The change in reduction degree between SM temperatures was found to be small.     

软熔过程中烧结矿和块矿的交互作用

 为更好地明晰块矿的软熔行为并优化其在高炉内的使用,以烧结矿和澳大利亚纽曼混合块矿为研究对象,分别就两者在软熔过程中的物理和化学交互作用进行了试验研究。通过使用中子CT扫描软熔试验试样, 发现1 450 ℃时烧结矿与纽曼混合块矿的混合炉料孔隙度要高于两者单一炉料,即两者间存在着物理交互作用;通过采用扫描电镜和电子探针分析发现,1 200～1 300 ℃温度范围内烧结矿中钙和镁扩散到了块矿中,两者发生了明显的化学交互作用。在物理和化学交互共同作用下,配加约20%纽曼混合块矿的混合炉料软熔行为得到了明显改善,且其性能相似或略好于同碱度的单一烧结矿炉料,这表明块矿和烧结矿混合后能在高炉内形成温度区间更窄、位置更低、透气性更好的软熔带。     

Softening and Melting Behavior of Mixed Burden for Oxygen Blast Furnace

 The behaviors of mixed burden in the cohesive zone of oxygen blast furnace were studied by softening and melting tests, and the influence of reducing gas and burden basicity on the softening and melting behaviors of mixed burden was also investigated. The results indicated that the softening range became wide, however, the melting range narrowed sharply in the atmosphere of oxygen blast furnace. The permeability of burden in the oxygen blast furnace was obviously improved comparing with the conventional blast furnace. In addition, the content of sulphur in the dripping iron of oxygen blast furnace was much lower than that of conventional blast furnace, however, the content of carbon increased. An optimum basicity of burden, which could lead to the appearance of the narrower melting range and better permeability of burden, was obtained in the atmosphere of oxygen blast furnace.     

Mixed burden softening and melting phenomena in blast furnace operation Part 2 – Mechanism of softening and melting and impact on cohesive zone

Abstract

The present work was designed to improve the current understanding of the softening and melting (SM) mechanism of ferrous materials and to identify their potential impact on the cohesive zone in the blast furnace (BF). The lump ore, direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI) were individually subjected to industrial trials and their results were compared with those obtained in the laboratory (SM) tests described in first part of the present paper. The difference between melting and 10% bed shrinkage temperature obtained from the results of laboratory and industrial tests was compared and it was found within 10% limits. The SM temperatures were also correlated to the basicity, gangue and flux contents of the mixed burden. The liquid slag mass fraction was computed using FactSage software and compared with the deformation of the burden bed. These results indicated presence of a small amount of liquid at temperatures close to the softening temperature of the burden suggesting that the deformation of solid phases is the primary cause for softening of the burden. The melting of the mixed burden is dependent on the melting point of DRI and melt exudation occurs close to the meltdown of the burden. The impact of ferrous burdens on the cohesive zone was predicted on the basis of experimental results which indicated DRI/HBI is an excellent blast furnace feed material to improve the productivity and decrease the coke rate in the BF.     

高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿合理炉料结构的研究

合理的炉料结构是高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿最重要的内容之一.本文基于现场生产条件,在保证炉渣二元碱度、焦比、煤比等不变的条件下,进行不同碱度钒钛烧结矿和不同球团比例的综合炉料软熔滴落的试验,研究了高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿的合理炉料结构.结果表明,随着综合炉料中烧结矿碱度的提高和球团比例的增加,综合炉料的软化开始温度T4基本不变,软化终了温度T40升高,软化区间（T40-T4）变宽;综合炉料的熔化开始温度TS逐渐升高,熔化终了温度TD逐渐上升,熔化区间TD-Ts明显收窄,综合炉料的透气性能明显改善;同时初铁中V、Cr含量增加,V、Cr收得率明显提高.因此,在一定的范围内,提高综合炉料中钒钛烧结矿的碱度和球团比例,有利于高炉冶炼钒钛矿合理炉料结构的形成.     

