改性聚丙烯酰胺对洗煤废水处理的研究

主要分析了洗煤废水的特性及其处理难的原因,研究了适用于该种废水处理的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺接枝玉米淀粉絮凝剂的合成,并通过正交实验确定制取改性聚丙烯酰胺的最佳合成工艺条件：接枝反应时,引发剂硝酸铈铵的浓度为0．5×10^-3mol／L、玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺单体质量比为1：4;阳离子化时,丙烯酰胺、甲醛、二甲胺的原料配比为1．0：1．0：0．5、反应温度为75℃。     

季铵型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的制备及其应用

以玉米淀粉为原料,3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子醚化剂,采用预干燥干法制备高取代度季铵型阳离子淀粉絮凝剂.考察了醚化剂用量、氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间对取代度和反应效率的影响,优化出制备高取代度阳离子淀粉的最佳工艺条件为:醚化剂的加入量为绝干淀粉量的55%,氢氧化钠与醚化剂摩尔比为1.2,反应温度85℃,反应时间4h.将阳离子淀粉对工业中较难处理的高色值糖蜜酒精废液进行絮凝脱色性能测定,结果表明当阳离子淀粉质量浓度为500mg/L、取代度为0.39、废液初始pH值为9.0时,脱色率达53.6%.     

Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic starch/PLA blends by one‐step reactive extrusion

In the presence of dicumyl peroxide, the compatibility of thermoplastic dry starch (DTPS)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends, using maleic anhydride (MA) as compatibilizer, was investigated. The plasticization of starch and its compatibilizing modification with PLA was accomplished in a single‐screw extruder by one‐step reactive extrusion. In the presence of MA, the plasticization of starch in DTPS/PLA blends could be improved and homogeneous DTPS/PLA blends could be achieved as observed using scanning electron microscopy. Tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of compatibilized DTPS/PLA blends was about 40.5 MPa higher than that of the original composites. Differential thermal analysis indicated that the glass transition temperature of DTPS and PLA became closer in the presence of MA than the blend without any additions, which suggested the compatibility between DTPS and PLA was improved. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that MA improved the interaction between DTPS and PLA. At the same time, the blend became more thermally stable as shown by thermogravimetric analysis results. A novel decomposition peak at about 450 °C was detected in the compatibilized blend, which was higher than those observed for DTPS and PLA. Finally, a rheological study suggested that MA could improve the fluidity of DTPS/PLA blends. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

疏水缔合阳离子改性淀粉-纳米SiO2絮凝剂CSSADD 的制备和性能测试

通过在糊化淀粉上引入丙烯酰胺(AM)、功能性阳离子单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)、疏水单体甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基十六烷基溴化铵(C_(16)DMN~+)和纳米SiO_2制备了疏水缔合阳离子改性淀粉-纳米SiO_2复合絮凝剂(CSSADD),对其进行了红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)及扫描电镜(SEM)分析。采用单因素变量法对反应条件进行优化,结果表明,单体摩尔比n(AM)∶n(DMDAAC)∶n(C_(16)DMN~+)=84.5∶15∶0.5,反应体系的pH=5~6,当改性纳米SiO_2与淀粉质量比为1∶3,淀粉与单体质量比为1∶3,引发剂的加量为单体质量的0.5%,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为3 h时,所制备的絮凝剂的絮凝效果最好。性能测试结果表明:高岭土悬浊液的pH=6,当絮凝剂的投加量3 mg/L时,CSSADD处理后悬浊液的上层透光率为98.3%。     

Biodegradation of starch and acrylic‐grafted starch by Aspergillus niger

The biodegradation of starch and grafted starch by Aspergillus niger was examined. The grafted polymers were poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA). Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the morphology and degradation degree of each material. The temperature of maximum decomposition for starch decreased as enzymatic degradation proceeded, and it was completed on the 8th day of culturing in a liquid medium. Grafted samples with PMMA and PBA achieved degradation of their starch moiety. PBA in starch‐g‐PBA samples hindered the accessibility of the enzymes to the degradable material, and this resulted in a longer degradation time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2764–2770, 2003     

Compatible thermoplastic starch/polyethylene blends by one‐step reactive extrusion

