车用柴油机瞬态工况的排气颗粒数量

以一台轻型车用柴油机为样机,研究发动机定转速增转矩瞬态工况下的颗粒数量排放。所用燃料为纯柴油、纯生物柴油、B20和B50燃油。结果表明:瞬态工况期间,该机燃用柴油的核态颗粒数上升,且先缓后急;聚集态颗粒数由于瞬态工况初期进气滞后,呈先增后降的特点。总颗粒数整体上升,瞬态过程初期聚集态颗粒数起主要作用,而中后期核态颗粒数占主导地位。B20燃油的颗粒数动态变化特性与柴油类似;B50燃油和纯生物柴油的颗粒数动态特性与柴油差异较大,其中总颗粒数和核态颗粒数始终明显高于柴油,聚集态颗粒一直低于柴油,表明此时核态颗粒数在总颗粒数中的支配地位。纯生物柴油在该瞬态工况初期聚集态颗粒数就持续下降,而核态颗粒数快速上升并持续到工况过渡结束。     

Analysis of Tribological Properties of Palm Biodiesel and Oxidized Biodiesel Blends

Biodiesel has become an increasingly significant alternative fuel to replace conventional diesel completely or partially. Although biodiesel has several advantages, such as environmental friendliness, renewability, and reduced emissions, it also has major drawbacks. Tribology is one of the major concerns for biodiesel usage, in which biodiesel lubricity deteriorates by usage and/or by storage because of its oxidative nature. The present study aims to investigate the lubrication behavior of oxidized and pure palm biodiesel blends by using a four-ball tribotester machine. Tests were carried out in diesel, pure biodiesel (B100), their blends (B10 [10% biodiesel in diesel], B20, B30, and B50), and oxidized biodiesel (Oxd B100) and its blends (Oxd B10, Oxd B20, Oxd B30, and Oxd B50). Tests were conducted at room temperature under a normal load of 40 kg for 1 h at 1,200 rpm. Surface analyses were carried out by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and optical microscopy, and fuel analysis was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Diesel fuel showed the highest wear and friction. Surface deformation, wear, and friction decreased as the biodiesel concentration increased in the blend. Oxidized biodiesel blends showed improved lubricity compared to pure biodiesel and blends. However, Oxd B100 showed higher wear than Oxd B50.     

Effect of antioxidants on the oxidative stability and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels in an indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engine

Biodiesel fuels that consist of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters are an alternative diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. However, autoxidation of biodiesel fuels during storage is easily caused by air, reducing fuel quality by adversely affecting its properties such as kinematic viscosity and acid value. One approach to improve the resistance of biodiesel fuels to autoxidation is to mix them with antioxidants. This study investigated the effectiveness of five such antioxidants in mixtures with biodiesel fuels produced by three biodiesel manufacturers: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PrG) and α-tocopherol. An engine test was also performed to investigate the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants in an indirect-injection (IDI) diesel engine. Oxidation stability was determined using Rancimat equipment. The results showed that TBHQ, BHA, and BHT were the most effective and α-tocopherol was the least effective in increasing the oxidation stability of biodiesel. The combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends TBHQ and PrG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage.     

Effect of anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of B30 biodiesel–diesel blend

Biodiesel is used in many countries as blends with diesel fuel. However, the main obstacle in biodiesel/diesel blends acceptance, commercialization worldwide and using higher blends seems to be its ability to oxidise and increase wear and friction of automotive parts. An experimental investigation has been carried out to analyse the effect of three different anti‐oxidants on the lubricity of palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B30) and to optimise anti‐oxidant concentration based on the performance. The three phenolic anti‐oxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene, propylgallate and pyrogallol, were tested using four‐ball tribotester for 1 h with 1500 rpm and 40 kg load, at ambient temperature. These three anti‐oxidants were used in varying concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm. Propylgallate anti‐oxidant showed most effective results by enhancing the lubricity of the blend in terms of reduced wear and friction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel and its blends with diesel

The performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using mixture of jatropha biodiesel and mineral diesel have been experimentally investigated. It is observed that brake specific fuel consumption increases with higher percentage of biodiesel in the blends. Brake thermal efficiency decreases with the increased percentage of biodiesel in the blends. The maximum efficiency is found to be 29.6% with pure diesel and 21.2% with pure biodiesel. Carbon mono-oxide and hydrocarbon emissions are improved with the addition of biodiesel to diesel. NO_x emission is found to be increased with pure biodiesel by 24% compared to mineral diesel.     

