基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的锂电池荷电状态与健康状态预测

针对当前锂电池荷电状态(State of charge, SOC)与健康状态(State of health, SOH)预测精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于模糊卡尔曼滤波器的预测方法。采用非线性二阶电阻电容模型表示锂电池,并通过最小二乘误差优化算法对模型参数进行估计,从而更准确地确定蓄电池容量作为SOH值的基础。扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman filter, EKF)可在初始SOC值未知的情况下对其进行准确预测,而模糊逻辑有助于消除测量和过程噪声。仿真结果表明,在城市测功机驱动计划期间(Urban dynamometer drving schedule, UDDS)测试中最大的SOC估算误差是0.66%;通过离线更新卡尔曼滤波器,可对电池容量进行估计,结果表明,最大估计误差为1.55%,从而有效提高了SOC值的预测精度。     

基于粒子滤波算法的动力电池SOC估计

针对电池荷电状态(SOC)容易受到电流、温度、循环寿命等非线性因素的影响,建立基于温度和电流变化的电池容量修正方程。结合安时法和复合电化学原理构建电池状态空间模型。由于粒子滤波算法对非高斯、非线性系统的适应性,因此选用粒子滤波算法来研究电池SOC估计。通过美国FTP-75工况和NEDC工况实验仿真显示,基于粒子滤波算法的电池SOC估计比扩展卡尔曼滤波算法估计精度高、适应性好。     

State of charge estimation of vanadium redox battery based on improved extended Kalman filter

The accurate state of charge (SOC) estimation can protect the battery from overcharging and over-discharging, and it is useful to make an effective dispatching strategy. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) method is used to estimate SOC widely. But it does not consider the SOC constraints. Moreover, the convergence is influenced by the uncertain initial SOC, which may lead to false alarm, unwanted operation of protection, error dispatching and poor robustness of the system. This paper presents an improved extended Kalman filter (IEKF) method to estimate SOC for vanadium redox battery (VRB) by introducing a gain factor. It can be adjusted automatically according to the output error and SOC boundary. To implement IEKF estimator, a VRB state space model is established and its parameters are identified by recursive least square (RLS) method. Then a VRB of 5kW/30kWh experimental platform is built. Finally, the IEKF method is validated and compared with EKF against unknown initial value through the experiments. The results have shown that IEKF method is superior to EKF in terms of accuracy, convergence speed and robustness. And the estimated SOC remains bounded by using IEKF method. It is more suitable for SOC estimation than EKF algorithm in the industrial applications.     

面向SOC估计的计及温度和循环次数的锂离子电池组合模型

锂离子电池荷电状态(SOC)估计的准确性依赖于精确的电池模型,为此提出一种基于改进的Shepherd模型并耦合温度和循环次数因素的锂离子电池组合模型(SCM)。将Shepherd模型受温度和循环次数影响的满电开路电压、极化常数、可用容量、内阻等参数进行热建模和循环损失建模,同时将模型参数辨识方法简化为仅需两组不同环境温度下放电实验数据的非线性最小二乘法。通过对不同循环次数的锂离子电池在不同温度环境下模拟电动汽车实际工况,进行放电实验,并结合扩展卡尔曼滤波算法实现对SCM模型和ECM模型的SOC动态估计。仿真和实验结果表明所提模型相对误差小于1.5%,SOC估计误差小于3%,从而验证了所提出模型的优越性。     

串联混合动力牵引车蓄电池SOC的监测

文中提出了基于安时法计算混合动力电动牵引车蓄电池已用电量,在求出当前蓄电池荷电状态的基础上,利用根据能量守恒模型计算出的蓄电池SOC进行荷电状态校正,采用80C196KC加上相应的感应器来实现。实验表明,该方法测出的蓄电池荷电状态比较准确,有较高的精度。     

双卡尔曼滤波算法在锂电池SOC估算中的应用

以在线估计锂离子电池组的荷电状态(SOC)为目的,建立了双卡尔曼滤波(DEKF)算法.以Thevenin电池模型和卡尔曼滤波算法为基础,对电池模型建立了状态空间表达式.分别采用最小二乘法和DEKF算法对该模型参数进行辨识,提高了该模型的精度,使电池模型能够较好地反映电池内部的真实状态.介绍了双卡尔曼滤波算法在线估算荷电状态的原理,并设计了相关的电池测试实验.实验结果表明在不同的工况环境下,该算法在线估计SOC具有较高的精度和对环境的适应度,最大误差小于4.5％.最后,验证了DEKF算法具有较好的收敛性和鲁棒性,可以有效解决初值估算不准和累积误差的问题.     