In the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP), the thermal plasticization of starch and its compatibilizing modification with polyethylene was accomplished by one‐step reactive extrusion in a single‐screw extruder at the same time. Because of the formation of polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAH) during the extrusion, it was used as the compatibilizer between the thermoplastic starch and polyethylene. The blending samples were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DTMA) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The experimental results showed that in the presence of DCP the addition of MAH improved the mutual dispersion of molecules in thermoplastic starch and polyethylene. From TGA, we concluded that the thermal stability of the blends with MAH was improved compared with the blends without MAH. The DTMA and FTIR results indicated that, with the addition of MAH, the compatibility of molecules between thermoplastic starch and polyethylene in the blends was improved. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

干法合成阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的初步研究

研究了干法合成阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的方法。结果表明,制备阳离子淀粉絮凝剂的最佳工艺条件为:在反应体系中水的质量分数为35％、阳离子醚化剂与NaOH混合温度低于110℃的条件下,阳离子醚化剂与淀粉物质的量比为0.35,NaOH与阳离子醚化剂物质的量比为1.4,反应温度90℃,反应时间4h。在此条件下合成的阳离子淀粉相对黏度为2.0。     

Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide‐grafted cationic cellulose flocculants

In this work, cationic cellulose (CC) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was successfully synthesized by the reaction between cellulose and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in a 7 wt % NaOH and 12 wt % urea aqueous solution. The structure of the CC was characterized by using elemental analysis, ¹H‐NMR, and FTIR. The DS values of CC ranged between 0.18 and 0.50, which could be obtained by adjusting the reaction temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of CHPTAC to anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The cationic cellulose–graft–polyacrylamide flocculant (CC‐g‐PAM) based on CC and polyacrylamide (PAM) was also synthesized in a homogeneous aqueous solution. The flocculation characteristics of CC and CC‐g‐PAM were evaluated in a kaolin suspension. The results showed that CC‐g‐PAM was an effective flocculant for the kaolin suspension under acidic or neutral conditions, and the flocculation efficiency was over 90%, while the CC showed better flocculation performance under alkaline conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43106.     

An investigation of the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide‐grafted chitosan

To investigate the flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAM)‐grafted chitosan, a series of PAM‐grafted chitosan copolymer (Chito‐g‐PAM1 to Chito‐g‐PAM4) have been synthesized by ceric ammonium nitrate‐induced solution polymerization technique in nitrogen atmosphere. The flocculation characteristics of the polymer samples (PAM, grafted and ungrafted chitosan) were studied by settling test and jar test methods in the colloidal suspensions of kaolin, iron ore, silica, and bentonite powder. It was found that the settling performance of Chito‐g‐PAM3 is best among the polymer samples. The jar test results indicate that the ungrafted chitosan has better water clarifying performance than both the PAM and grafted chitosan. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Comparative investigations of radiation‐grafted proton‐exchange membranes prepared using single‐step and conventional two‐step radiation‐induced grafting methods

Proton‐exchange membranes containing poly(styrene sulfonic acid) grafts hosted in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were prepared using two radiation‐induced grafting methods: a single‐step grafting method (SSGM) involving grafting of sodium styrene sulfonate onto electron beam (EB)‐irradiated PVDF films and a conventional two‐step grafting method (CTSGM) in which styrene monomer is grafted onto EB‐irradiated PVDF films and subsequently sulfonated. Differential scanning calorimetry, universal mechanical testing and scanning transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the thermal, mechanical and structural changes developed in the membranes during the preparation procedures. Physicochemical properties such as water uptake, hydration number and ionic conductivity were studied as functions of ion‐exchange capacity and the results obtained were correlated with the structural changes accompanying each preparation method. Membranes obtained using the SSGM were found to have superior properties compared to their counterparts prepared using the CTSGM suggesting the former method is more effective than the latter for imparting desired functionality and stability properties to the membranes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

阳离子型有机高分子絮凝剂的制备及性能研究

以有机膦酸作为酯化反应催化剂合成中间体甲基丙烯酸高碳醇酯,以丙烯酰胺(AM)和二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为单体,采用氧化还原体系合成出一种阳离子型水溶性高分子絮凝剂(PAD-1),将其应用于含油废水处理的试验研究.试验结果表明:在PAD-I投加量为40 mg/L、pH值为7、废水温度为25℃的条件下,含油废水...     