天铁进一步提高喷煤量的措施探讨

各高炉喷煤量现已达到ｋｇ／ｔ左右，４号高炉１９９５年３月拳情况下喷煤量达１２６ｋｇ／ｔ。探讨了进一步提高喷本的技术措施，诸如：选择合适的鼓风动能；确保同行；实现均匀吹；适当提高煤粉细度；改造喷煤系统等。     

Industrial Practice of BiPCI Process of Pulverized Coal Injection for Blast Furnace Ironmaking at SSAB

BiPCI technology of pulverized coal injection for blast furnace ironmaking was applied to No.2 Blast Furnace of SSAB Oxelösund in Sweden, and notable effectiveness of this BiPCI practice at SSAB has been achieved. The results show that if the tuyere injection rate of pulverized coal is kept nearly unchanged, (1) BiPCI can increase the overall coal rate and decrease the coke rate. When the second injection rate of pulverized coal attains 5 kg/tHM, the coke rate could be reduced by 5 kg/tHM; (2) BiPCI can increase the burden permeability, decrease the pressure drop of the furnace, and produce proper gas flow distribution, which is favourable to keep smooth running of the blast furnace and decrease the total reducing agent rate (RAR). During the test, the RAR showed a decrease by 2.8 kg/tHM (corrected RAR by 1.45 kg/tHM); (3) The pulverized coal through the second injection can be effectively used to protect the coke from fast degradation and improve the coke strength in the blast furnace, which is favourable to lower the high requirement on the coke quality under high coal rate operation.     

2680m3高炉使用非主流块矿的稳产降本实践

某企业2 680 m³高炉炉料结构为“75%高碱度厂烧+7%酸性外球+18%天然块矿”,为了降低高炉原料成本,选取不同非主流块矿与当前高炉使用的主流P块、N块进行了多种冶金性能检测,结果证明R块相较于P块、N块,矿石结构紧密,具有较好的抗热裂性能,同时还兼顾较高的还原性能。综合炉料的熔滴特性表明,配加R块后,料柱的软融区间降低25℃,但由于R块高铝的属性,导致渣系中极易形成高熔点渣相,降低炉渣流动性,料柱最大压差ΔP_max增加4.6 kPa。实际生产中,2 680 m³高炉配加R块后,仍可以实现稳产顺行并取得了较好的经济效益。     

Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Softening and Melting Reduction Behaviors of Ferrous Burden in Gas-Injection Blast Furnace

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The softening and melting reduction behaviors of ferrous burden in a gas-injection blast furnace (BF) have been investigated experimentally with the...     

荷兰霍戈文高炉高煤比操作实践

荷兰霍戈文高炉在相当长的一段时间内煤比保持在１８０￣２００ｋｇ／ｔ，今年以来煤比又进一步提高到２１０ｋｇ／ｔ，霍戈文高炉能保持这么高的煤比生产，除了喷煤工艺及设备先进合理外，关键还在于先进的生产操作技术，诸如：合理的煤气流分布；加强炉顶布料，降低渣比，高富氧（富氧率为６％￣８％），低风速（鼓风速度控制在１９０￣２００ｍ／ｓ）；开发实用的数学模型，指导高炉操作。     

Behavior of direct reduced iron and hot briquetted iron in the upper blast furnace shaft: Part II. A model of oxidation

The high-temperature properties of the ferrous burden in the cohesive zone of the blast furnace (BF) are a function of its history in the upper shaft. It is considered that charging direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI) into the BF increases its efficiency and productivity. However, oxidation of DRI and HBI can occur in the low-temperature zone in the BF, which may affect their softening and melting properties. This work was designed to estimate the oxidation degree of DRI/HBI in the upper BF shaft. In this article, a model of oxidation was developed, which predicted that DRI and HBI can be oxidized up to 10 and 2 pct, respectively. The model was then put forth to a laboratory-simulated test and industrial simulated blast furnace (SBF) test for its verification. The results of SBF tests indicated that the oxidation of DRI/HBI occurs in a temperature range of 700 °C to 950 °C with the gas compositions used for the tests. The morphology of iron in DRI is expected to exhibit Fe-FeO-Fe layers in varying thickness at the beginning of the cohesive zone. The oxidation in HBI briquettes is primarily limited to its external surface. These results indicate that the impact of oxidation of DRI/HBI on the cohesive zone will not be significant.     

