纳米技术产业化过程中的主体行为

纳米技术的发展使越来越多的国家和企业界认识到纳米技术具有促进创新和经济发展,增强产业竞争力的巨大潜力,它将引发21世纪新一轮的产业革命。如何加速我国纳米技术产业化进程,将是一个新的研究课题。在此过程中,将伴随着政府、科研机构和企业这三个主体行为的完善和规范。     

基于纳米技术的图案设计创作实践探索

目的纳米科技作为21世纪最重要的科技产业革命之一,其研究成果被广泛应用于各个领域,给人们的生活带来巨变。在纳米科技飞速发展的今天,艺术似乎也正在迈入一个崭新的时期,科学与艺术的交融与碰撞使得它们在各自的领域里不断的创新与突破。有理由相信,以纳米科技之壤滋养艺术之苗,将会结出丰硕的果实。方法主要以基于纳米光刻技术和碳纳米管生长技术的微观图案设计创作实践为例,探索利用纳米技术来进行图案设计创作的可能性,并进一步探讨了这种"捉光代笔"的创作方式的意义与价值。结论将纳米技术视作全新的图案设计创作方式,运用崭新的创作思维去表现更加广阔的主题与情感,利用科学的新技术、新材料来实现艺术自身的创新与当代发展。     

NanoMalaysia Programme (2011–2020): engine of growth for innovative Malaysia

Nanotechnology not only enables further technical and scientific advancement of existing technologies, but also creates new technology and imposes drastic impact on industries and economy. Moreover, through the implementation of nanotechnology initiatives, advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology promise to have a major impact on the society in the coming decades. Among the expected breakthroughs are an order of magnitude increase in device efficiency and emergence of entirely new phenomena in physics, chemistry and biology. Thus, many exciting prospects for new scientific knowledge, more efficient and higher quality products and technological innovations will soon be available and implemented. The NanoMalaysia Programme (2011–2020) with its strategic initiatives and action plans in various areas of nanotechnology in Malaysia is presented.     

Peptide Nanophotonics: From Optical Waveguiding to Precise Medicine and Multifunctional Biochips

Optical waveguiding phenomena found in bioinspired chemically synthesized peptide nanostructures are a new paradigm which can revolutionize emerging fields of precise medicine and health monitoring. A unique combination of their intrinsic biocompatibility with remarkable multifunctional optical properties and developed nanotechnology of large peptide wafers makes them highly promising for new biomedical light therapy tools and implantable optical biochips. This Review highlights a new field of peptide nanophotonics. It covers peptide nanotechnology and the fabrication process of peptide integrated optical circuits, basic studies of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena in biological and bioinspired nanostructures, and their passive and active optical waveguiding. It is shown that the optical properties of this generation of bio‐optical materials are governed by fundamental biological processes. Refolding the peptide secondary structure is followed by wideband optical absorption and visible tunable fluorescence. In peptide optical waveguides, such a bio‐optical effect leads to switching from passive waveguiding mode in native α‐helical phase to an active one in the β‐sheet phase. The found active waveguiding effect in β‐sheet fiber structures below optical diffraction limit opens an avenue for the future development of new bionanophotonics in ultrathin peptide/protein fibrillar structures toward advanced biomedical nanotechnology.     

Nanotechnologie: Eine neue soziale Dynamik an der Schnittstelle zwischen Wissenschaft und ?ffentlichkeit

This paper investigates the development of nanotechnology from three different points of view: (1) as a new technology, (2) as social dynamics, and (3) as an ideology. It argues that nanotechnology is not a new technology but a new social dynamics guided by programmatic ideas and situated at the interface between science and the public. Rather than being determined by social constructivism, the main argument is based on the poor scientific and technological identity of nanotechnology. Finally the paper concludes that nanotechnology is to be considered an extension and increase of materials science and engineering, not only scientifically but in particular socially and ideologically, by pointing out common characteristics and differences.     

