掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台电控共轨发动机上,试验研究了乙醇掺混比例和喷射定时对二甲醚-乙醇混合燃料燃烧及排放的影响。结果表明:随乙醇比例的增加,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,最大压力升高率上升。随喷射推迟,滞燃期延长,燃烧相位延后,燃烧持续期在纯二甲醚时延长,而在掺混乙醇时则先延长后缩短,最大压力升高率先下降后上升。掺混乙醇和推迟喷射使预混燃烧比例增加。随喷射推迟,混合燃料的排气温度升高,喷射推迟到上止点后,排气温度随乙醇比例的增加而升高,排气温度高,则废气能量高,增压器增压比大,进气流量大,导致缸内压缩压力升高。在上止点前喷射时,掺混乙醇能使HC和CO排放保持在较低范围的同时,一定程度降低NO_x排放,掺混15%的乙醇较纯二甲醚最大降低约11%NO_x排放。随推迟喷射,NO_x排放降低,最大降幅达52%,在过分推迟燃料喷射时,因热效率低,循环喷射量增加,含15%乙醇混合燃料的NO_x排放会高于纯二甲醚。HC和CO排放随喷射推迟而升高,且升高幅度增大。     

氢气缸内直喷发动机燃烧优化及热效率提升研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台1.5 L氢气缸内直喷发动机,通过试验研究了氢气燃料的燃烧特性,分析了深度增压和喷氢时刻对燃烧及热效率的影响。研究表明:稀燃模式下,随着过量空气系数增加,缸内最高燃烧压力越来越高且对应曲轴转角提前,放热率峰值逐渐下降同时放热始点提前,放热时长变长,缸内燃烧温度和压升率下降。深度增压后,有效热效率可提升3%。靠近上止点喷射时,缸内喷射背压增加,喷射流量减小,提前喷射容易出现早燃,优化喷射策略后的有效热效率达43.5%。     

基于双直喷策略的低负荷下活性控制压燃燃烧特性的数值研究

采用流体仿真软件CONVERGE开展了基于双直喷策略的低负荷工况下二代生物柴油/汽油活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)燃烧模式的数值模拟研究,对比了常规进气道喷射汽油RCCI和双直喷RCCI的燃烧特性,并探讨了双燃料喷射时刻对双直喷RCCI燃烧的影响。结果表明:相比常规进气道喷射汽油RCCI,双直喷RCCI能够有效控制缸内汽油混合气分布,改善不完全燃烧现象;随着汽油直喷时刻的推迟,分层燃烧减弱,燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧效率降低,热效率先减小再增大后又减小,NO_x排放减少而碳烟排放增加;随着二代生物柴油喷射时刻的推迟,分层燃烧加剧,燃烧持续期延长,燃烧效率升高,热效率先增大而后减小,NO_x排放增加而碳烟排放减少。     

喷雾引导分层燃烧部分负荷喷油点火策略研究

在一台中置多孔喷油器的直喷汽油机上进行试验,研究了喷雾引导分层燃烧技术在部分负荷(n=2 000r/min、BMEP=0.2MPa)下,喷油点火策略对发动机油耗和排放的影响。研究结果表明:点火(IGN)时刻处于喷油结束(EOI)时刻附近时,可以实现稳定的分层稀薄燃烧。在IGN时刻与EOI时刻等高线图中,THC排放与NOx排放呈现矛盾折中关系,CO排放随EOI时刻的推迟而逐渐降低。有效燃油消耗率受到燃烧效率和燃烧相位两个矛盾因素的共同影响,在EOI为上止点前34°的曲轴转角而IGN为上止点前35°的曲轴转角时获得最低值(329g/(kW·h))。采用两次喷射策略时,小的喷射间隔下,喷射比例对分层燃烧的燃烧稳定性和排放影响较小。     

氢气直喷对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

基于一台高压直喷汽油机,将汽油直喷喷射器替换为氢气直喷喷射器,试验研究了发动机燃用氢气与汽油时的燃烧和排放特性差异。采用空气稀释,进一步分析了氢气发动机稀薄燃烧模式下热效率提升潜力及氮氧化物排放特性,明确了氢气燃料对发动机燃烧及污染物排放的影响规律。结果表明,当量燃烧模式下,相比汽油发动机,氢气发动机的燃烧持续期明显缩短,有效热效率降低,NO_x排放升高,CO及总碳氢（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放显著降低。提高氢气发动机的过量空气系数有助于改善有效热效率。在中等负荷工况下,过量空气系数为2.7时有效热效率可达43.5%。增大过量空气系数,氢气发动机能够在保持较高燃烧稳定性的情况下显著降低NO_x排放。在低负荷工况下,当过量空气系数大于2.3时NO_x排放最低可降低至44×10^-6。     

