利用罐式煅烧炉烟气进行余热发电的可行性研究

我国石油焦煅烧以罐式煅烧炉和回转窑为主。罐式煅烧炉是我国最早采用的一种煅烧设备,能够煅烧不同挥发份含量的生石油焦,具有锻烧料质量稳定,炭质烧损率低,煅后焦的堆积密度高,操作简单、维护工作量小、连续生产的周期长等优点,因此广泛应用于大、中小炭素厂和铝用炭素行业中。罐式炉煅烧过程产生大量烟气,风温很高,通常高达950℃以上,供导热油炉的部分用热后烟气也有600℃。烟气热焓高,可利用其来生产蒸汽进行发电,既能有效提高企业自供电率,实现企业节能减排降耗增效,可取得良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍了罐式煅烧炉烟气余热利用发电的可行性。     

大庆三次采油用表面活性剂技术现状及发展方向

目前大庆油田三元复合驱的主导技术是能大幅降低油水界面张力及成本的强碱三元复合驱,其主表面活性剂是重烷基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂,在试验区应用后,中心井采出程度24.79%,阶段提高采收率20.3%;石油磺酸盐和石油羧酸盐的技术虽然仍不成熟,但由于原料来源充足,产品价格低廉,极具发展空间。强碱复合驱的使用带来了现场施工工艺复杂、油藏及井底结垢、生产井产液能力下降、检泵周期缩短以及采出液破乳脱水困难等问题,严重制约着复合驱技术的进一步应用,因此,弱碱化甚至无碱化是三元复合驱技术发展的必然趋势。弱碱三元复合驱包括弱碱烷基苯磺酸盐、石油磺酸盐和烷基苯磺酸盐复配、烷基苯磺酸盐与生物表面活性剂复配;无碱二元驱技术中有望实现无碱化的有烷基芳基磺酸盐、Bola型表面活性剂、Gemini表面活性剂、甜菜碱系两性表面活性剂等。     

Analysis of oil content in drying petroleum sludge of tank bottom

In this paper, the oil content and corresponding components were analyzed in the samples of drying tank bottom petroleum sludges from Sinochem Xingzhong Oil Staging (Zhoushan) Co. Ltd. The composition of the oily sludge was determined by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method (organic solvent is selected as petroleum ether, benzene, and toluene, respectively) and calcining-gravimetric method. It was found that measurement errors by using petroleum ether extraction gravimetric method and direct weight-loss method were bigger than those errors by using benzene or toluene extraction gravimetric method. During the measurement, it was also found that toluene should be recommended instead of benzene due to its lower toxicity. The measurement results show that water content, oil content and solid content by mass in the sludge were 9.8%, 25.8% (the asphaltene is accounted for 22.7% of the oil content in the sludge) and 64.4%, respectively. Also, chemical composition of the solids in the sludge was analyzed by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method and XRD structure analysis method, then it was shown that Fe(OH)O·H₂O is the main solid component in the sludge.     

Characteristics analysis for total volatile organic compounds emissions of methanol-diesel fuel

To study the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from an engine fueled with methanol diesel, an experiment compared with petroleum diesel (0# diesel) and biodiesel was carried out on a Xichai 4CK diesel engine test bench by the solid phase adsorption-thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry method. In this experiment, methanol-diesel (20 vol.% methanol), petroleum diesel and biodiesel were analyzed through the sampling system, which consists of Tenax TA adsorption tubes, flow sampling pump, the capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (CGC/MS), etc. The experimental results demonstrate that total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) emissions of methanol diesel are lower than petroleum diesel but higher than biodiesel at maximum power, and that TVOC emissions of methanol diesel reduce with the rise of load but increase when the rotation speed of engine gets faster. And benzene and toluene are two main components of TVOC emissions of methanol diesel, accounting for more than 70% at rated power. Therefore, this study can provide a theoretical basis for popularization and development of methanol-diesel fuel in the future, meanwhile, contributing to make relative regulations and standards to control its emissions.     

生物油加氢脱氧催化剂研究进展

石油资源的日趋枯竭及其引起的环境问题,使生物油作为石油替代能源备受关注。然而,生物油中的羧酸含量较高、热稳定性差,是阻碍其规模化应用的主要障碍之一,常需要对其进行加氢脱氧（HDO）提质。本文综述了应用于生物油HDO的几种催化剂类型,主要包括金属催化剂、分子筛载体催化剂、复合碳载体催化剂、多孔有机聚合物载体催化剂和缺陷催化剂等,认为开发出一种具有高催化活性且成本较低的非贵金属催化剂是催化剂工业未来的发展趋势。     