Research on the frontiers of materials science: The impact of nanotechnology on new material development

Materials continue to play a dominant role in our society, as they have through the millennia. The developments in nanotechnology provide a unique opportunity to not only develop new classes of materials but also do so in harmony with a goal of sustainable development. There is, however, a large gap between the promise of nanotechnology and its integration into a new generation of nano-enabled products. The first half of this paper focuses on the promise of nanotechnology by exploring a novel, self-assembly based technique for the production of structural ceramics, which have the potential to dramatically affect a range of products such as power turbines and aircraft engines. In the second half of the paper examines some of the challenges in setting up a nano-engineered value chain, which is critical for a new generation of nano-enabled products.     

纳米技术在建筑材料中的应用研究

纳米技术是一门崭新的、划时代的科学技术,从一定意义上说,纳米技术是21世纪经济发展的发动机。本文主要介绍了纳米材料的特性,在以及在传统的建材领域的涂料、陶瓷、塑料等方面的应用情况,展望了纳米技术在建筑材料领域的应用前景。     

Regional development and interregional collaboration in the growth of nanotechnology research in China

China is becoming a leading nation in terms of its share of the world??s publications in the emerging nanotechnology domain. This paper demonstrates that the international rise of China??s position in nanotechnology has been underwritten by the emergence of a series of regional hubs of nanotechnology R&D activity within the country. We develop a unique database of Chinese nanotechnology articles covering the period 1990 to mid-2006 to identify the regional distribution of nanotechnology research in China. To build this database, a new approach was developed to clean and standardize the geographical allocation of Chinese publication records. We then analyze the data to understand the regional development of nanotechnology research in China over our study period and to map interregional and international research collaboration linkages. We find that the geographical distribution of China??s domestic nanotechnology research is characterized by regional imbalance, with most of the leading regions located in eastern China, including not only Beijing and Shanghai but also a series of other new regional hubs. There is much less development of nanotechnology research in central and western China. Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong are among the leading Chinese regions for international nanotechnology research collaboration. Other Chinese nanotechnology regions are less focused on international collaboration, although they have developed domestic interregional collaborations. Although new regional research hubs have emerged in the nanotechnology domain, the paper notes that their concentration in eastern China reinforces existing imbalances in science and technology capabilities in China, and in turn this may further reinforce the dominant position of eastern China in the commercialization of new technologies such as nanotechnology.     

Public benefit and risk perceptions of nanotechnology development: Psychological and sociological aspects

Nanotechnology enables the development of new and improved products. However, the public is also concerned about uncertain risks associated with nanotechnology-enabled products. To address this concern, the study aims to expand the understanding about public benefit and risk perceptions as a basis for the effective formulation of policy that addresses public interests. The study investigates public benefit and risk perceptions of nanotechnology development from the psychological and sociological aspects through a questionnaire survey conducted on Klang Valley, Malaysia. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrates that demographics indeed influences public benefit and risk perceptions of nanotechnology development. However, public knowledge about nanotechnology exerts no effect on public benefit and risk perceptions of nanotechnology development based on independent t-tests. Simple linear regression reveals that the lack of public trust in government increases risk perception. Public attitude perceives nanotechnology to be more beneficial than risky, thus influencing benefit perception rather than risk perception. Public lifestyle, such as culture, religious beliefs and social group influence benefit perception but not risk perception. Result is expected to deliver better communication of benefit and risk of nanotechnology to the public as well as ensure an ethical policy regarding nanotechnology development.     

Nanotechnology: An Approach to Mimic Natural Architectures and Concepts

With the invention of the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope (STM) in 1981 by G. Binnig and H. Rohrer, the gate to the nanoworld was pushed open. The prospect to control matter and units on molecular and atomic level, inspired many scientists to think about new technological approaches – nanotechnology in the sense of Richard Phillips Feynman became reality. Thus, nanotechnology is not only the next step of the miniaturisation following microtechnology – nanotechnology is an approach to investigate natural architectures and to mimic them for technological problems. In the present article we try to show that nanotechnology is an evolutionary process of our technological society with the potential to solve everyday problems with revolutionary concepts and devices.     