基于光学发动机的柴油/聚甲氧基二甲醚引燃乙醇对比研究北大核心CSCD

为了改善内燃机燃烧与排放,探究反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)燃烧规律,在一台轻型光学发动机上对比了缸内分别直喷柴油和聚甲氧基二甲醚(polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers,PODE)引燃进气道喷射乙醇的燃烧特性。通过调节缸内直喷的喷油时刻和喷油比例,对燃烧过程进行了可视化试验分析。结果表明:随喷油时刻不断推迟,缸内燃烧压力与放热率呈现先增后减的趋势,喷油时刻在上止点前20°时燃烧效果最好。随着缸内直喷燃油比例的增加,每循环燃烧压力峰值和放热率峰值不断增加,燃烧相位提前,燃烧更充分。利用高速成像技术获得的图片结果显示:两种引燃模式下火焰均发生于近壁区域并向四周扩散。火焰亮度最高和面积最大的时刻出现在燃烧始点附近。PODE引燃乙醇时火焰场中无曝光区域而柴油引燃乙醇时存在较多曝光区。PODE/乙醇燃料组合相对于柴油/乙醇燃料组合的缸压和放热率峰值更高,滞燃期和燃烧持续期更短,燃烧效率更高,碳烟生成量更少。     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

乙醇混氢发动机怠速性能的试验

利用进气混氢来改善乙醇发动机的怠速性能.试验在加装了电控氢气喷射系统的4缸点燃式内燃机上进行,在怠速条件下,逐渐增加氢气的喷射脉宽,研究混氢对乙醇发动机怠速性能的影响.在各种混氢分数下,减小乙醇喷射脉宽,使混氢前后的混合气始终保持在理论过量空气系数附近.结果表明,随混氢分数的增加,发动机热效率提高,燃料燃烧速度加快,循环变动降低,混氢后发动机HC排放降低但NOx略有升高,CO随混氢分数的增加先降低而后又有所升高.进气混氢有利于降低乙醇发动机的乙醛排放,当混氢能量分数由0%提高至13.84%时,乙醛排放降低约37.4%.     

乙醇DI/汽油PFI发动机性能与排放特性

基于一台点燃式发动机,对缸内直喷(DI)乙醇和进气道喷射(PFI)汽油的复合喷射方式进行了研究.与传统喷油模式相比,采用乙醇-汽油复合喷射能够提升发动机动力性.随直喷乙醇比例增加,缸内爆发压力升高;受乙醇燃烧速率和缸内冷却效果的综合影响,着火滞燃期和燃烧持续期先缩短后延长.最佳点火时刻下,单一汽油喷射(PFI和GDI)爆震频次超过10%,,发动机发生轻微爆震,而复合喷射乙醇比例超过20%,可消除爆震;随直喷乙醇比例增加,循环波动系数降低,当量燃油消耗率降低,指示热效率提高,复合喷射相对PFI可提高发动机热效率3.8%,;同时,能够有效降低NOx和HC常规气体排放物.通过采用相对较高的缸内直喷乙醇比例,复合喷射能够提高发动机热效率及抑制爆震并降低常规气体排放物.     

汽油喷射稀薄混合气的燃烧

本文研究了汽油喷射发动机稀薄混合气燃烧具有重要意义的空燃比、涡流强度、点火时刻、排气再循环和喷油定时等参数对油耗率和循环波动率的影响，并与化油器供油的发动机作对比分析。结果表明，汽油喷射可燃用更稀薄的混合气，指出在影响汽油喷射燃烧的三个主要因素中，以涡流的影响最大，空燃比次之，喷油定时在上止点前５０°ＣＡ到后１０°ＣＡ之间时对燃烧的影响相对较小。     

Effect of fuel injection timing and injection pressure on performance in a hydrogen direct injection engine

The in-cylinder hydrogen fuel injection method (diesel engine) induces air during the intake stroke and injects hydrogen gas directly into the cylinder during the compression stroke. Fundamentally, because hydrogen gas does not exist in the intake pipe, backfire, which is the most significant challenge to increasing the torque of the hydrogen port fuel injection engine, does not occur. In this study, using the gasoline fuel injector of a gasoline direct-injection engine for passenger vehicles, hydrogen fuel was injected at high pressures of 5 MPa and 7 MPa into the cylinder, and the effects of the fuel injection timing, including the injection pressure on the output performance and efficiency of the engine, were investigated. Strategies for maximizing engine output performance were analyzed.The fuel injection timing was retarded from before top dead center (BTDC) 350 crank angle degrees (CAD) toward top dead center (TDC). The minimum increase in the best torque ignition timing improved, and the efficiency and excess air ratio increased, resulting in an increase in torque and decrease in NO_x emissions. However, the retardation of the fuel injection timing is limited by an increase in the in-cylinder pressure. By increasing the fuel injection pressure, the torque performance can be improved by further retarding the fuel injection timing or increasing the fuel injection period. The maximum torque of 142.7 Nm is achieved when burning under rich conditions at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio.     