基于电化学阻抗谱的退役动力电池荷电状态 和健康状态快速预测

针对现阶段检测退役动力电池健康状态存在的耗时长、精度低和能耗大等问题,提出了一种基于电化学阻抗谱(EIS)的电池荷电状态(SOC)和健康状态(SOH)的快速预测方法。通过对退役磷酸铁锂动力电池在不同SOH、不同SOC和不同温度下的EIS测试和分析,建立了EIS等效电路模型。然后,利用常相位元件参数与退役动力电池SOC和SOH之间的关系,建立数学模型,实现对退役动力电池SOC和SOH的快速估计。验证实验表明,利用这种方法,可以大大减少测试时间至20min以内、节约能源以及实现对未知荷电状态和健康状态的电池的快速估计,预测误差在4%以内。     

Dual extended Kalman filter for combined estimation of vehicle state and road friction

Vehicle state and tire-road adhesion are of great use and importance to vehicle active safety control systems. However, it is always not easy to obtain the information with high accuracy and low expense. Recently, many estimation methods have been put forward to solve such problems, in which Kalman filter becomes one of the most popular techniques. Nevertheless, the use of complicated model always leads to poor real-time estimation while the role of road friction coefficient is often ignored. For the purpose of enhancing the real time performance of the algorithm and pursuing precise estimation of vehicle states, a model-based estimator is proposed to conduct combined estimation of vehicle states and road friction coefficients. The estimator is designed based on a three-DOF vehicle model coupled with the Highway Safety Research Institute(HSRI) tire model; the dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) technique is employed, which can be regarded as two extended Kalman filters operating and communicating simultaneously. Effectiveness of the estimation is firstly examined by comparing the outputs of the estimator with the responses of the vehicle model in CarSim under three typical road adhesion conditions(high-friction, low-friction, and joint-friction). On this basis, driving simulator experiments are carried out to further investigate the practical application of the estimator. Numerical results from CarSim and driving simulator both demonstrate that the estimator designed is capable of estimating the vehicle states and road friction coefficient with reasonable accuracy. The DEKF-based estimator proposed provides the essential information for the vehicle active control system with low expense and decent precision, and offers the possibility of real car application in future.     

改进卡尔曼滤波的融合型锂离子电池SOC估计方法

荷电状态(SOC)估计对于锂离子电池充放电优化控制、任务规划、可靠性提升等均具有重要价值,针对广泛应用的卡尔曼滤波(KF)一类方法存在的参数设置无具体标准、模型性能随工况环境改变而适应性降低等问题,提出一种噪声方差可变卡尔曼滤波方法(VVKF)的SOC估计算法,该算法每次迭代时估计并设定最适应当前系统状态的的噪声方差,克服了KF噪声方差初值依靠人为经验设定而造成精度下降的问题,同时采用最小二乘支持向量机作为KF的量测方程,通过建立样本库的方式克服电池型号以及工况改变对SOC估计精度的影响。采用马里兰大学CACLE中心锂离子电池数据集的实验证明了VVKF较KF性能的提升以及SOC估计的有效性。     

5基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计

为了实时、准确地估计矿用电池SOC值,通过采用加权统计线性回归法实现模型函数线性化,将采样点卡尔曼滤波技术应用到矿用电池SOC估计中.针对有限的电池管理系统资源,基于电池状态观测复合模型的状态方程线性和观测方程非线性的特点,提出了将标准卡尔曼滤波和采样点卡尔曼滤波组合的非线性滤波算法;为了使得该算法具有应对突变状态的强跟踪能力和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,引入了奇异值分解,采用特征协方差矩阵代替误差协方差矩阵,并基于强跟踪原理引入了次优渐消因子.仿真结果表明,基于改进型采样点卡尔曼滤波的矿用电池SOC估计算法兼顾估计精度和运算量,并具有跟踪突变状态和应对模型不准确的鲁棒性,完全适用于资源有限的矿用电池SOC估计;可见,该算法具有良好的实际应用价值.     

