响应面法优化烟草发酵培养基提高细菌纤维素产量

为了提高细菌纤维素（BC）的产量,提升烟草废弃物的利用率,以木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）为试验菌株,静态发酵烟草废弃物制备细菌纤维素,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验对烟草发酵培养基组分进行优化,并对细菌纤维素的持水性能进行分析。结果表明,烟草发酵培养基的最佳配方为：烟草废弃物浸提液1 L,硫酸铵含量3.2 g/L,乙醇体积分数2.0%,苹果酸含量0.5 g/L。在此优化条件下,BC产量为32.27 g/L,是优化前的2.74倍。优化后烟草发酵培养基生产的BC含水率为94.35%,与未优化培养基BC含水率（94.64%）相差不大,但其复水率和溶胀率分别为40.30%和673.56%,与未优化培养基相比,分别增加了8%和2%。     

基于膜滤法处理的预发酵椰子水促进细菌纤维素合成机理

研究预发酵椰子水（fermented coconut water,FCW）促进细菌纤维素（bacterial cellulose,BC）合成的原因,采用膜过滤法处理FCW得到膜滤上清液和菌体,分别配制培养基并接种椰冻驹形杆菌（Komagataeibacter nataicola）Y19至培养基中30 ℃静置培养7 d。结果显示,上清液组的BC产量达到5.65 g/L,是对照组新鲜椰子水（natural coconut water,NCW）的10 倍,而菌体沉淀组仅为其2.8 倍,促进作用弱于上清液组和FCW组,说明膜滤上清液对BC合成的促进作用显著。通过对膜滤上清液进行气相色谱-质谱分析以及利用高效液相色谱法对预发酵过程中有机酸的变化分析,发现上清液中能检出的挥发性成分总量约为NCW的5 倍,醇类相对含量最高,约占62%,其中乙醇和乙酸含量分别是NCW的4.5 倍和48 倍。预发酵过程中,乙酸和乳酸的含量逐渐增加,经过1～2 d预发酵后葡萄糖酸含量显著降低,其他有机酸在预发酵过程中变化不显著。因此推测椰子水预发酵过程中微生物代谢产物对后期BC合成起到重要作用,且预发酵后变化较大的醇类和酸类物质有可能是通过参与驹形杆菌Y19的代谢调节作用而影响BC的合成。     

Improvement of bacterial cellulose production by addition of agar in a jar fermentor

Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001 and its acetan nonproducing mutant EP1 in corn steep liquor-fructose medium in a 10-l jar fermentor supplemented with different agar concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.0% (w/v). The BC productivity of the two strains was increased by adding agar. The maximum BC production of BPR 2001 at an agar concentration of 0.4% was 12.8 g/l compared with 8 g/l without agar. The mutant EP1 produced 11.6 g/l of BC at an agar concentration of 0.6%, while only 5.5 g/l was produced in the control. Enhanced productivity is associated with an increase in viscosity of the culture, dispersion of BC pellets, and number of free cells due to agar addition, suggesting that acetan produced by BPR 2001 has a critical role in enhanced BC production.     

以黄水为培养基生产细菌纤维素

黄水是白酒酿造副产物,含有丰富的营养成分,具有极大的利用价值。将黄水用水以不同比例进行稀释,制成稀释黄水培养基（黄水为唯一营养源,不添加任何外源营养成分）,在不同稀释比例黄水培养基中进行葡糖醋杆菌静置发酵生产细菌纤维素（bacterial cellulose,BC）,30 ℃静置发酵14 d,发酵结束后测定发酵液中BC产量和BC产率等理化指标。结果表明,黄水最佳稀释比为2:8,在此条件下,BC产量达到最高值（2.42 g/L）,比对照组的HS培养基BC产量（1.58 g/L）提高了53.2%;BC产率为93.77%,相比对照组提高了813.05%。进一步检测发酵过程中葡糖醋杆菌BC产量以及理化指标变化,2:8稀释比黄水培养基发酵结束后还原糖消耗率和剩余还原糖含量分别为64.84%和1.36 g/L,均低于同时期的对照组。在不同灭菌方式培养基中,过滤灭菌培养基中BC产量为3.19 g/L,BC产率为107.56%,与高压湿热灭菌相比,也均有显著提高。因此,以黄水为唯一营养源作为培养基,不仅提高了BC产量,降低了BC生产成本,也为黄水的开发利用和BC的生产提供了新的途径。     