410 t/h循环流化床锅炉煤焦混烧热力性能试验研究

在额定蒸发量为410t/h的循环流化床锅炉上进行以烟煤、石油焦混合物为燃料的锅炉热力性能试验,根据ASME锅炉性能规程计算了锅炉热效率,并对温度、汽水流量、气态污染物排放、灰渣含碳量等多个参数进行了测试,整理得到了一些规律性的结果。结果表明,锅炉以烟煤、石油焦为燃料,添加石灰石脱硫,采用尾部飞灰再循环,额定负荷下锅炉热效率可达92.8%;炉内密相区温度分布均匀;床温、分离器入口温度、排烟温度和排渣温度等各温度稳定;主蒸汽流量、给水流量、减温水流量等汽水流量波动小;气态污染物均可控制在较低水平。这对我国循环流化床锅炉燃用煤焦混合物的设计和运行工作有一定借鉴意义。     

Dynamics of the oil transition: Modeling capacity,depletion, and emissions

The global petroleum system is undergoing a shift to substitutes for conventional petroleum (SCPs). The Regional Optimization Model for Emissions from Oil Substitutes, or ROMEO, models this oil transition and its greenhouse gas impacts. ROMEO models the global liquid fuel market in an economic optimization framework, but in contrast to other models it solves each model year sequentially, with investment and production optimized under uncertainty about future prevailing prices or resource quantities. ROMEO includes more hydrocarbon resource types than integrated assessment models of climate change. ROMEO also includes the carbon intensities and costs of production of these resources. We use ROMEO to explore the uncertainty of future costs, emissions, and total fuel production under a number of scenarios. We perform sensitivity analysis on the endowment of conventional petroleum and future carbon taxes. Results show incremental emissions from production of oil substitutes of ≈ 0–30 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon over the next 50 years (depending on the carbon tax). Also, demand reductions due to the higher cost of SCPs could reduce or eliminate these increases. Calculated emissions are highly sensitive to the endowment of conventional oil and less sensitive to a carbon tax.     

Fuzzy-based nuclear analysis segregation model for distinguishing the properties of repository liquids and gas in gas storage

The geophysical well logging analysis is a major task of petroleum research and development, where petroleum oil (gas), transition petroleum layers, water layers, and dry-layer segments are precisely distinguished from each other. The resistivity of the particular oil and gas layers in developing countries is below or close to the water layers. As electrical properties show, the particular oil and gas layer of water layers is not legitimately recognizable. The features of oil and gas strata and their strong components are different in the investigative field from those of different petroleum fields. In this way, various techniques and thoughts ought to be utilized to comprehend the particular issues in the examination zone. A nuclear analysis–based segregation model for distinguishing the properties of repository liquids is worked by utilizing the crude pipeline and distilled unit of oil (gas) layers, transitional oil water layers, water layers, and dry layers using dynamic nonlinear fuzzy clustering model. With directly complex transformation models, reservoir fluids can be separated. The outcomes are analyzed with various model, and the proposed method shows promising outcomes.     

超临界W火焰锅炉燃用劣质燃料燃烧优化研究

针对W火焰锅炉运行中热效率偏低问题,对燃用的烟煤、石油焦、越南无烟煤等主要煤种开展配煤掺烧,以降低燃料成本、提高锅炉效率。从燃用煤质适应性分析、W火焰锅炉燃烧过程数值模拟和混煤掺烧优化试验3方面,研究了石油焦和越南无烟煤不同掺混比例下热解和燃烧过程特性,制定了掺烧策略并通过燃烧过程模拟研究和掺烧优化试验找到了合适的配煤掺烧方法,解决了锅炉效率低、飞灰含碳量较高、锅炉排烟温度高等问题,实现了节能降耗、提高经济效益的目的。     

基于粗糙集的电网企业低碳管理型员工绩效评价研究

基于粗糙集理论提出了一种数据挖掘方法,利用粗糙集的约简功能挖掘低碳管理型员工绩效评价规则,以统一评价标准和提高评价效率;运用粗糙集属性重度性原则确定约简后备评价指标的客观权重.在此基础上,对电网企业低碳管理型员工进行绩效评价.算例表明,该绩效评价方法有效、科学.     

Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuels consumption in Iran

Environmental issues have attracted renewed interest and more attention during recent years due to climatic problems associated with the increased levels of pollution and the deterioration of the environmental quality as a result of increased human activity. This paper investigates the causal relationships between economic growth, carbon emission, and fossil fuels consumption, using the relatively new time series technique known as the Toda-Yamamoto method for Iran during the period 1967–2007. Total fossil fuels, petroleum products, and natural gas consumption are used as three proxies for energy consumption. Empirical results suggest a unidirectional Granger causality running from GDP and two proxies of energy consumption (petroleum products and natural gas consumption) to carbon emissions, and no Granger causality running from total fossil fuels consumption to carbon emissions in the long run. The results also show that carbon emissions, petroleum products, and total fossil fuels consumption do not lead to economic growth, though gas consumption does.     