铅酸蓄电池充电控制技术研究

根据铅酸蓄电池充电原理,介绍了几种常用的充电方式,然后结合铅酸蓄电池的自身特点,给出判断其是否充满的不同控制方法。分析了时间控制、电压控制和温度控制等技术的优缺点,以便将最优的控制方式成功应用于智能充电设备设计中。     

State of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries using fractional order sliding mode observer

This paper presents a state of charge (SOC) estimation method based on fractional order sliding mode observer (SMO) for lithium-ion batteries. A fractional order RC equivalent circuit model (FORCECM) is firstly constructed to describe the charging and discharging dynamic characteristics of the battery. Then, based on the differential equations of the FORCECM, fractional order SMOs for SOC, polarization voltage and terminal voltage estimation are designed. After that, convergence of the proposed observers is analyzed by Lyapunov’s stability theory method. The framework of the designed observer system is simple and easy to implement. The SMOs can overcome the uncertainties of parameters, modeling and measurement errors, and present good robustness. Simulation results show that the presented estimation method is effective, and the designed observers have good performance.     

基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的锂离子电池荷电状态估计

针对电池荷电状态（SOC）难以准确估计的问题,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法来提高SOC的估计精度。首先以磷酸铁锂电池为研究对象,建立了电池的PNGV等效电路模型,并采用充放电实验和离线辨识的方法得到模型中的参数,得到了开路电压、欧姆内阻、极化内阻和极化电容与SOC的多项式函数关系;然后,对模型进行验证,并分析了模型的准确性;最后,在实际工况下,运用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法估计锂离子电池的SOC值,并与安时法计算的SOC值进行比较。结果表明,PNGV模型结合扩展卡尔曼滤波方法估计的锂离子电池SOC值的最大误差仅为2.78%,提高了电池SOC的估计精度。     

[动力电池]基于双时间尺度扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波算法的电池组单体荷电状态估计

为实现对电池组单体荷电状态(SOC)的精确估算,首先对锂电池组单体建立增强自校正(ESC)模型,然后根据锂电池ESC模型建立电池组平均模型和各单体SOC差异模型,再对其用双时间尺度的扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波(EKPF)算法来估算电池组平均SOC值和各单体差异SOC值,从而得到电池组中各单体SOC值。对12节锂电池串联电池组进行SOC估算实验,结果表明,基于双时间尺度EKPF算法的电池组单体SOC估计方法可实现对单体SOC的精确估计,且该方法比双时间尺度扩展卡尔曼滤波算法和扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)算法具有更高的估算精度。     

非线性滤波方法及其在故障诊断中的应用

传统的滤波方法一般基于线性化和高斯假设,在一定程度上影响了滤波精度和非线性系统故障诊断的准确率。该文从"近似非线性"和"近似概率"的方法入手,分析3种常用的非线性滤波算法:扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)、U-卡尔曼滤波器(UKF)以及粒子滤波器(PF)的原理、方法及特点并介绍其在非线性故障诊断中的应用价值。     

Incorporating delayed measurements in an improved high-degree cubature Kalman filter for the nonlinear state estimation of chemical processes

The on-line estimation of process quality variables has a large impact on the advanced monitoring and control techniques of chemical processes. The present study offers an improved high-degree cubature Kalman filter (HCKF) to solve the nonlinear state estimation problem of high-dimensional chemical processes. We substituted the Cholesky decomposition in the HCKF filter with a diagonalization transformation of the matrix. In addition, we enhanced numerical stability and estimation accuracy. On this basis, we present one nonlinear state estimation method based on the sample-state augmentation and improved HCKF to handle issues with delayed measurements. Finally, we used the nonlinear state estimation experiments for the polymerization process to validate the proposed method. The numerical results indicated the achievement of state estimation with higher accuracy and better stability following the effective utilization of the delayed measurements for nonlinear chemical processes.     