Pretreatment methods to improve the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel for use in power tiller engines

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel that can replace diesel in compression ignition engines without changing the engine structure. Biodiesel is typically manufactured from vegetable oils and animal fats, which give the fuel its oxidation stability and cold-flow properties, respectively. However, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel can cause engine performance problems such as incomplete combustion and sludge formation due to insufficient fuel atomization. To address these problems, in this study, a pretreatment technology that lowers the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel made from blended animal fat and vegetable oil was developed. The results of application of the pretreated fuel to a single-cylinder power tiller engine indicated that it produced 88.3–99.8 % of the brake power produced by conventional diesel. In addition, although the pretreated biodiesel exhaust included increased amounts of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions, the proposed fuel also decreased the amounts of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared with conventional diesel emissions.

     

Thermal lens spectroscopy for the differentiation of biodiesel-diesel blends

Thermal lens (TL) spectroscopy was applied to biofuels to test its potential to distinguish diesel from biodiesel in blended fuels. Both the heat and mass diffusion effects observed using a TL procedure provide significant information about biodiesel concentrations in blended fuels. The results indicate that the mass diffusivity decreases 32% between diesel and the blend with 10% biodiesel added to the diesel. This simple TL procedure has the potential to be used for in loco analyses to certify the mixture and quality of biodiesel-diesel blends.     

Combustion characteristics of an agricultural diesel engine using biodiesel fuel

Biodiesel has great potential as an alternative fuel for diesel engines that would reduce air pollution. It is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from fresh or used vegetable oils, or from animal fats. In this study, a biodiesel fuel derived from rice bran oil was tested as an alternative fuel for agricultural diesel engines. The emissions were characterized for both neat and blended biodiesel fuels, and for conventional diesel fuel. Since this biodiesel fuel contained 11% oxygen, it strongly influenced the combustion process. The use of biodiesel fuel resulted in lower carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions, without any increase in nitrous oxide emissions. The study demonstrated that biodiesel fuel could be effectively used as a renewable and environmentally innocuous fuel for agricultural diesel engines.     

发动机燃用生物柴油的颗粒可溶有机组分及多环芳烃排放

以一台车用柴油机为样机,研究发动机燃用生物柴油的常规排放,重点探讨其颗粒(Particulate matter,PM)、可溶有机组分(Soluble organic fraction,SOF)及多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的排放特性。所用燃油分别为柴油、生物柴油掺混配比为10%的B10燃油。结果表明,与柴油相比,该车用柴油机燃用B10燃油后颗粒、SOF和PAHs的质量排放均有所降低;NOx排放略有增加,HC和CO排放有所下降。B10燃油燃烧的颗粒SOF中醇类、酮类、醚类质量分数下降;脂类、酸类、醛类质量分数上升。在检测到的12种PAHs中,B10燃油有10种质量排放减少,尤其是苯并(a)芘等高环数致癌性的PAHs降幅明显,这表明发动机燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的化学成分毒性有所降低。     

影响柴油润滑性检测结果的因素

利用作者多年来从事柴油润滑性检测工作的经验积累,对影响柴油润滑性检测结果的诸多因素进行探讨,介绍柴油抗磨剂以及生物柴油的检测情况,这对即将在全国范围开展的柴油润滑性检测工作具有一定的指导意义.     

不同甲醇预混合气引燃燃烧模式燃烧特性分析

针对甲醇、生物柴油和聚甲氧基二甲醚PODE的优势,为了改善经济性,在一台CY25柴油机上分析不同引燃燃料对甲醇预混合气引燃燃烧模式燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:PODE引燃模式的排放特性较差,CO浓度相较生物柴油模式可高达2-3倍。在大甲醇质量比下HC排放浓度可高达生物柴油的5倍。甲醇质量比较小时促进了NO_(X)生成,增大质量比可以降低NO_(X)浓度。生物柴油引燃模式的排放特性随甲醇质量比变化较平稳,PODE引燃模式则随甲醇质量比变化增长较快。     