Internationalization and evolution of application areas of an emerging technology: The case of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology patenting has grown rapidly in recent years as an increasing number of countries are getting into the global nanotechnology race. Using a refined methodology to identify and classify nanotechnology patents, this paper analyses the changing pattern of internationalization of nanotechnology patenting activities from 1976–2004. We show that the dominance of the G5 countries have declined in recent years, not only in terms of quantity, but also in terms of quality as measured by citation indicators. In addition, using a new approach to classifying the intended areas of commercial applications, we show that nanotechnology patenting initially emphasized instrumentation, but exhibited greater diversification to other application areas in recent years. Significant differences in application area specialization are also found among major nanotechnology nations. Moreover, universities are found to play a significant and increasing role in patenting, particularly in US, UK and Canada.     

Delineating development trends of nanotechnology in the semiconductor industry: Focusing on the relationship between science and technology by employing structural topic model

The bibliometrics research on nanotechnology highlights close interrelationships between scientific and technological activities (S&T) in the field of nanotechnology. Notwithstanding abundant empirical evidence on the mutual relations between S&T, the dynamics of the relationship from a contextual perspective have gained relatively little attention. Accordingly, our understanding of how science- and technology-oriented nanotechnology identifies development opportunities from each other is still at a nascent stage. To address this gap, by focusing on nanotechnology in the semiconductor industry, we use structural topic model to empirically explore the dynamic interrelationships between science- and technology-oriented nanotechnology. We empirically delineate the dynamic development trends in the context of the interrelationships between S&T and demonstrate how development opportunities are identified from each other. These findings show a new window of opportunities for how state-of-the-art models for semantic analysis can be used in the literature on S&T interrelationships.     

Patents in nanotechnology: an analysis using macro-indicators and forecasting curves

In this study, we evaluated future trends of worldwide patenting in nanotechnology and its domains using logistic growth curves while the patent activity from the main countries, technological domains and subdomains were assessed in four different contexts: worldwide, patents filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and patents applications in the triadic (TRIAD) and in the tetradic (TETRAD) countries. The indicators were developed based on a set of records recovered from the Derwent Innovation Index database. Nanotechnology has recently emerged as a new research field, with logistic trend behaviors generating interesting discussions since they suggest that technological development in nanotechnology and its domains has reached an initial maturation stage. Future scenarios were compiled due to the difficult to establish upper limits to forecasting curves. Although China’s share of patents is small in some cases, it was the only country to constantly increase the number of patents from a worldwide perspective. In contrast, the USA and the EU were the most active in the USPTO, TRIAD and TETRAD cases, followed by Japan and Korea. The technological subdomains of main interest from countries/region changed according to the perspective adopted, even though there was a clear bias towards semiconductors, surface treatments, electrical components, macromolecular chemistry, materials–metallurgy, pharmacy–cosmetics and analysis–measurement–control subdomains. We conclude that monitoring nanotechnology advances should be constantly reviewed in order to confirm the evidence observed and forecasted.     

Discovery of factors influencing patent value based on machine learning in patents in the field of nanotechnology

Patents represent the technological or inventive activity and output across different fields, regions, and time. The analysis of information from patents could be used to help focus efforts in research and the economy; however, the roles of the factors that can be extracted from patent records are still not entirely understood. To better understand the impact of these factors on patent value, machine learning techniques such as feature selection and classification are used to analyze patents in a sample industry, nanotechnology. Each nanotechnology patent was represented by a comprehensive set of numerical features that describe inventors, assignees, patent classification, and outgoing references. After careful design that included selection of the most relevant features, selection and optimization of the accuracy of classification models that aimed at finding most valuable (top-performing) patents, we used the generated models to analyze which factors allow to differentiate between the top-performing and the remaining nanotechnology patents. A few interesting findings surface as important such as the past performance of inventors and assignees, and the count of referenced patents.     

