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Reduced mixing of deep pools attributable to river regulation and downstream flow suppression can lead to an increase in the magnitude, frequency and duration of thermal stratification in riverine pools over summer. This study monitored hourly temperature profiles with five thermistor loggers in a 15 m deep natural pool over 12 months from May 2005. Detailed bathymetric and topographic survey data and HEC‐RAS hydraulic modelling of layer Richardson numbers were used to extend thermistor observations of flow‐related stratification breakdown in this single deep pool to a 20 km long pool‐riffle dominated river reach below the dam. Reach‐wide breakdown of persistent thermal stratification in deep pools over spring and summer was likely to be achieved by a flow rate of 3000 ML day?1. This flow rate approximates the long‐term mean annual natural flow (2860 ML day?1) and the 16th flow duration percentile (mean daily flows equalled or exceeded for 16% of time), indicating that thermal stratification of the deepest pools in the Shoalhaven River is a common, natural phenomenon not solely attributable to river regulation. Should reasonably consistent hydraulic geometry relationships exist between low salinity rivers in similar climatic, hydrologic and geomorphic settings, then we suggest that the mean annual natural flow is likely to achieve widespread breakdown of thermal stratification across lengthy reaches of similar pool‐riffle sequence rivers elsewhere. Hourly mean wind speeds of up to 65 km h?1 recorded at an automated weather station 25 km from the study site were found to suppress of the degree of thermal stratification in the study pool but did not achieve deep mixing of persistent seasonal thermoclines. Large, rapid and sustained air temperature decreases associated with the passage of cold fronts across southeastern Australia in summer were found to be more effective than wind and achieved mixing to depths of at least 4.2 m. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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湿周法是河流生态环境需水量的确定方法之一。文章针对其应用中对多组实测数据确定临界点困难的实际情况,对该法进行了改进。提出了湿周法确定临界点理论公式,并利用实测数据对选定的西南岔河流域的三个河段进行生态环境需水量计算。 相似文献
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针对北方地区河流环境流量短缺和污染并存的现状,在综合考虑水质保护与水量维持的情况下界定了河流环境流量的概念和内涵,并探讨不同功能目标下河流环境流量的组成。通过分析河流水系特征及河段的空间结构特征,建立了改善河流水质所需环境流量计算模型,同时建立了Tennant和湿周模型计算河流生态系统所需环境流量。利用临颍高村桥的水文水质数据,对清潩河为改善河流水质和生态系统所需环境流量进行了初步评价,为河流应急补水提供了调控建议,并提出了河道应常年保持的流量水平。 相似文献
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为研究矩形迷宫流道断面形状对灌水器水力性能的影响,利用软件FLUENT6.1软件对5种流道断面形状不同的矩形迷宫流道内水流运动进行数值模拟,通过模拟得到的灌水器压力～流量关系和灌水器内水流流速分布分析得出：1）流量系数、流态指数均与断面湿周呈正相关,断面湿周越大流量波动性及对压力的敏感程度越大;2）流道断面湿周较小的L1型迷宫灌水器其流态指数小于其它4种,小于0.57,说明该灌水器内水流为紊流,其压力补偿性较高;3）灌水器流道内水流具有重复性;4）流道断面形状对灌水器内水流流速分布不会产生较大影响。因此,在灌水器流道断面为矩形且面积相同的情况下,流道断面为正方形的灌水器的水力性能要优于其它断面形状的灌水器,且流道断面湿周越小,灌水器的压力补偿性越高,系统灌溉均匀度越高。 相似文献
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Hydraulic models play an important role in determining flood inundation areas. When considering a wide array of one‐ (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) hydraulic models, selecting an appropriate model and its calibration are crucial in an accurate prediction of flood inundation. This study compares the performance of four commonly used 1D and 2D hydraulic models, including HEC‐RAS 1D, HEC‐RAS 2D, LISFLOOD‐FP diffusive, and LISFLOOD‐FP subgrid, with respect to their model structure and their sensitivity to surface roughness characterisation. Application of these models to four study reaches with different river geometry and roughness characterisation shows that for a given set of roughness condition, the geometry, including the sinuosity, reach length and floodplain width, does not affect the performance of a 1D or 2D model. Overall, the performance of a 1D model is comparable to the 2D models used in the study, with the 2D models showing slightly better results. The performance of 2D models is affected by low channel roughness, and it improves with increasing channel roughness that enables more water to enter into the floodplain. On the contrary, the performance of 1D model is positively affected with increasing floodplain roughness. When the models are evaluated for uniform versus distributed roughness characterisation in the floodplain, the uniform surface characterisation provides the best results compared to the distributed roughness characterisation. 相似文献
