The numerical simulation and wellbore modelling of steam injection and stored heat recovery from light oil reservoir

ABSTRACT

Steam injection and thermal recovery of oil from the reservoir are increasing day by day. However, the recovery of the heat remained stored in the steam-flooded oil reservoir is nor in practice neither researched previously. A novel concept of steam injection and energy recovery from a light oil reservoir is presented in this paper. Reservoir numerical model of an actual oil field was generated and simulated with steam injection. Different parameters of thermal properties of geologic formations were discussed and adopted as per actual geology of the study area for more realistic simulation of heat storage, dissipation, and losses. After the optimum oil recovery, water was circulated through the same injection well into the reservoir to extract the energy in the form of heat, stored during the steam injection phase. The effects of different completion schemes of injection well were also simulated, discussed and pointed out for optimum oil recovery. Oil recovery factor is the most important parameter from both research and field development point of views. The comparative analysis was also carried out with the oil production without steam injection and found that steam flooding increased oil recovery factor up to more than 15% by decreasing the production time period up to 40% as compared to without steam injection oil production. The transmission of heat through conduction and convection mechanisms in the porous media, and through advective, dispersive and diffusive processes in the fluid was modeled. To fully investigate the feasibility of the concept presented in this paper, the production wellbore modeling was also carried out and temperature profile of recovered heat energy at the wellhead was obtained by acknowledging the thermal losses and found to be very useful for any direct and indirect utilization of heat throughout the energy recovery period of the reservoir.     

齐鲁石化丙烯腈厂废水焚烧炉余热锅炉改造方案研究

简述了原有火管式废水焚烧炉余热锅炉的结渣原因 ,提出了改造方案 ,介绍了改造方案的结渣周期计算和技术经济分析 ,证明其在理论上有效可行 ,节能和经济效益显著.     

氟泵供液式散热系统试验研究

利用一个氟泵供液式散热系统,分别研究了室外环境温度变化对散热量和能效比的影响;通过变频调节氟泵功率改变散热工质流量,分析并讨论散热工质流量的变化对散热量和能效比的影响。试验结果表明,随着室外环境温度的降低,系统散热量和能效比均显著提高;随着散热工质流量的增大,散热量先升高后基本保持不变,能效比则先升高后降低,即存在最佳散热工质流量使得系统的能效比达到最大值。系统优化后在实际应用时,在室内外温差为11～26℃时,测算的能效比可达8.5～16.5。     

A novel flow-resistor network model for characterizing enhanced geothermal system heat reservoir

The fracture characteristics of a heat reservoir are of critical importance to enhanced geothermal systems, which can be investigated by theoretical modeling. This paper presents the development of a novel flow-resistor network model to describe the hydraulic processes in heat reservoirs. The fractures in the reservoir are simplified by using flow resistors and the typically complicated fracture network of the heat reservoir is converted into a flow-resistor network with a reasonably simple pattern. For heat reservoirs with various fracture configurations, the corresponding flow-resistor networks are identical in terms of framework though the networks may have different section numbers and the flow resistors may have different values. In this paper, numerous cases of different section numbers and resistor values are calculated and the results indicate that the total number of flow resistances between the injection and production wells is primarily determined by the number of fractures in the reservoir. It is also observed that a linear dependence of the total flow resistance on the number of fractures and the relation is obtained by the best fit of the calculation results. Besides, it performs a case study dealing with the Soultz enhanced geothermal system (EGS). In addition, the fracture numbers underneath specific well systems are derived. The results provide insight on the tortuosity of the flow path between different wells.     

Research on a new heat transfer model for liquid film convective evaporation in annular flow

Based on the phenomenon of turbulence restraint in liquid‐vapor interface, an analytical model is proposed for annular flow with a velocity distribution. The liquid‐vapor interface affecting district mixing length model was amended, and a new liquid film convective evaporation heat transfer model at the annular flow was developed. Compared with the experimental data, the results show that the new model is better than the model based on full tube flow velocity distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(7): 524–530, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10051     

Direct heat transfer considerations for improving energy efficiency in pulp and paper Kraft mills

The success of any process improvement study depends on the quality of the available data and the way in which the plant-specific characteristics are incorporated in the applied conceptual models; in the context of process integration studies these issues are directly related to the rules followed during the data extraction stage. Improving energy efficiency in a pulp and paper Kraft mill requires the identification of the most promising heat recovery network retrofit projects. In a retrofit analysis using pinch technology/process integration methods, only the process streams associated to the existing heat exchangers and some outlet streams (such as wastewater/effluent streams and vents) with high potential for heat recovery are usually included, while the energy exchanged through non-isothermal stream mixing (NIM) or direct heat transfer (DHT) is often assumed fixed and is not considered in the analysis. Relaxing this assumption requires extracting more data to represent the DHT design configuration that exists in the plant. However, different data extraction options can be considered to represent the DHT configuration depending on the associated process/operation constraints. This work describes a systematic procedure to extract and analyse the impacts of DHT on the overall energy efficiency of a Kraft process with a specific focus on mixing along the pulp line and in water tanks.     

A novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function for heat transfer in steam injection wells considering the wellbore heat capacity

Steam injection technique is one of the most important methods for enhancing the heavy oil production. Evaluating the reliability of steam injection projects requires the investigation of the heat transfer in the wellbore and the surrounding formation. In this study, a new formation heat-transfer model taking into account the wellbore heat capacity was developed and a novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function was presented. Comparison of the formerly used transient heat-conduction time functions with the novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function was made. The result indicated that the wellbore heat capacity has a significant influence on the transient heat-conduction time function, especially for cases of short time injection. To investigate the effect of wellbore heat capacity on the heat transfer in steam injection wells, a comprehensive wellbore/formation model incorporating the novel analytical transient heat-conduction time function was also established. Based on this model, the wellbore/formation interface temperature and the wellbore heat losses were computed by using various transient heat-conduction time functions. The comparisons showed that the formerly used transient heat-conduction time functions would lead to inadequate estimation of the wellbore/formation interface temperature and the wellbore heat losses. High accuracy and excellent applicability of the wellbore/formation model were demonstrated when performances of the proposed model were compared with the measured field data from the steam injection well.     

水平井双管注汽配合分段完井技术研究与应用

随着水平井技术开发超稠油油藏实施规模的不断扩大,水平井水平段动用不均的矛盾逐渐加剧。分析认为,水平井完井工艺和注汽管柱工艺不完善,是造成水平段注汽不均、从而导致动用不均的两个主要原因。根据水平井水平段储层沿程物性差异分布特点,在水平井完井时采用分段完井技术,在水平段中间物性差井段下入封隔器,将水平段筛管外与油层裸眼之间分隔成两段独立的井段腔室,并在紧挨封隔器位置下入扶正器,保证筛管在裸眼井段居中下入。注蒸汽时,依据井温监测资料判断水平段动用状况,实施双管注汽工艺技术,采用内、外管双注汽管柱注汽方式,分别对水平井水平段跟端和指端部位同时注汽,井口配套工具采用双四通、双悬挂器,同时应用等干度分配器,实现双管柱内的蒸汽流量灵活控制及等干度分配,实现水平段前后井段同时均匀注汽,调整水平段动用程度。     

Theoretical and experimental study of efficiency factor,heat transfer and thermal heat loss coefficients in solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorbers

The thermal heat performance of a solar air collector depends strongly on the thermal heat loss and the efficiency factor. In order to increase these performances, it is necessary to use a solar air collector which is well insulated and where the fluid flow is fully developed turbulent flow. It needs a high heat transfer between the absorber plate and the fluid to decrease the absorber‐plate temperature and hence the heat loss by radiation from the absorber to the ambient. This increases the efficiency factor. In the present paper, the heat loss and efficiency factor are treated for solar air collectors with selective and nonselective absorber plate. It is shown that the selectivity of the absorber plate cannot play an important role in a well‐insulated solar collector with a fanned system which permits a fully developed turbulent flow and, in consequence, high heat transfer. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题.基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率.有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电.对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的...     

Optimization of systems with the combination of ground-source heat pump and solar collectors in dwellings

The use of ground-source heat pumps for heating and domestic hot water in dwellings is common in Sweden. The combination with solar collectors has been introduced to reduce the electricity demand in the system.     

改善薄层稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐效果的技术探讨

江37区块作为采油九厂第一个稠油开发试验区,已经进行了3年的蒸汽吞吐热采试验,目前油井已进入第四轮蒸汽吞吐开采阶段。随着热采试验的不断深入,试验区的含水上升快、井间干扰严重,油层平面和纵向动用不均、储量动用差等问题日益显现,严重影响了试验区的稠油开发。针对这些问题和矛盾,在研究稠油蒸汽吞吐开发模式和递减规律的基础上,提出了改善蒸汽吞吐阶段开发效果的有效方法和途径,为下步试验区的稠油热采试验提供一定的借鉴。通过现场试验证实,提高蒸汽干度、多井整体吞吐和水平井试验,是改善薄层稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐效果的有效途径,其中提高蒸汽干度可以降低单位注入热量的注水当量,减少近井地带的冷凝水饱和度;多井整体吞吐可以有效解决油井之间因注汽而相互干扰的问题;水平井由于其吸汽能力强,开发效果远好于普通直井。     

Investigations and model validation of a ground-coupled heat pump for the combination with solar collectors

The operation of ground-coupled heat pumps in combination with solar collectors requires comprising knowledge of the heat pump behavior under non-standard conditions. Especially higher temperatures and varying flow rates in comparison to non-solar systems have to be taken into account. Furthermore the dynamic behavior becomes more important.At ISFH, steady-state and dynamic tests of a typical brine/water heat pump have been carried out in order to analyze its behavior under varying operation conditions. It has been shown, that rising source temperatures do only significantly increase the coefficient of performance (COP), if the source temperature is below 10–20 °C, depending on the temperature lift between source and sink. The flow rate, which has been varied both on the source and the sink side, only showed a minor influence on the exergetic efficiency. Additionally a heat pump model for TRNSYS has been validated under non-standard conditions. The results are assessed by means of TRNSYS simulations.     

竖直矩形狭缝通道内环状流沸腾换热分析模型

对竖直矩形狭缝通道内有液滴卷吸环状流阶段流动沸腾进行分析。以液膜紊流的动量方程和能量方程为基础,加上相应的边界条件和使控制方程组封闭的经验关系式,建立了环状流的教学模型并进行数值计算,得到了矩形狭缝通道内的液膜厚度分布、沸腾传热系数等结果;将模型预测的换热系数同实验关系式作比较,最大相对误差为17．8％。     

热管技术与建筑节能(Ⅰ)--热管节能应用

考察建筑能流特征，热管换热技术在建筑热回收及节能中具有较好的技术适用性；对暖通空调、太阳能利用、地热能利用、低品位废热利用等热管节能的途径和形式作了系统分析，为实际工程应用提供方法论指导。     

A comparative study of an absorber heat recovery cycle for solar refrigeration using NH3-refrigerant with liquid/solid absorbents

This paper presents an investigation on using an ammonia refrigerant with liquid/solid absorbents in an absorber heat recovery cycle where heat released during the absorption process is used to heat up the strong solution coming out of the absorber, thereby reducing the generator heat input and hence improving the coefficient of performance. A comparative thermodynamic study is made with NH₃-H₂O and NH₃-LiNO₃ pairs as working fluids for both conventional absorption and absorber heat recovery systems. It is found that an improvement of about 10 per cent in COP for the absorber heat recovery cycle is achieved over the conventional absorption cycle and the NH₃-LiNO₃ system yields a higher COP than for NH₃-H₂O over a wide range of generator temperatures and condenser/absorber temperatures. A detailed parametric study is also presented in this paper.     

超稠油水平井分段注汽配合调剖技术研究与应用

辽河油田超稠油水平井蒸汽吞吐进入中后期开采阶段,逐渐暴露出水平段动用不均、吞吐效果差等开发矛盾。分析认为,由于蒸汽超覆作用,水平段各井段区域储层非均质性差异大,吸汽强度不均,井间汽窜严重;近井地带地层存水增多,含油饱和度下降;油层亏空加大,地层压力下降,油层供液能力不足。依据水平井温度监测资料,合理判断水平段剖面动用状况,采用分段注汽工艺技术,独立分隔水平段注汽腔,灵活分配注汽量,实现对水平段不同区域分段均匀注汽。并通过注入高温复合调剖剂,辅助分段注汽进行蒸汽吞吐,有效封堵水平井段局部大孔道高渗透区域,补充地层能量,抑制汽窜发生,提高蒸汽波及半径,调整水平段动用剖面,实现水平段均匀吸汽,近而起到降黏、驱油助排和提高动用程度的作用,达到改善开采效果的目的,为油田开发持续稳产提供技术依据。     

Numerical analysis for a falling liquid film with interfacial waves on an inclined plate. Part 2: Effects of interfacial waves on flow dynamics and heat transfer

Flow and temperature fields in falling liquid films with interfacial waves have been obtained by means of a numerical simulation in which the algorithm is based on the HSMAC method and interfacial boundary conditions are treated with newly proposed methods. Small‐amplitude disturbance waves at a low frequency develop into isolated solitary waves which are composed of a roll wave and capillary waves. Waves disturbed at a high frequency interfere with each other and develop into disordered waves. Circulation flow is observed in the roll wave, while there is no circulation flow in the disordered waves. Temperature fields in the wavy film are distorted by convection effects and differ greatly from those in the laminar film. The circulation in the roll wave has an especially strong effect on the temperature fields. The interfacial waves enhance the heat transfer by two kinds of effects: the variation of film thickness and convection in the film. The dominating effect depends on the Prandtl number. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 29(3): 233–248, 2000