Numerical investigation of water injection quantity and water injection timing on the thermodynamics,combustion and emissions in a hydrogen enriched lean-burn natural gas SI engine

Water direct injection into the cylinder is one of effective ways to suppress the combustion rate and knocking combustion in turbocharged SI engine. In this study, a detailed one-dimensional model coupled with the water direct injection was built by using the GT-Power according to the real tested hydrogen-enriched lean-burn natural gas (NG) SI engine, and validated against the experimental data. Then, a series of cases with various water injection quantity and injection timing were comprehensively investigated on the thermodynamics, combustion and emissions characteristics of the NGSI engine. The impact of the thermo-physical of the water were discussed in detailed by sweeping various water injection quantity and water injection timing. The results indicated that peak combustion pressure and peak heat release rate decreased with the increasing the water injection quantity. In addition, the 50% combustion location and peak combustion pressure location were retarded with the increasing the water injection quantity. As for the water injection timing, the peak combustion pressure and peak combustion temperature were slightly decreased with retarding the water injection timing. Apart from that, the indicated thermal efficiency decreased 4.03% and the equivalent fuel consumption increased 3.56% with injecting 60 mg water into the cylinder compared the case without water injection. Furthermore, the indicated thermal efficiency decreased 4.68% and the equivalent fuel consumption increased 4.66% by sweeping the water injection timing from the 150 CA to 50 CA before top dead center. However, the volumetric efficiency slightly ascended with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. Finally, the NOx emissions declined with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. However, CO emission and unburned HC emissions increased with increasing the water injection quantity and retarding the water injection timing. The main aim of this paper is expected to provide a comprehensively assessment of the thermo-physical of water on the thermodynamics, combustion, and emissions of the hydrogen enriched NGSI engine.     

不同喷油压力对汽油压燃中高负荷性能试验研究

基于一台改装后的压缩比为17的压燃式单缸发动机,展开不同喷油压力对汽油压燃燃烧模式发动机燃烧特性、爆震特性、效率特性和排放特性的研究,结果表明随着喷油压力的增加,缸内混合气形成速度加快,混合气着火时刻提前,燃烧持续期缩短,热效率呈现出先增大后略微降低的趋势。喷油压力的增加使得发动机爆震趋势增强,为降低最大压力升高率和爆震强度,采用推迟喷油策略,但高喷油压力下缸内燃烧对喷油时刻变得敏感,易产生较大的平均指示压力循环波动或爆震,燃烧控制难度增加。对不同喷油压力下爆震循环的缸压信号进行分析得出喷油压力对爆震频率无明显影响。喷油压力升高会使得未燃碳氢和CO排放降低,但同时也会使得NO_x排放增加。     

Influence of advanced injection timing on the performance and emissions of CI engine fueled with ethanol‐blended diesel fuel

Ethanol has been considered as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. On the other hand, injection timing is a major parameter that sensitively affects the engine performance and emissions. Therefore, in this study, the influence of advanced injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been experimentally investigated when using ethanol‐blended diesel fuel from 0 to 15% with an increment of 5%. The original injection timing of the engine is 27° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC). The tests were conducted at three different injection timings (27, 30 and 33° CA BTDC) for 30 Nm constant load at 1800 rpm. The experimental results showed that brake‐specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC), NO_x and CO₂ emissions increased as brake‐thermal efficiency (BTE), smoke, CO and HC emissions decreased with increasing amount of ethanol in the fuel mixture. Comparing the results with those of original injection timing, NO_x emissions increased and smoke, HC and CO emissions decreased for all test fuels at the advanced injection timings. For BSEC, BSFC and BTE, advanced injection timings gave negative results for all test conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of hydrogen on the performance and emissions of an SI engine having a high compression ratio fuelled by compressed natural gas