Cylindrical vortex wake model: skewed cylinder,application to yawed or tilted rotors

A vortex system consisting of a bound vortex disk, a root vortex and a vortex cylinder is presented and applied for skewed wake situations. Both the longitudinal and tangential components of vorticity of the cylinder are considered. A subset of this system leads to a model, which is commonly used in Blade Element Momentum method codes for yawed conditions. Here, all the components of the full vortex system are analyzed in view of extending Blade Element Momentum models. The main assumptions of the current study are a constant uniform circulation, an infinite number of blades, an un‐expanding wake shape and a finite tip‐speed ratio. The investigation remains within the context of inviscid potential flow theory. The model is derived for horizontal‐axis rotors in general, but results are presented for wind‐turbine applications. For each vortex element, the velocity components in all directions are computed analytically or semi‐analytically for the entire domain. Simplified engineering models are provided to ease the evaluation of velocities in the rotor plane. The predominant velocity components are assessed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy security implications of a national low carbon fuel standard

This paper discusses the potential energy security implications of a national low carbon fuel standard (NLCFS). A low carbon fuel standard is designed to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by targeting the fuel portion of the fuel-vehicle system. Specifically, a NLCFS would set national targets for the average carbon intensity (CI) of motor fuels, and establish a market for credits that allows fuel producers and importers to respond in a variety of ways to the signal provided by the credit price. An important method for lowering the CI of transportation is to substitute lower-carbon alternative fuels such as advanced biofuels, electricity, CNG, and H2. Despite the focus on GHGs, so long as transportation fuels remain dominated by petroleum, transportation fuel policies like a NLCFS also will be evaluated in terms of their energy security impacts. We examine the fuel substitutions that are projected to be induced by a NLCFS and consider the energy security implications of displacing higher carbon fuels, such as imported Canadian Oil Sands oil or certain imported crude oils, with lower-carbon domestic oil, biofuels, or lower carbon oil imported from other sources.     

Characterisation of heavy petroleum fractions using modified molecular-type homologous series (MTHS) representation

The molecular characterisation of refinery feedstocks is a challenging task since, typically, a vast number of components are present in the mixture. Non-experimental approaches for characterisation of hydrocarbon streams fall into three categories: pseudo-component, compound class and average structural parameter methods. In this work, a new compound class approach is used to represent any hydrocarbon stream (with boiling range up 700 °C) via a modified molecular-type homologous series (MTHS) matrix. The fraction of each component/cut in the feedstock stream is estimated by minimising the discrepancies between the bulk physical properties and the ones reconstructed through our characterisation method. Mixture properties are calculated by applying Kay's mixing rule [Gases and vapors at high temperature and pressure—density of hydrocarbon. Ind Eng Chem 1936;28:1014–9], for each cut. The paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic content of each cut of the analysed mixture can then be determined. To test the method, 15 olefin-free petroleum samples, from refineries all over the world, covering boiling ranges from 120 to 615 °C were characterised. The results show good agreement with the experimental data. A technique for integrating our characterisation approach with refinery lumped kinetic models is also presented. It is based on the pivot method [Kumar S, Ramkrishna D. On the solution of population balance equations by discretisation—I. A fixed pivot technique. Chem Eng Sci 1996;51:1311–32] appropriately modified to use the information provided by the characterisation procedure in order to obtain the necessary input for kinetic/reaction models, ensuring species mass conservation.     

四川广元市苍溪天然气化工基地规划方案

四川广元市苍溪利用超大储量天然气田的优势可发展天然气化工基地。乙烯生产工艺路线有石油乙烯路线即石脑油裂解制乙烯、煤制甲醇生产烯烃路线和天然气制甲醇生产烯烃路线。石油制烯烃路线需与大炼厂相结合,工艺流程及环境治理复杂,设备多造成投资费用大、能耗高,而且原料石油价格昂贵。乙烯生产由石油乙烯向天然气或煤炭制甲醇生产乙烯转变已成为今后的工艺技术发展方向。四川广元市苍溪天然气化工基地规划方案为:建天然气为原料制50×104t/a甲醇的装置共4套(共生产甲醇200×104t/a),天然气制甲醇生产乙、丙烯40×104t/a的装置共两套(共产乙、丙烯80×104t/a)。基地总年用天然气16×108m3/a,用电10×104kW,总投资约100亿元,总年产值约92亿元,利税约26.5亿元。甲醇生产采用国内开发已成功用于大规模生产的节气减排CO2的二段炉纯氧自热转化合成甲醇工艺;甲醇脱水制乙、丙烯技术也采用国内开发已实现工业化生产的新工艺。规划设计采用的工艺技术先进、能耗低、投资省、效益好、天然气中碳元素充分利用。天然气制乙、丙烯的生产成本比以石油为原料的低,且无环境污染,产品有竞争力。     

基于AHP方法构建低碳经济评价指标体系

文中选取评价低碳经济发展的各个指标,构建低碳经济评价指标体系.运用了AHP方法对低碳经济的发展水平进行量化评价研究.结果显示：低碳效率指标和低碳环境指标权重较大.为此提出我国低碳经济发展进程中应积极采用新能源关键技术、应用环保产业关键技术和健全外商投资机制.     