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采用改进的湿周法按斜率为1对不同宽深比、不同坡度以及不同流量规模下河段的生态需水量进行了计算对比,河道断面采用抛物线形标准断面,发现得出的各断面生态需水流量比例都非常接近,河段特征差异对计算结果影响很小,这与湿周法作为水力学方法的定位不符,斜率恒取为1不合理。本文建议斜率取为多年平均流量与相应湿周长比值的平方根。采用修正的斜率确定出的生态需水量能充分反映河流特征的差异,其变化趋势符合一般的生态需水规律。在生态需水量下,断面水力参数除湿周率外均能达到R2CROSS法提出的水力参数标准,计算结果较为合理。 相似文献
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Mohammad E. Mohammad Nadhir Al‐Ansari Issa E. Issa Sven Knutsson 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2016,21(3):235-244
Mosul Dam, located on the Tigris River north of Iraq, is experiencing sedimentation problems, especially near the Al‐Jazeera pumping station that supplies the irrigation water for the Al‐Jazeera project. The sources of the sediment accumulated within the reservoir are from the Tigris River, as well as ten side valleys on both sides of the reservoir. The sediment inflow rate into the reservoir and the released values are considered on the basis of the operation schedule of the dam for the considered period from 1986 to 2011. The sediment loads were estimated on the basis of available measurements and estimated literature values. The HEC‐RAS 4.1 model was used for flows and sediments in the main river and reservoir. The model was calibrated for flow simulations (coefficient of determination r2 = 0.87) and sediment routing based on bed level, (with resultant r2 = 0.98 and Mean Absolute Deviation of 0.95). The Ackers–White equation was used in the HEC‐RAS model for sediment routing because of the wide range of sediment sizes in the study case. The resultant total accumulated sediment load volume was 1.13 km3, a value that is very close to the measured values (1.143 km3) obtained from a previous bathymetric survey. Furthermore, the model indicated most of the sediment (80.7%) was deposited during the first five of the dam operation. 相似文献
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Songhao Shang 《河流研究与利用》2008,24(1):54-67
Minimum environmental flows in rivers provide a certain level of protection for the aquatic environment. The relationship between wetted perimeter and discharge can be used to define the minimum environmental flows by the slope method (SM), or curvature method (CM), especially for cases with poor understanding of the aquatic ecosystem. SM and CM derived inconsistent values of minimum environmental flows. It was not clear which method better defined minimum environmental flow. Moreover, the computation and optimization procedures are both time consuming and error‐prone, especially for complicated wetted perimeter–discharge relationships. In this study, flow regulation for rivers was regarded as a multiple criteria decision‐making problem, with the objectives of minimum river discharge and maximum wetted perimeter. Ideal point methods (IPMs) with the scaling coefficient r = 1 (IPM1) and r = 2 (IPM2) were used to solve this model to determine optimal environmental flows. IPM was simple in computation, especially when the wetted perimeter–discharge relationship was given as scattered data pairs. Meanwhile, it was applicable to a wider range of wetted perimeter–discharge relationship than SM and CM. Environmental flows estimated by IMP1 are the same as that by SM. The analytical results for environmental flows using SM, CM, IPM1 and IPM2 were compared for wetted perimeter–discharge relationship expressed as power or logarithmic function. It showed that CM is not a good method to define environmental flows. SM with unity slope and IMP1 were recommended. CM, SM and IPM were examined for the determination of environmental flows in a river in North Xinjiang, China. Environmental flows for different transects of the studying river reach were estimated to be 21% of the mean annual flow by SM or IPM1, which provided the satisfactory wetted perimeter, water depth and average velocity for aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Ivars Reinfelds Marcus Lincoln‐Smith Tim Haeusler David Ryan Ivor Growns 《河流研究与利用》2010,26(5):589-604