Pellicle formation,microbial succession and lactic acid utilisation during the aerobic deteriorating process of Sichuan pickle

The pellicles formation, microbial changes and lactic acid utilisation during the aerobic deterioration of Sichuan pickle were discussed in this study. By plate counting, chemical detection and HPLC analysis, the aerobic deterioration of Sichuan pickle was featured by microbial growth, pellicle formation, lactic acid decrease and pH elevation. Bacteria dominated in pellicles and the pellicles present morphological change from smooth to wrinkly along with the aerobic deteriorating process. Nine species of bacteria were identified and responsible for the pellicle formation. Combined with Lactobacillus plantarum, eight pellicle‐forming bacteria were the dominant lactic acid consuming organisms in deteriorating Sichuan pickle. Especially under the harsh acid condition of the early deteriorating period, Lb. plantarum, pellicle‐forming bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and Citrobacter freundii participated in the pellicles, utilised lactic acid and increased the brine pH effectively. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA libraries suggested that the resulting pH of 4.8–5.0 initiated the growth of more undesirable organisms, and the pellicle bacterial diversity changed greatly compared with that in the early deteriorating period. The study indicated the important role of pellicles in the initiation of Sichuan pickle's aerobic deterioration and enhanced our ability to understand and potentially control the aerobic deterioration.     

响应面法优化木醋杆菌发酵酿酒丢糟水解液产细菌纤维素培养基及其产物性能

为提高木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）发酵酿酒丢糟水解液生产细菌纤维素（bacterial cellulose,BC）的产量,采用响应面法对发酵培养基进行了优化,同时比较了发酵产物BC的性能和结构。通过单因素及响应面试验结果确定木醋杆菌发酵酿酒丢糟水解液生产BC的最佳培养基配方为：蔗糖39.33 g、蛋白胨20.01 g、MgSO4 0.91 g、柠檬酸钠3.45 g、黄嘌呤1.02 g、乙醇10 mL、酒糟水解液1 000 mL、pH 6.0。在此条件下BC的产量为6.27 g/L,较优化前（4.4 g/L）提高了42.5%。利用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜对发酵产物BC的性能和结构进行了比较,结果表明,酒糟水解液发酵产物BC结构性能与基本培养基发酵产物BC的基本一致,说明酒糟水解液能够替代部分发酵原料发酵生产BC,且不影响BC性能。     

Solution Blow Spinning of Food‐Grade Gelatin Nanofibers

The primary advantage of nanofibers over larger diameter fibers is the larger surface area to volume ratio. This study evaluated solution blow spinning (SBS) processing conditions for obtaining food‐grade gelatin nanofibers from mammalian and fishery byproducts, such as pork skin gelatins (PGs) and high molecular weight fish skin gelatin (HMWFG). HMWFG had a highest intact collagen structure compared to PGs. PGs with different Bloom values, solution viscosities, and surface tensions were compared with HMWFG for their ability to produce nanofibers through SBS. Only HMWFG fibers were obtained irrespective of processing conditions, which looked like fluffy cotton candy. HMWFG nanofibers had round morphologies with a narrower diameter distribution and lower average fiber diameter (AFD) under medium gelatin concentrations, medium air pressures, and medium feed rates. The highest glass transition temperature (T_g) values were obtained at medium concentrations, medium air pressure, and either high or low feed rate. The thinnest HMWFG nanofibers with an AFD of 80.1 nm and the highest T_g value of 59.0 °C could be formed by combining a concentration of 17.6% (w/v), an air pressure of 0.379 MPa, and a feed rate of 0.06 mL/min from the response surface analysis. HMWFG Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area increased from 221 to 237 m²/g, indicating their potential applicability for active compound carrier.     

Effect of Asian sea bass bio-calcium on textural,rheological, sensorial properties and nutritive value of Indian mackerel fish spread at different levels of potato starch

Effect of potato starch (2%–4%) and Asian sea bass bone bio-calcium (BC) (0%–10%) on characteristics of Indian mackerel fish spread was investigated. Starch levels had higher impact than bio-calcium concentration on characteristics of fish spread (P < 0.05). Firmness, consistency and cohesiveness of fish spread were raised with increasing starch and BC levels (P < 0.05). Highest lightness (L*) was found in fish spread added with 2% starch and 10% BC (P < 0.05). Highest a*, b*, C*-values but lowest hue angle were obtained in fish spread added with 4% starch and 10% BC (P < 0.05). Higher G' and viscosity were observed in sample added with 4% starch when BC was incorporated at higher level. All fish spreads generally showed shear thinning flow behaviour. Higher acceptability was attained for fish spread containing 4% starch and 10% BC without grittiness. This fish spread showed higher ash with lower moisture, protein and lipid contents than those without BC. Calcium solubility of fish spread was augmented after in vitro gastrointestinal tract system when fortified with 10% BC, and higher solubility of calcium was also noticeable, compared to BC itself. Overall high PUFA, acceptable PV and TBARS value were attained for fish spread fortified with 4% starch and 10% BC.     