稻壳水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学分析

以稻壳为原料,利用水热碳化技术结合元素分析和热重法,考察水热反应强度对水热炭化学结构和燃烧特性及动力学的影响。结果表明：1）随着反应强度参数（lg R₀）的增大,水热炭整体挥发分和氧元素质量分数呈减少趋势,而C元素质量分数则逐渐增加,当水热反应强度lg R₀为4.90~6.19时,参数变化尤为显著,lg R₀为6.19时,C元素和O元素的质量分数分别为50.5%和21.3%,O/C和H/C原子比分别为0.32和1.21;2）相对于原料,水热炭的燃烧损失集中在固定碳和挥发分燃烧阶段,着火和燃尽温度均有小幅上升;3）当lg R₀由3.25增至6.49时,挥发分燃烧损失减小,固定碳燃烧损失增大,着火与燃尽温度呈整体向高温区转移的趋势,综合燃烧特性指数（S_N）呈先增加后减小的趋势;4）固定碳燃烧段活化能低于挥发分燃烧段,本次采用的动力学模型分析水热炭燃烧动力学结果可靠,相关系数（R²）均在0.92以上。     

Geochemical correlation of Asmari/Jahrum reservoir of Nargesi oilfield with seeps nearby

In case of maintaining the reservoir pressure by gas injection, connection between the reservoir and oil seeps around the oilfield should be investigated. Existence of probable conduits from reservoir to surface would cause problems such as environmental issues and capital losses. Comprehensive geochemical analyses were performed on Nargesi oilfield and nearby seep samples in order to investigate their geochemical correlation. Biomarker and diamondoid distributions as well as stable carbon isotope analysis on selected samples were determined by GC-MS and Finnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer, respectively. Two active petroleum systems were identified in the region. A Jurassic petroleum system charged Nargesi oilfield, whereas the seeps appear to be charged by an older petroleum system. Higher maturity of seep samples identified by methylnaphthalenes, trisnorhopanes, and triaromatic steroid ratios implied that the second petroleum system should be older than Jurassic. Biomarker ratios confirmed that Marl-Carbonate source rocks deposited under anoxic to dysoxic conditions in open marine environment were the main oil-generating facies for the oilfield. Diamondoid indexes further support the concept developed by biomarker data and reveal that the seeps should be probably charged by shaly source rock. The negative correlation implies that gas injection would be effective.     

The genesis of H2S associated with heavy oils in Hendijan and Bahregansar oilfields,Sarvak reservoir

Bahregansar and Hendijan oilfields are located in the northwest of the Persian Gulf. Ghar/Asmari and Sarvak Formations are the main productive reservoirs, which contain sweet and sour gas, respectively. The oilfields are considered as a component of a petroleum system due to proximity and large number of geochemical similarities between them. Four gas samples, as well as oil and water samples, were collected in order to study and determine the hydrogen sulfide production mechanisms in the Sarvak reservoir. The prevalent mechanism of sourness in the reservoir, such as thermal sulfate reduction, thermal cracking, bacterial sulfate reduction, and migration from deeper intervals, have been investigated by studying relevant parameters, such as temperature, oil and water composition, lithology, and stable isotope of sulfur and carbon in hydrogen sulfide, asphaltene, and methane. Reservoir temperature as well as isotopic signature and geological data negate the possibility of thermal sulfate reduction, thermal cracking of oil, and migration from deeper intervals as the main reason of sourness. Bacterial sulfate reduction, by contrast, is considered as the main mechanism for hydrogen sulfide production in Sarvak reservoir of Bahregansar and Hendijan oilfields supported by reservoir temperature, water composition, and sulfur isotope ratio.     

固宝床层中四种不同粒径柱状活性炭流动阻力特性

采用活性炭脱硫制酸,床层阻力是活性炭床层在工程技术设计中一个重要的特征数据,通过测量4种不同粒径活性炭的阻力特性,为工程设计提供了依据.实验表明在层流区时,平均阻力系数随Re数的增大而减小,层流向紊流过渡区时,平均阻力系数随Re数的增大而增大.入口效应仅在低Re数、床层总阻力较小时对床层平均阻力系数影响较大.在层流区时小颗粒直径的活性炭(1mm)床层平均阻力系数随床层高度增大而增大,大颗粒直径活性炭(3mm,6mm,10mm)床层平均阻力系数随床层高度的增大而减小.过渡区中大颗粒直径活性炭的平均阻力系数随床层高度增大而增大.