Proposed environmental flow regime changes downstream of a major water supply dam have been assessed in terms of effects on depth, velocity and fish passage across natural, gravel‐bed riffles and rapids. This study focussed on passage requirements for Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes, Percichthyidae), a catadromous fish of considerable ecological and recreational fishing importance. Some 23 major riffles and rapids occur between the dam and the tidal limit over a river length of 25 km. Reconnaissance investigations of riffle slope, length, width, depth and morphologic characteristics indicated that wide‐shallow, steep‐turbulent and bifurcating riffle morphologies were most likely to cause problems for upstream bass passage under low flow conditions. Two approaches were used to investigate riffle depths and velocities over a range of flows. A rapid assessment approach directly measured thalweg depths and velocities under two controlled flow release rates in riffles identified as being potentially problematic to upstream bass passage. Detailed topographic surveys and two dimensional hydraulic modelling with River2D was undertaken for two riffles identified as ‘worst case’ examples of wide‐shallow and steep‐turbulent morphologies. Results from both approaches were consistent and complementary. Both approaches identified riffles where minimum depths and maximum velocities were likely to be problematic for upstream passage by Australian bass at a flow rate of 130 MLd?1 (the current regulated flow release) but were mitigated at flow rates above 300 MLd?1. Assessment of environmental flow regime transparency and translucency threshold options with regard to a 300 MLd?1 target flow indicated that options where the transparency threshold was set at the 80th flow duration percentile (flows equalled or exceeded for 80% of time), and varied according to the monthly pattern of natural flows, improved hydraulic conditions for upstream bass migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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用改进湿周法计算河道内最小生态流量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在探讨总结国内外计算河道内最小生态流量(minimum instream ecological flow)方法的基础上,针对汉江流域的实际情况,选用改进湿周法对汉江上游石泉、安康和白河3个水文断面的最小生态流量进行定量估算。与Tennant法相比较,表明采用曲率湿周法计算的汉江上游河道内最小生态流量是比较合理的。计算结果为：石泉、安康、白河3个断面的最小生态流量依次为40,70,100 m3/s,分别占各断面多年平均天然流量的11.23%,11.08%,12.55%。 相似文献
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以湿周与流量关系为基础,建立了基于多目标评价方法的河道最小生态需水量估算模型,以湿周最大和河道流量最小作为栖息地保护和水资源开发利用的目标,采用理想点法求解,以增江下游麒麟咀站为例计算河道最小生态需水量,并将该模型的计算结果与斜率法和曲率法的计算结果进行了比较分析。结果表明:增江下游河道最小生态需水量阈值范围为20.8～26.3 m3/s,相应的平均流速范围为0.42～0.44 m/s;模型计算结果比传统的湿周法适用性更强,且能较好体现生态用水和经济用水的均衡发展。 相似文献
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以克什米大桥的壅水计算为例,利用HEC-RAS模型基于桥梁壅水计算的基本原理与方法模拟了100 a一遇以及10 a一遇设计洪水频率下建桥前后的河道水面线,进而求得桥梁阻水壅高值、过流面积及水流流速。通过对HEC-RAS模拟结果与Yarnell经验公式计算结果进行比较,发现水位壅高值相差不大。因此,HEC-RAS模型对于桥梁阻水壅高的计算可靠,便于分析,可在设计工作中推广应用。更多还原 相似文献
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A multicriteria framework is developed for the selection of optimal flood mitigation and river training measures in a selected reach of Zaremroud River in Northern Iran. A river model, Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System, combined with geographic information system analysis is used to simulate water levels for steady, gradually varied flow and mapping inundated flood extents. The modelling is performed for four different alternatives, considering various channel modifications with different dimensions and levee construction. Flood inundation area, flood level, flow velocity and stream power on the downstream and outside of the river bend are used as decision criteria for each alternative. Economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of each alternative. The decision analysis method, technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution, is used to compare different flood hazard mitigation measures based on risk, and environmental and economic impacts criteria. The findings of the analysis are that a levee construction at the right side of the river bank adjacent to the residential area is superior to the other three alternatives, which is confirmed using a scenario analysis of different flood mitigation measures. 相似文献