醋酸菌发酵产细菌纤维素的过程优化

汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌(Gluconacetobacter hansenii)利用传统Hestrin-Scharmm (HS)培养基发酵生产细菌纤维素(bacterial cellulose,BC)的过程中,普遍存在着BC产量不高、葡萄糖利用率低等问题。本研究首先比较了传统HS培养基和改良HS培养基发酵生产BC的结果,改良HS培养基中BC干重产量达到3.34g/L,较传统HS培养基提高了28%,但培养基废液中仍含有41%和70%的残糖和残氮;继而对改良HS培养基一次发酵废液进行优化,添加2.5 g/L酵母粉和1.8 g/L磷酸氢二钠,调节p H至5.9进行二次发酵,可获得3.16 g/L的BC干重,同时发酵液中副产物乙酸浓度仅为一次发酵的一半。综上,利用改良HS培养基发酵结合优化发酵废液进行二次发酵,共获得6.50 g/L的BC干重,是优化前的2.5倍以上,并且葡萄糖的利用率和转化率也分别由56.74%,22.86%提高至88.02%,36.87%。     

以柑橘果渣为主要原料生产细菌纤维素的研究

目的:拓宽细菌纤维素(BC)生产的原料来源,明确柑橘渣水对汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌CIs51发酵产BC的影响。方法:以筛选自酸败柑橘果实的汉逊氏葡糖酸醋杆菌CIs51为发酵菌株,以柑橘果渣为主要原料,用扫描电镜观察其微结构,研究果渣预处理工艺、营养源、生长因子等对BC产量及微结构的影响。结果:柑橘果渣与水以1:8(W/V)的比例混合打浆,以150U/mL的果胶酶复配100U/mL纤维素酶,45℃水解2h;过滤后进行酵母前发酵工艺;选择蔗糖为碳源,添加量30g/L,(NH4)2SO4为氮源,添加量3g/L,酵母粉和柠檬酸的添加量分别为5g/L和1g/L。在此优化培养基中CIs51的产量达7.23g/L,明显高于其在HS培养基、柑橘渣水改良HS(CMHS)培养基中的产量(依次为4.02g/L及6.57g/L)。结论:柑橘渣水能够显著提高CIs51的BC产量,所得BC膜呈半透明质地,柔韧性好,具有替代椰子水进行工业化生产的前景。     

生物制备全烟草组分再造烟叶及结构特性分析

为开发高性能加热卷烟用再造烟叶,利用烟草生物发酵获得的细菌纤维素(BC)及其发酵过程中的烟草浸提液和烟草滤渣,混合制备了基于全烟草组分的BC重组再造烟叶; 并将其与市售3种典型加热卷烟再造烟叶进行了对比,从外观形貌、微观结构、主要化学成分、热重性能、热裂解香味产物等方面进行了系统分析。结果表明:①BC重组再造烟叶具有良好的成型性,样品外观均匀,物理指标与市售产品中稠浆法再造烟叶接近; ②对比市售3种典型再造烟叶,BC重组再造烟叶具有相似的红外吸收特征峰,但是扫描电镜显示,BC重组再造烟叶结构致密,BC纤维直径分布在43.68~75.80 nm之间; ③BC重组再造烟叶总吸热量最大,为9.52 J·g-1; ④BC重组再造烟叶的水溶性总糖含量为6.17%,烟碱含量达13.17 mg·g-1,热裂解释放香味物质种类高达45种,其中酮醛类致香物质释放量明显高于对比样品。      

Assessment of adipogenic,antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of whole and whey bovine colostrum