Influence of compression ratio on combustion characteristics of a VCR engine using Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel and diesel blends

The standard configuration parameters of a Variable compression ratio (VCR) engine neglect to give specific execution with biodiesel from distinctive origins. Alongside, a bunch of exploration of diversified biodiesel over performance and emission analysis, extremely constrained work has been taken out on combustion analysis with VCR. This survey was performed to identify the impact of compression ratio on the combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with Calophyllum inophyllum oil methyl ester (COME) and its blends with diesel. Experiments were conducted at a fixed speed of 1500 RPM, full load and at different compression ratios of 16:1, 17:1 and 18:1. Results, revealed that combustion duration of Calophyllum inophyllum oil was more, while the ignition delay period was shorter than that of diesel.     

Comparison of the Effects of Biodiesel and Mineral Diesel Fuel Dilution on Aged Engine Oil Properties

Dilution of engine oil occurs when fuel is injected late in the combustion cycle to regenerate the diesel particulate filter used for trapping particulate emissions. Fuel dilution reduces oil viscosity and the concentration of engine oil additives, potentially compromising lubricant performance. Biodiesel usage may compound these issues due to its oxidative instability, and its higher boiling point compared to mineral diesel potentially causes it to concentrate more in the oil sump.

In this work, different amounts of mineral diesel and biodiesel (soy methyl ester, SME) were combined with 15W-40 CJ-4 diesel engine oil in laboratory oil aging experiments. Fuel was added and oil samples were withdrawn at periodic intervals. The oils were analyzed using typical oil analysis procedures to determine their condition, and wear evaluations under boundary lubricating conditions were determined using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Results showed that fuel dilution accelerated engine oil degradation, with biodiesel having a larger effect. However, friction remained unchanged with dilution, and wear actually decreased for fuel-diluted oils after 48 h of aging compared to aging without fuel dilution. Examination of the tribofilms by ultraviolet (UV) and visible Raman spectroscopy as well as Auger electron spectroscopy showed that additional carbon-containing components were present on tribofilms formed from fuel-diluted oils. These fuel-derived components may be responsible for the decreased wear observed.     

Biodiesel production process optimization from Spirulina maxima microalgae and performance investigation in a diesel engine

Biodiesel is a renewable, easily biodegradable, eco-friendly and sustainable alternative energy source. In this investigation, crude oil was extracted from Spirulina maxima microalgae through biochemical conversion method with the help of soxhlet apparatus. Biodiesel production process parameters were optimized through base transesterification. Maximum biodiesel yield achieved was 87.75 % at optimal reaction condition after transesterification, when methanol to oil ratio was 6:1, catalyst loading was 1 % KOH (wt.%), temperature was 65 °C, and stirring speed was 600 rpm for a reaction time of 70 minutes. All the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were determined and compared with the ASTM D6751 specification. Finally, performance and emission of an unmodified diesel engine was evaluated with 20 % and 40 % (v/v) biodiesel blends and compared the results with ordinary Diesel fuel (DF). Using biodiesel blends improves Hydrocarbon (HC) emission by 10-15 % and Carbon monoxide (CO) emission by 9.3-13.9 %. However, Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Oxides of nitrogen (NOX), Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and smoke opacity were found to be slightly higher for biodiesel blends, and Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found slightly lower than DF. Thus, Spirulina maxima serves as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production and prospective fuel in diesel engine application.

     

Scanning electron microscopy as a tool for authentication of biodiesel synthesis from Linum usitatissimum seed oil

Utilization of renewable and alternative energy feedstocks such as nonedible seeds oil to deal with the increasing energy crises and related ecological concerns have gained the attention of researchers. Biodiesel is an efficient and renewable substitute for diesel engine. This work investigates the potential of inexpensive nonedible seed oil of Linum usitatissimum to synthesize biodiesel using iron sulfate green nanocatalyst through the process of transesterification. Flax seed contains about 37.5% oil content estimated through Soxhlet apparatus. Light microscopy revealed that seed size varies from 3.0 to 6.0 cm in length, 2.0 to 3.3 cm in width, and 0.7 to 1.0 mm in diameter. Color of seed varied from yellow to brown. Characterization of biodiesel is performed through GC–MS and FTIR. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological features of seed coat. Catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy diffraction X-ray, and X-ray diffraction. The diffraction peaks of Fe₃O₄ green nanoparticles were found to be in 2θ values, 30.24°, 35.62°, 38.26°, 49.56°, 57.12°, and 62.78°. Fuel properties of biodiesel are also determined and compared with ASTM standards. Linum usitatissimum biodiesel has density 0.8722 (15°C kg/L), kinetic viscosity 5.45 (40°C cSt), flash point (90°C), pour point (−13°C), cloud point (−9°C), sulfur (0.0432% wt), and total acid number (0.245 mg KOH/g). It is concluded that L. usitatissimum seed oil is a highly potential source for biodiesel production to cope with the challenge of present energy demand.     