The aim of this paper is investigation of the effect of hydrogen on engine performance and emissions characteristics of an SI engine, having a high compression ratio, fuelled by HCNG (hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas) blend. The experiments were carried out at 1500, 2000 and 2500 rpm under full load conditions of a modified Isuzu 3.9 L engine, having a compression ratio of 12.5. The engine brake power, brake thermal efficiency, combustion analysis and emissions parameters were realized at 5, 10 15 and 20 deg. CA BTDC (crank angle before top dead center) ignition timings and in excess air ratios of 0.9–1.3 fuelled by hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 80/20 of % natural gas/hydrogen).The experimental results showed that the maximum power values were generally obtained with HCNG5 (5% hydrogen in natural gas) fuel. The optimum ignition timing that was obtained according to the maximum brake torque was retarded by the addition of hydrogen to CNG (compressed natural gas), while it was advanced by increasing the engine speed. Furthermore, it was observed that the BTE (brake thermal efficiency) generally declined with the hydrogen addition to compressed natural gas and increasing the engine speed. Additionally, the curves of cylinder pressure and ROHR (rate of heat release values) generally closed to top dead center with the increasing of the hydrogen fraction in the blend and a decreasing engine speed. The hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions generally obtained were lower than the Euro-5 and Euro-6 standards.     

柴油/汽油反应活性控制压燃发动机喷油协调控制与排放特性研究

对某4缸高压共轨柴油机进气道进行改造,搭建了柴油/汽油双燃料反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机专用试验台架,设计了柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧汽油喷射控制策略,实现了全工况下汽油与柴油的协调喷射控制,系统地研究了不同运行工况下,不同汽油替代率对柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:采用柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧控制策略,发动机可在其运行工况范围内实现高效清洁燃烧,随着汽油替代率的增加,发动机缸内最高压力逐渐增大,缸压峰值出现时刻推迟,放热率峰值降低,燃烧持续期延长,燃油消耗率降低,有效热效率升高,全碳氢、CO排放增加,NO_x和碳烟排放降低。     

喷油策略对自由活塞直线发动机燃烧过程的影响

研究不同喷油策略对自由活塞发动机燃烧排放性能的影响,探索了适合自由活塞发动机柴油燃烧系统的喷油策略。基于AVL FIRE仿真平台,搭建三维动网格计算模型,通过台架试验数据,对试验喷油策略为矩形的缸压数据进行标定,验证了模型的准确性。然后对4种不同曲线形状喷油策略(普通三角形、等腰三角形、矩形和梯形)下的发动机燃烧放热及排放性能进行了仿真计算。研究结果表明:压缩上止点前采用矩形喷油策略缸内油气混合速率最快,压缩上止点后采用等腰三角形喷油策略更有利于油气混合;等腰三角形喷油策略下发动机峰值燃烧压力最大,最接近上止点,而且指示热效率最大,达到0.371;等腰三角形喷油策略下,缸内峰值燃烧压力和温度最大,NO排放最高而碳烟排放最低。     

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Blending Ethanol on Combustion Characteristic and Idle Performance in a Gasoline Rotary Engine

Rotary engine is an ideal electric vehicle range extender.However,the combustion chamber of rotary engine is very narrow and long at the top dead center,which is detrimental to fuel combustion performance.In order to improve its economic and emission performance,this paper built an ethanol/gasoline dual-fuel rotary engine test bench,and the combustion and emission performance of gasoline rotary engine under five ethanol blending ratios were studied.The experimental results showed that,when the fuel pulse width is not adjusted,since the calorific value of ethanol is lower than that of gasoline and the latent heat of vaporization of ethanol is higher than that of gasoline,the addition of ethanol in gasoline lowers the peak pressure.When the ethanol blending ratio reaches 30 vol%,the pressure curve shows a distinct double peak.Under the theoretical air-fuel ratio condition,mixing ethanol in gasoline increases the heat release rate,shortens the combustion duration while prolonging delay period.After blending ethanol,HC,CO and NO_x emissions have been reduced under various operating conditions.Excessive ethanol blending ratio increases NO_x emissions and increases cycle variation coefficient.When the ethanol blending ratio is 15 vol%,it has better power ability while maintaining low cycle variation coefficient and emissions.     

Effects study of injection strategies on hydrogen-air formation and performance of hydrogen direct injection internal combustion engine

Based on the dual challenges of the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, hydrogen has been recognized as an ideal alternative internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel. To improve the combustion efficiency of hydrogen direct injection ICE, we numerically analyzed the effects of different injection parameters, including injection timing, injection pressure, and dual injection, on the formation of a hydrogen-air mixture using the CONVERGE software from the perspective of mass transfer and flow state. It was determined that it is enough to set the injection timing to −88° after top dead center (ATDC) for both uniform mixture and desirable indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). However, when the injection timing is set to −43° ATDC, an acceptable ITE and effective combustion can be achieved by employing the “jet-room coordination” effect of the ω chamber. Injection pressure has a minimal effect on mixture formation and combustion. In contrast, the timing and mass fraction of secondary injection have a significant influence on tumble strength, which is a key factor for the mixture improvement.