Bovine colostrum (BC) has been used for nutraceutical purposes for animals and humans. Bovine colostrum is a complex heterogeneous product and its antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, and growth factors can vary depending on age and species of the cow as well as their environment. Bovine colostrum preparation in skimmed or whey fractions can also alter properties of BC. Our goal was to compare cumulative anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and adipogenic properties of natural (whole) versus whey BC. We compared properties of whole and whey BC in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes permanently transfected with reporters responding to changes in inflammatory (NfκbRE/green fluorescent protein), anti-inflammatory (Nrf2/YFP), and adipogenic (Fabp4/cyan fluorescent protein) status in cells. Interleukin-6 secretion in these cells was measured by ELISA. Whole and whey BC induce IL-6 secretion from 3T3-L1 fibroblasts; however, whey preparation stimulated less IL-6 secretion. Cumulative inflammatory nuclear factor (NF)κB activation in the presence of lipopolysaccharide was reduced by both whole (?27%) and whey BC (?22%) compared with lipopolysaccharide-treated cells (100%). Treatment with whole BC was more effective in the reduction of NFκB activation compared with whey BC and occurred in a dose-dependent manner. In consonance with decreased NFκB activation, the Nrf2 promoter activity was also reduced in response to whole (?27%) and whey (?13%) treatments compared with nontreated cells (100%). Whole and whey BC suppressed adipogenesis, measured as induction of Fabp4, by ?27 and ?13%, respectively, compared with nontreated 3T3-L1 fibroblasts (100%). Our results showed distinct differences in properties of whey and whole BC that could be used to attain reduced adipogenic or cumulative inflammatory responses.     

Effects of different wet heating methods on the water distribution,microstructure and protein denaturation of pork steaks

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different wet heating methods (SC: steam cooking; BC: boiling cooking) on the water distribution, microstructure and protein denaturation of pork steaks. Results showed that SC increased the proton relaxation intensity (T₁ and T₂) and the amount of immobilized water, but decreased the amount of free water compared with BC treatment. Proton density images showed that the red area was more in SC treatment than BC treatment. Muscle volume contraction and microstructure destruction in SC treatments were lower than that of BC treatments. Meanwhile, SC had higher protein solubility, but lower surface hydrophobicity as compared with BC. Additionally, pork steaks containing salt cooked by the same heating method had higher water mobility than those of without salt. Moreover, salting process aggravated the swelling of muscle fibre structure and protein denaturation.     

Consumers' sensory acceptability of pork from immunocastrated male pigs

Boar taint is the off-odour or off flavour of cooked pork. Currently, the most common method of controlling boar taint is surgical castration. However, immunocastration has been used in some parts of the world as an alternative to surgical castration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensory acceptability of meat from immunocastrated pigs (IM) compared with meat from females (FE), surgically castrated (CM) and entire males (EM). Twenty animals of each type were evaluated by 201 consumers in 20 sessions. Longissimus thoracis muscle of the different animals was cooked in an oven at 180 °C for 10 min. Consumers scored the odour and the flavour of the meat in a 9-point category scale without an intermediate level. There were no significant differences in consumer’s evaluation of meat from IM, CM, and FE. In contrast, EM meat presented a higher percentage of dissatisfied scores and was significantly (P < 0.05) less accepted than meat from CM, IM and FE. Consumers’ acceptability of EM meat was always lower, independently of its androstenone levels. However meat with low levels of androstenone was more accepted that meat with medium or high levels of this substance. It can be concluded that immunocastration produced pork that was accepted by the consumers, and was indistinguishable from pork from CM or FE.     

Adding enzymatically modified gelatin to enhance the rehydration abilities and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose

Bacterial cellulose (BC) possesses excellent water holding capacity. However, increased crystallization causes a decrease in the rehydration ability of dried BC. Due to its excellent hydrophilic properties, we used gelatin and its enzymatically modified form (EMG) to prepare BC nano-composites in an attempt to enhance the rehydration abilities properties of BC. The polar peptide fraction was increased by extended hydrolysis of fish gelatin in Alcalase. Peptides smaller than 10 kDa were obtained by hydrolysis at 50 °C for 20 min. Protein contents of composites prepared by immersing BC in 5% gelatin (Gelatin/BC) or EMG (EMG/BC) solution were 81% and 92%, respectively, both of which then formed high gelatin/BC composites (HGBC). The protein content of EMG/BC was higher than that of Gelatin/BC, as compared with low gelatin/BC composites (LGBC) that were formed by immersion in a corresponding 0.5% solution. Among both HGBC and LGBC composites, EMG/BC exhibited the best rehydration abilities. Freeze-dried EMG/BC also exhibited the fastest rehydration rate and the best ability to restore wet-type composites. Composite microstructures revealed that BC was enveloped by gelatin when non-polar EMG (NPEMG) and polar EMG (PEMG) entered the BC network and adsorbed onto cellulose ribbons. The microstructure of EMG/BC contained both PEMG/BC and NPEMG/BC structures. Gelatin hydrolysates, penetrating BC networks and forming stable composites, improved the rehydration ability of dried BC. The polar functional groups of gelatin and its hydrolysates represent the key factors contributing to the hydrophilic nature of composites.     