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Pool–riffle installation is increasingly becoming the standard form of river habitat enhancement undertaken, largely for the benefit of fisheries. This study documents the effect of riffle installation on the morphological and hydraulic diversity of a low gradient engineered river. Despite their prevalence there have to date been few published studies of the impacts of these features on channel hydraulics, despite concerns as to their potential impact on flood levels. In this paper the impacts of the installation of gravel bedforms on water surface elevations and flow resistance are considered. The performance of the riffle–pool sequences is assessed against a set of criteria derived from the scientific literature. The analysis reveals that the gravel bedforms do display the hydraulic functionality associated with natural pool–riffle sequences. At bankfull discharge, water surface elevation is not significantly increased over those existing prior to installation, and physical habitat is shown to be more diverse following rehabilitation. The stability and appropriate classification of the gravel bedforms created in the scheme are discussed, together with the implications for floodplain and river rehabilitation in general. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Two‐dimensional hydrodynamic models are increasingly common in riverine research and management. However, input data are not standardized among studies, and assessments of model performance are uncommon, which hinder interpretation of model results and comparisons among studies. Herein, we describe a framework for two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model input data collection, model calibration and validation to evaluate model predictions. We present a logical process for the validation of depth and velocity that recognizes the inherent spatial uncertainty in the field measurements and modelling results. The hydrodynamic model we present as an example shows agreement between predicted and observed water surface elevation, area of inundation and spatial distributions of depth and velocity at calibration and independent validation discharges. If this model development and assessment framework was adopted by others, it would allow comparison between studies and provide a foundation for establishing model performance standards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Geomorphologists are becoming increasingly interested in assessing morphologic structure and the diversity and/or complexity in morphologic structure across multiple scales within river systems. Unfortunately, many of our existing tools/variables are unsuitable for this task because they do not work across multiple scales or with changing discharges. Asymmetry is one variable that can be used to either include or exclude variations in flow stage and that can be assessed across multiple scales. Existing asymmetry indices, however, are limited in scope and largely focus on only cross‐sectional form. This study examines three existing asymmetry indices in the cross‐stream and downstream planes (for cross‐sections and riffle or pools, respectively) and develops nine new asymmetry indices that incorporate vertical, cross‐stream and downstream asymmetry for bed elements (e.g. riffle crests, pool troughs, riffle entrance slope), bedforms (pools or riffles) and bar units (pool‐riffle sequences) to investigate the utility of asymmetry as a measure of morphologic structure and diversity in fluvial systems. These 12 indices are field tested on the Embarras River in East Central Illinois, USA. The results of this study indicate that there is considerable morphologic diversity in bed elements, bedforms and bar units both at bankfull and also with varying flow stage. This multi‐scale, multidimensional, multistage variability in morphologic structure highlights the complexity of natural river systems. The highly variable nature of fluvial form within a reach has important implications for river restoration and/or assessments of physical habitat or river health especially in instances where pools, riffles or pool‐riffle sequences are the focus of study. In general the most robust and useful combination of asymmetry indices for most applications includes A* and AL1 for bed elements and bedforms and AL3, AW and AH for bar units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献