Alternative and low sulfur fuel options: boundary lubrication performance and potential problems

Studies of alternative fuels at Penn State include biodiesel, dimethyl ether (DME) and low sulfur diesel fuels. The fuel studies include bench tests, laboratory engine tests and vehicle tests. DME was evaluated in a campus shuttle bus operating on its regular campus route. A 25:75 vol% mixture of DME and diesel fuel was used. Laboratory engine tests of oxygenated fuels, including biodiesel, resulted in significant particulate reductions. However, some alternative fuels exhibit low lubricity. Bench tests comparing friction and wear characteristics of the fuels are described.     

Effects of B100 Biodiesel on Injector and Pump Piston

In this study, the effects of biodiesel use in a diesel engine on an injector and fuel injection pump piston were experimentally analyzed. To this end, two engines with the same technical specifications were used; petroleum diesel was used in one of the engines and 100% (B100) biodiesel was used in the other engine. After the engines were run for 200 h, their injectors and pump pistons were examined and compared by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis measurements. SEM and EDX analyses showed significant structural changes on the surfaces of the injector nozzle and pump piston in the event that B100 is used.     

Determination of dielectric constant and loss of high-K thin films in the microwave frequencies

A method to determine the dielectric constant and loss of high-K thin film dielectrics in the microwave frequency region using the extended cavity perturbation technique is presented. The feasibility of the technique is demonstrated by the determination of the dielectric constant and loss for reactively sputtered TiO₂ thin films on borosilicate glass substrates. The dielectric constant and loss is measured at 8.98, 9.96 and 10.97 GHz using a TE_10n rectangular cavity. Using this technique, the dielectric properties of TiO₂ films deposited under varying oxygen percentage in the sputtering atmosphere from 20% to 100% were measured. The dielectric constant and loss are found to be dependent on both the oxygen partial pressure as well as frequency of measurement. The film deposited at 50% of oxygen had a higher dielectric constant, ε_r = 44.35 at 8.98 GHz, where as the film deposited at 100% oxygen showed the lowest value of dielectric constant, ε_r = 21.36 at 10.97 GHz. The dielectric loss tangent varied from 0.004 to 0.019 depending on frequency and oxygen partial pressure. However this technique is applicable only for thin films coated on low K dielectric substrates.     

Effect of changes in ambient conditions on the homogeneous combustion characteristics and flammability limits of biodiesel fuel combustion using surrogate fuel coupled with a combustion mechanism

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The purpose of this study was to analyze numerically the homogeneous combustion characteristics of biodiesel and diesel fuels and to investigate the...     

Research on an on-line wear condition monitoring system for marine diesel engine

This paper introduces a kind of on-line wear condition monitoring system for marine diesel engines. The system consists of three functions i.e. particle detecting, lubricant quality detecting and shaft torque moment and instantaneous rotation velocity detecting. The system detects wear particles in lubricant with an on-line ferrograph so as to judge wear condition of tribo-pairs of the diesel engine. A vertical detector fixed is used for environment of the marine diesel engine in this system, and the rule of distribution of particles in the vertical detector fixed and the horizontal detector fixed are alike in substance. The system detects the relative variation of lubricant quality by the grid capacitance sensors in an on-line way, which consists of an upper capacitance and a lower capacitance and can distinguish the relative variation of the dielectric constant of lubricant caused by pollutants such as water, metal particles etc. The system detects the shaft torque moment and the instantaneous rotation velocity of the diesel engine with photoelectric sensors, and corresponds the wear condition with the power condition by the change of instantaneous rotation velocity due to burning pressure change, which is helpful to judge cylinder wear.