增效因子对木醋杆菌产细菌纤维素发酵液中物质变化的影响

在木醋杆菌（Acetobacter xylinum）产细菌纤维素（BC）培养基中,添加一定量的增效因子,考察增效因子椰子水、玉米浆、Tween-80、羧甲基纤维素（CMC）、烟酸和生物素对发酵液中细菌纤维素产量、总糖、总酸和有机酸含量的影响。结果表明,10%玉米浆及60%椰子水对细菌纤维素产量的增效作用最强,细菌纤维素产量分别为8.534 g/L、6.008 g/L,与空白组相比,分别增加了4.67、2.99倍;添加60%椰子水,可以促进总糖含量降低,有利于木醋杆菌合成BC。添加各增效因子后发酵液内总酸含量变化基本一致,整体均呈下降的趋势。10%玉米浆试验组有机酸含量最高,且其中葡萄糖酸、乳酸、乙酸和丁二酸等主体酸所占比例大,这与10%玉米浆对BC产量较为明显的增效作用有一定关系。     

利用酒糟浸出液制备细菌纤维素

选用3种酒糟浸出液作为主要原料,利用木醋杆菌发酵制备细菌纤维素。结果表明：酒糟浸出液营养丰富,加入稻壳的白酒丢糟浸出液更适合发酵,在其中添加2%蔗糖、pH5.0和30℃恒温静止发酵15d后细菌纤维素的产量为2.7g/L,发酵后的pH值有变大的趋势。利用扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外、X射线衍射对细菌纤维素的结构进行表征,证明产物是细菌纤维素,纤维直径在20～100nm之间。     

Some Grain Properties of IR36-based Starch Mutants

Some grain properties of 20 starch mutants that were transferred from mutants of Japanese rices to IR36 (by two backcrosses to IR36) were studied. All had higher apparent amylose content (AC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) than the parent mutants, except the dull mutants, and the 82GF sugary mutant which had no amylose. All had lighter and lower density brown rices than IR36. Sugary 82GF und EM5 had high free sugars, and sugary and EM20 shrunken-1 had high fat content. Phytoglycogen content of brown rice was 34% for 82GF and 7% for EM5 sugary mutants. Amylose extender mutants had higher lysine in brown rice protein than IR36 parent. Alkali spreading value did not accurately estimate GT of these starch mutants. Milled rice of the two high amylose extender mutants 2064 and EM16 had lower Amylograph peak viscosity but higher cooked rice Instron hardness than IR36 milled rice.     

Impact of buffering capacity on the acidification of wort by brewing‐relevant lactic acid bacteria

Acidified wort produced biologically using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has application during sour beer production and in breweries adhering to the German purity law (Reinheitsgebot ). LAB cultures, however, suffer from end product inhibition and low pH, leading to inefficient lactic acid (LA) yields. Three brewing‐relevant LAB (Pediococcus acidilactici AB39, Lactobacillus amylovorus FST2.11 and Lactobacillus plantarum FST1.7) were examined during batch fermentation of wort possessing increasing buffering capacities (BC). Bacterial growth was progressively impaired when exposed to higher LA concentrations, ceasing in the pH range of 2.9–3.4. The proteolytic rest (50°C) during mashing was found to be a major factor improving the BC of wort. Both a longer mashing profile and the addition of an external protease increased the BC (1.21 and 1.24, respectively) compared with a control wort (1.18), and a positive, linear correlation (R ² = 0.957) between free amino nitrogen and BC was established. Higher levels of BC led to significant greater LA concentration (up to +24%) after 48 h of fermentation, reaching a maximal value of 11.3 g/L. Even higher LA (maximum 12.8 g/L) could be obtained when external buffers were added to wort, while depletion of micronutrient(s) (monosaccharides, amino acids and/or other unidentified compounds) was suggested as the cause of LAB growth cessation. Overall, a significant improvement in LA production during batch fermentation of wort is possible when BC is improved through mashing and/or inclusion of additives (protease and/or external buffers), with further potential for optimization when strain‐dependent nutritional requirements, e.g. sugar and amino acids, are considered. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling