Cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear in high-speed face milling of AISI H13 steel with CBN tools

High-speed face milling experiments of AISI H13 steel (46–47 HRC) with cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools were conducted in order to identify the characteristics of cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear in a wide range of cutting speed (200–1,200 m/min). The velocity effects are focused on in the present study. It was found that, at the cutting speed of 800 m/min, which can be considered as a critical value, relatively low mechanical load, relatively low degree of chip segmentation, and relatively long tool life can be obtained at the same time. Both the cutting forces and the degree of chip segmentation firstly decrease and then increase with the cutting speed, while the tool life exhibits the opposite trend. By means of analyzing the wear mechanisms of tools tested under different cutting speeds, it was found that, as the cutting speed increases, the influences of fracture and chipping resulting from mechanical load on tool wear were reduced, while the influences of adhesion, oxidation, and thermal crack accelerated by high cutting temperature became greater. There exist obvious correlations among cutting forces, chip formation, and tool wear.     

Adiabatic shear in chip formation with negative rake angle

The mechanics of chip formation in grinding is investigated based on thermo-elastic-plastic finite element simulations of orthogonal cutting with a large negative rake abrasive-grits. The modeling is coupled with temperature and strain-rate-dependent flow stress characteristics of a work material SK-5 (0.93%C carbon steel). The shape of chip calculated is affected by the cutting speed and the undeformed chip thickness. In high-speed cutting, serrated chip formation caused by adiabatic shear, which is usually observed experimentally under the cutting conditions of grinding region, is obtained analytically without any consideration of crack propagation. Temperature and flow stress calculated in the primary shear zone vary periodically according to the segmentation of serrated chip. Then changes in temperature, flow stress, strain rate and strain at a material point fixed to and moving with chip is monitored in order to investigate the chip formation process. This clarifies the cutting mechanisms of different types of chip formation with negative rake.     

Elementary chip formation in metal cutting

Elementary-chip formation in the machining of hard materials is considered. Formulas are presented for the geometric parameters of the elementary chip as a function of the machining conditions.     

Mechanics of chip formation in cutting

The stress–strain state in chip is investigated by the finite-element method. In addition, the cutting process and the mechanics of chip formation are studied experimentally over the whole temperature range of metal cutting.     

Modeling of tool wear during hard turning with self-propelled rotary tools

In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the self-propelled rotary carbide tool performance during machining hardened steel. Although several models were developed and used to evaluate the tool wear in conventional tools, there were no attempts in open literature for modeling the progress of tool wear when using the self-propelled rotary tools. Flank wear model for self-propelled rotary cutting tools is developed based on the work-tool geometric interaction and the empirical function. A set of cutting tests were carried out on the AISI 4340 steel with hardness of 54–56 HRC under different cutting speeds and feeds. The progress of tool wear was recorded under different interval of time. A genetic algorithm was developed to identify the constants in the proposed model. The comparison of measured and predicted flank wear showed that the developed model is capable of predicting the rate of rotary tool flank wear progression.     

Theory of constrained cutting: chip formation with a developed plastic-deformation zone

On the basis of slip-line fields, a system for chip formation with a developed plastic-deformation zone is proposed. Equations are derived for the plastic-zone boundaries.     

Geometry of chip formation in circular end milling

Machining along continuous circular tool-path trajectories avoids tool stoppage and even feed rate variation. This helps particularly in high-speed milling by reducing the effect of the machine tool mechanical structure and cutting process dynamics. With the increase in popularity of this machining concept, the need for detailed study of a valid chip formation in circular end milling is becoming necessary for accurate kinematic and dynamic modeling of the cutting process. In this paper, chip formation during circular end milling is studied with a major focus on feed per tooth and undeformed chip thickness along with their analytical derivations and numerical solutions. At first, the difference in the feed per tooth formulation for end milling along linear and circular tool-path trajectories is presented. In the next step, valid formulation of the undeformed chip thickness in circular end milling is derived by considering an epitrochoidal tooth trajectory with a wide range of the tool-path radius. The complex transcendental equations encountered in the derivation are dealt with, by a case-based approach to obtain closed-form analytical solutions. The analytical solutions of undeformed chip thickness are validated with results of numerical simulations of tool and tooth trajectories for circular end milling and also compared to the linear end milling. The close resemblance between analytical and numerical calculations of the undeformed chip thickness in circular end milling suggests validity of the proposed analytical formulations. As a case study, the cutting forces in circular end milling are calculated based on the derived chip thickness formulations and an existing mechanistic model. The calculation results reiterate the need of taking into account adjusted feed per tooth and valid chip thickness formulations in circular end milling, especially for small tool-path radii, for more realistic process modeling.     