Effects of MgO Containing Additive on Low-Temperature Metallurgical Properties of Oxidized Pellet

 As a main charging form of BF (blast furnace), pellets play an important role in blast furnace process. However, comparing with sinters, pellets have many disadvantages, such as reduction swelling, low softening and melting temperature and so on. Therefore, the flux pellets have been applied in blast furnace widely, especially MgO containing pellets. The light burned magnesite is applied as MgO containing additive in pellet production. The characters of light burned magnesite are explored. Meanwhile, the effects of it on low-temperature metallurgical properties are investigated such as low-temperature reduction degradation index (RDI), compressive strength (CS) and the reduction swelling index (RSI). The light burned magnesite calcined at 850 ℃ manifests better grindability, larger specific surface area, and higher hydration activity. It is found that the addition of light burned magnesite can improve low-temperature metallurgical properties (RDI, RSI) of the pellets. With the increase of light burned magnesite in pellets, the RSI and RDI decrease gradually; when the proportion of light burned magnesite does not exceed 2. 0% in pellets, the CS decreases slightly, but it still surpasses 2689 N, which can still meet the demand of BF.     

高炉添加金属化球团炉料的冶金性能试验

在掌握金属化球团及其他含铁原料特性的基础上,采用熔滴试验方法,考察不同比例金属化球团对高炉冶炼过程的影响。试验结果表明：金属化球团具有含铁品位高、金属化率高、还原性能好、无低温还原粉化、软熔滴落性优良等特点,在高炉中配加金属化球团其综合炉料的软熔滴落性能变好,但考虑到配加金属化球团后减少焦比对高炉的影响,其配加比例在20%（质量分数）左右比较适宜。     

邯钢高炉低烧比炉料结构的优化

鉴于环保压力的影响,高炉应减少烧结矿的使用,多使用相对清洁的球团矿和块矿进行高炉冶炼。为配合酸性炉料的大比例加入,需要提高烧结矿的碱度。然而,随着烧结矿碱度的提高,高炉炉内压差升高,透气性恶化,高炉相应生产质量指标难以提升。为了避免烧结矿碱度过高所带来的问题,提出了新的技术思路,即将烧结矿中碱性熔剂取出直接加入高炉,选择适宜的球团矿种类、适宜碱度的烧结矿配加一定量的石灰石与一定比例块矿组成高炉炉料结构。研究结果表明,与综合炉料中直接加入碱度为2.3的烧结矿相比,外配石灰石的方式所组成的综合炉料熔滴性能更优,炉料透气性得到了改善。在熔滴性能满足高炉要求的情况下,通过外配石灰石的方式,炉料结构中烧结矿比例可以降低至47%左右。     

Circulation and accumulation of harmful elements in blast furnace and their impact on the fuel consumption

The circulation and accumulation of harmful elements in blast furnace were investigated. The results show that the maximum concentration of K and Na in the belly is about 50 times of that in the charge. The zinc increased by 80 times and the Pb is insignificant. The impact of the circulation and accumulation of K, Na, Pb and Zn on the fuel consumption was quantitatively analyzed using Rist diagram. The results show that the gas utilization decreased and the coke rate increased linearly with the increase of load and accumulation times of each harmful element. Given the accumulation times of each element, the loading of Na, K, Zn and Pb into BF leads to the increase of coke rate by 13.99 kg/tHM, 6.25 kg/tHM, 3.63 kg/tHM and 0.02 kg/tHM, respectively. The increased coke rate and the decreased gas utilization under various loads and accumulation times of each element was estimated.     

氧气高炉含铁炉料软熔特性研究

摘要：以烧结矿、球团矿及其混矿为研究对象,利用荷重软化滴落设备,分别探索了氧气高炉和传统高炉条件下烧结矿、球团矿、混合矿软熔特性。研究发现,与传统高炉气氛相比,在氧气高炉气氛下烧结矿、球团矿、混矿软化开始温度降低,软化结束温度升高,烧结矿滴落温度降低,球团矿与混矿滴落温度升高,并且熔滴区间减小甚至消失。通过对软熔过程相关数据分析,发现在氧气高炉气氛下混矿有一定的交互作用,提高了炉料透气性。     

Study on softening melting characteristics of iron bearing material in oxygen blast furnace

The softening melting characteristics of sinter, pellet and mixed ore in oxygen blast furnace and traditional blast furnace were studied by using load softening and dropping equipment. It is found that, compared with the traditional blast furnace under the softening starting temperature of sinter, pellet, and their mixture decreases, the softening ending temperature increases in oxygen blast furnace atmosphere. Under the condition of oxygen blast furnace, the dropping temperature of sinter decreases, the dropping temperature of pellets and their mixture increases, and dropping zone becomes narrow and even disappears. Through the analysis of the data of the soft melting process, it is found that the mixed ore has a certain interaction effect in the oxygen blast furnace atmosphere, which improves the gas permeability of the charge.