Globalization at the nano frontier: The future of nanotechnology policy in the United States, China, and India

The field of nanotechnology offers the possibility of transforming the international science and technology (S&T) policy landscape and making a significant impact on the direction of research and development for a wide range of nations and companies. Nanotechnology endeavors in the United States, China, and India remain some of the most interesting because of the opportunities and challenges this field poses for future competition and collaboration between these three nations. This paper examines how nanotechnology will raise new science and policy questions—and lead to new strategic linkages—that will have a major impact on the futures of these nations for decades to come. Then the paper analyzes and compares the current state of nanotechnology in these three countries, discusses some of the main drivers of collaboration, investigates current and potential uncertainties associated with nanotechnology, and offers policy suggestions on ways that these difficulties may be addressed.     

Tracking the evolution of new and emerging S&;T via statement-linkages: Vision assessment in molecular machines

The past 10 years has seen an explosion of interest for the area of science and technology labelled “nanotechnology.” Although at an early stage, nanotechnology is providing a space for the creation of new alliances and the forging of new ties in many actor arenas, initiated based on promises and high expectations of the fruits that could be harvested from development and investment into nanotechnology. Those trying to characterise the dynamics of emerging ties and networks within this field are faced with a number of complexities which are characteristic of the nanotechnology umbrella term, which covers many technologies, various mixes of disciplines and actors, and ongoing debates about definitions of fields and terminology. In this paper we explore an approach for capturing dynamics of emergence of a particular area of nanotechnology by investigating visions of possible futures in relation to molecular mechanical systems (molecular machines). The focus of this text is to outline an approach used to map and analyse visions in an emerging field by taking as the unit of analysis linkages made in statements in texts, and the agglomeration of linkages around certain nodes. Taking the linkage, rather than node, allows one to probe deeper into the dynamics of emergence at early stages when definitions and meanings of certain words/nodes are in flux and patterns of their use change dramatically over short periods of time. As part of a larger project on single and macromolecular machines we explore the dynamics of visions in the field of molecular machines with the eventual aim to elucidate the shaping strength of visions within nanotechnology.     

Measuring and assessing the development of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology merits having a major impact on the world economy because its applications will be used in virtually all sectors. Scientists, researchers, managers, investors and policy makers worldwide acknowledge this huge potential and have started the nano-race. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the state of the art of nanotechnology from an economic perspective, by presenting data on markets, funding, companies, patents and publications. It will also raise the question of how much of the nano-hype is founded on economic data and how much is based on wishful thinking. It focuses on a comparison between world regions, thereby concentrating on Europe and the European Union in relation to their main competitors — the United States and Japan and the emerging ‘nano-powers’ China and Russia. The views expressed in this document are entirely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Commission. For more information on nanotechnology at the European Commission, please visit     

Mapping emergence across the Atlantic: Some (tentative) lessons on nanotechnology in Latin America

This article is a tentative exploration of the early history of nanotechnology, focusing on the distinct meanings attributed to this field within the United States, Europe and Latin America. In assessing the patterns of nanotechnology on both sides of the Atlantic, this article identifies this field as a hybrid category, combining forms of social reflexivity, industrial organization, and localized histories of research and development. It is argued that such patterns are only understood by rendering nanotechnology as a category used by actors in defining practices, products and institutions rather than as a solid core of technical competencies. Some implications of holding this view are drawn for Latin America.     

我国纳米材料技术应用的现状和产业化的机遇

概述了我国纳米材料应用的现状及应用纳米技术对传统产业,环境,能源,医药和信息领域等产品升级带来新的机遇,提出了发展我国纳米产业的指导思想和目标,并对“十五”期间我国应重点发展的纳米产业进行了评述。     

Publications and patents in nanotechnology

Nanotechnology and the sciences that are associated with it have attracted much attention. Experts from various fields believe that nanotechnology will be one of the key technologies affecting almost every aspect of the economy. While there are considerable efforts underway that aim to commercialise nanotechnology - carried by start-up companies as well as large internationally operating firms -, most of the activity seems to focus on research and development activities. There have been a number of technology studies and investment reports that describe the opportunities associated with this emerging area. Over the years there have also been a number of bibliometric and patent studies that examined the field. This paper provides an overview of measuring nanotechnology with commonly used indicators of bibliometric and patent analyses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.