Estimation method of state-of-charge for lithium-ion battery used in hybrid electric vehicles based on variable structure extended kalman filter

Since the main power source of hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) is supplied by the power battery, the predicted performance of power battery, especially the state-of-charge(SOC) estimation has attracted great attention in the area of HEV. However, the value of SOC estimation could not be greatly precise so that the running performance of HEV is greatly affected. A variable structure extended kalman filter(VSEKF)-based estimation method, which could be used to analyze the SOC of lithium-ion battery in the fixed driving condition, is presented. First, the general lower-order battery equivalent circuit model(GLM), which includes column accumulation model, open circuit voltage model and the SOC output model, is established, and the off-line and online model parameters are calculated with hybrid pulse power characteristics(HPPC) test data. Next, a VSEKF estimation method of SOC, which integrates the ampere-hour(Ah) integration method and the extended Kalman filter(EKF) method, is executed with different adaptive weighting coefficients, which are determined according to the different values of open-circuit voltage obtained in the corresponding charging or discharging processes. According to the experimental analysis, the faster convergence speed and more accurate simulating results could be obtained using the VSEKF method in the running performance of HEV. The error rate of SOC estimation with the VSEKF method is focused in the range of 5%to 10%comparing with the range of 20%to 30%using the EKF method and the Ah integration method. In Summary, the accuracy of the SOC estimation in the lithium-ion battery cell and the pack of lithium-ion battery system, which is obtained utilizing the VSEKF method has been significantly improved comparing with the Ah integration method and the EKF method. The VSEKF method utilizing in the SOC estimation in the lithium-ion pack of HEV can be widely used in practical driving conditions.     

利用双卡尔曼滤波算法估计电动汽车用锂离子动力电池的内部状态

以电动汽车的研发为背景,建立用于电动汽车中作为辅助动力源的锂离子动力蓄电池的等效物理模型及其离散形式的状态空间方程,然后分别介绍如何基于卡尔曼滤波算法在线估计电池内部的荷电状态和寿命状态。在此基础上,介绍利用双卡尔曼滤波算法同时在线估计荷电状态和寿命状态的算法原理,并设计出相关的电池测试试验,利用在此试验过程中所采集的包括电流、电压等数据对电池的内部状态进行估计。对试验结果的分析表明,利用双卡尔曼滤波算法在线估计电池内部状态是有效的,并且估计精度也相对较高,可以较好地反映电池内部的真实状态。     

基于Peukert方程的动力电池荷电状态卡尔曼滤波估计算法

电池荷电状态（SOC）受到温度、电流、循环寿命等因素的影响,Peukert方程是一种很好的计算电池容量方法。传统Peukert方程没有考虑温度的影响,而温度变化会导致Peukert方程常数n和K的变化。因此,建立了基于温度和电流变化的Peukert方程,利用安时法和复合电化学模型建立电池模型状态方程和测量方程,采用扩展卡尔曼算法实现电池荷电状态动态估算。结果显示,基于温度修正Peukert方程的镍氢电池荷电状态估计算法精度比传统安时法提高7%~8%。     

基于组合模型的锂电池参数辨识和电池荷电状态在线联合估计

针对电池荷电状态(SOC)估算过程中开路电压与SOC之间的迟滞效应以及充放电电流和端电压中噪声的影响,提出了基于组合模型的Frisch方案双滤波(FSDF)法。先通过一阶RC等效电路模型结合Preisach离散模型建立新的模型,随后采用Frisch方案对模型的输入输出进行噪声方差估计,滤除部分输入输出噪声,最后使用扩展卡尔曼滤波结合无迹卡尔曼滤波进行参数实时更新和电池单体SOC估算。实验证明,FSDF方法对锂电池SOC估算结果与Frisch方案递推最小二乘-无迹卡尔曼滤波法等其他方法相比,具有精度高、鲁棒性好等特点。