Characterization of chip formation during machining 1045 steel

A deep understanding of the generation and characterization of chip formation can result for practical advices of chip type controlling in engineering applications. The chip formation is divided into the continuous chip and the serrated one in this study. The characterization of the continuous chip formation is expressed as the chip deformation and that of the serrated chip formation is expressed as the frequency of serration, the degree of segmentation, and the deformation of serrated chip. The chips of 1045 steel under different cutting speeds (100–3,600?m/min) are collected during machining. After inlay and polishing of the collected chips, the chip morphology is observed with VHX-600 ESO digital microscope. It is found that at the cutting speeds of 100–400?m/min, the chip type is continuous, at the cutting speeds of 600–2,200?m/min the chip type is serrated, and at the cutting speeds of 2,500–3,600?m/min the chip type is segmented. The quantitative relations between the characterization parameters of chip formation and the cutting speed are obtained. The chip deformation increases with the cutting speed, and the influence of the cutting speed on the shear strain rate is more sensitive than that on the shear strain during the continuous chip formation. All the characterization parameters including the shear strain rate, the frequency of serration, the degree of segmentation, and the shear strain increase with the cutting speed during the serrated chip formation. The sensitivity of influence of the cutting speed on these parameters is in the following: the shear strain rate, the degree of segmentation, the frequency of serration, and the shear strain.     

机床热误差建模研究综述

机床热误差的产生不可避免,热误差在机床的总误差源中又占有较大比重。如何合理地对机床热误差进行建模,并以此为基础实现热误差的避免与补偿十分关键。在过去三十年里,众多国内外学者针对热误差的建模方法进行了探究,基于建模方法的不同可分为两类:经验热误差建模方法与理论热误差建模方法。经验热误差建模方法主要应用于机床热误差的补偿,基于对统计学模型的参数辨识实现热误差的预测。理论热误差建模方法主要用于机床热误差的避免,基于传热关系及力与位移的约束建立方程,并通过微分方程的数值求解得到热变形。以这两种机床热误差的建模方法为脉络进行展开,分别探讨了两类建模方法国内外的研究现状,并分析了各模型的优缺点,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

The behaviour of hydrostatic pads with grooved lands

A hydrostatic pad is usually made up of a recess surrounded by a land. Viscous fluid is supplied under pressure to the recess. The land, being separated from the bearing surface by a relatively small clearance, will act as the hydraulic impedance needed to separate the required bearing pressure inside the recess from the pressure of the surrounding environment. If the pad is moved relative to the bearing surface, the film of fluid in the clearance, being viscous, will be sheared. This shearing action will initiate viscous shear stresses between the fluid layers and hence viscous drag between the moving pad and the bearing surface. The lands of the pad, having a much smaller clearance from the bearing surface, will be subjected to a much higher drag force than the recess. The power required to overcome such a drag force, and cause the required motion of the pad relative to the bearing surface, will be transformed mainly into heat. Sometimes, especially under high relative speeds and with small clearances, the generated heat can be detrimental to the bearing action, and if excessive, may lead to bearing failure.     

Twinned-serrated chip formation with minor shear bands in ultra-precision micro-cutting of bulk metallic glass

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology - Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have unique properties due to their amorphous atomic structure such as excellent mechanical and thermal...     

晶圆重入加工的组合设备初始暂态建模和分析

随着晶圆直径的增大以及小批量、多批次加工,生产过程频繁地在暂态和稳态之间切换。为了满足大晶圆的加工需求和提高组合设备的加工性能,研究具有重入的晶圆加工组合设备的初始暂态具有重要意义。此外,组合设备除机械手外没有缓冲,使系统的调度和控制变得更加困难。基于eM-Plant仿真平台和优化算法,对重入加工双臂组合设备的初始暂态进行建模和仿真,分析了重入加工的初始暂态至稳态的过渡过程。采用仿真例子验证了该仿真系统的有效性,为组合设备重入加工的优化控制提供了借鉴。     

Material removal and chip formation mechanisms of UHC-steel during grinding

Laser shock forming (LSF) is a sheet plastic forming technology, which employs laser-induced shock waves to make sheet metal duplicate a desired shape of the mold. In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to simulate dynamic forming process with the commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit, and a series of dynamic deformation behaviors of the metal sheet shaped into conical cup at the end of different periods of time were displayed and discussed in detail. The springback of conical cup and the distribution of residual stress were analyzed with ABAQUS/Standard. All these investigations could provide insight into the physics process of the ultra-fast deformation. The LSF experiment was further conducted to verify the results predicted by FEA. The experiment results are well consistent with the numerical predicted data, which validates the FEA model. It indicates that FEA can be used to simulate the forming process and optimize its parameters.