淀粉-聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的工艺优化与性能研究

通过玉米淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)制成了新型复合絮凝剂S-g-PAM,进行了影响接枝共聚物合成的单因素实验和正交实验,以对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝性能为评价指标。结果表明,最佳合成条件为,m(玉米淀粉)∶m(PAM)=3∶0.001(质量比),NaOH∶NaOCl=2∶3(体积比),反应时间40 min,反应温度30℃,对高岭土溶液(110NTU)最佳去浊度效果为97%,投加量为30 mg/L。S-g-PAM使用的pH值范围为8~10,最佳温度范围20~40℃,与其它絮凝剂相比,其絮凝效果较好。     

Synthesis,characterization, and flocculation characteristics of polyacrylamide‐grafted glycogen

The synthesis of glycogen‐g‐polyacrylamide (Gly‐g‐PAM) was carried out by a ceric ion‐induced solution polymerization technique. Six grades of graft copolymers were synthesized by the variation of catalyst and monomer concentrations. These graft copolymers were characterized by intrinsic viscosity measurements, FTIR spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Flocculation performance of these graft copolymers were done in kaolin suspension. Of the above grades, the graft copolymer Gly‐g‐PAM 5, which has longer PAM chains, showed best flocculation performance. The flocculation performance of the graft copolymer was compared with commercial flocculants and other PAM‐grafted flocculants developed so far in the authors' laboratory. In all the cases, it was found that the graft copolymer performed the best. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 773–778, 2007     

丙烯酰胺接枝共聚壳聚糖絮凝剂的合成及絮凝性能研究

在氮气保护下，以硝酸铈铵作引发剂，控制m(壳聚糖)：m(丙烯酰胺)=4：1，于45℃下接枝共聚反应3．5h，制得一类新型壳聚糖改性聚合物絮凝剂，并用IR对产物进行了表征，该反应的机理是按开环后产生-CH=NH的方式进行的。对高岭土样品进行絮凝实验，同时测定其絮凝胶体的ζ电位，最后进行了焦化废水的脱色和除P絮凝效果实验。结果表明：该共聚物是一种阳离子型高分子絮凝剂，对焦化废水的絮凝脱色率达到60％，对F^-的去除率为90％。     

淀粉废水培养复合型微生物絮凝剂产生菌研究

研究了两株根霉M9和M17复配产生的复合型微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性,并优化了马铃薯淀粉废水对该复合菌的培养条件.该絮凝剂具有投加量少、絮凝效果和耐热性好的特点.马铃薯淀粉废水对该复合菌的较佳培养条件为:废水COD 1 600 mg/L,添加0.3 g/L尿素、0.04 g/L磷酸二氢钾,无需添加碳源和调节pH,M9接种60 mL/L、M17接种40 mL/L后培养35 h.在此条件下,投加5 mL/L的发酵液即可对高岭土悬液的絮凝率达到92.67%.经过培养微生物后的废水COD为510 mg/L,去除率93.60%,可直接经过好氧处理达标排放,或与净水混合后灌溉马铃薯种植基地,降低了工艺处理的难度.     

玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺制备高吸水性树脂

用硝酸铈铵作引发剂,通过水溶液聚合法制得了玉米淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂。研究了交联剂及引发剂用量、碱用量、反应温度以及反应时间等对吸水率的影响。得到的最佳反应条件为:交联剂和引发剂与丙烯酰胺的摩尔比分别为1.0×10-5和3.0×10-3,碱与丙烯酰胺的摩尔比为1.50,反应温度60℃,反应时间2 h。在室温下制得的高吸水树脂,30 m in每克吸蒸馏水和自来水分别约为其自身质量的600和170倍。     

星形聚丙烯酰胺接枝淀粉的合成及应用

介绍了应用水溶液聚合方法合成了星形聚丙烯酰胺（SPAM）的方法。采用正交实验方法研究了不同的引发剂用量、相对分子质量调节剂用量、聚合体系温度对SPAM特性黏数的影响,从中优化出最佳反应条件为单体质量分数为15%,聚合温度为35 ℃,引发剂质量分数为（相对单体质量,下同）0.04%,螯合剂为0.005%,抗交联剂为0.015%,聚合体系pH值为5,得到的星形聚丙烯酰胺特性黏数为989.2 mL/g。星形聚丙烯酰胺在35℃进行氯胺化反应并加到糊化好的淀粉溶液中,在40～50 ℃下反应40 min,即得到星形聚丙烯酰胺接枝淀粉絮凝剂。结果说明,星形聚丙烯酰胺接枝淀粉絮凝剂溶解性好、絮凝能力强,具有良好的絮凝效果。     

氧化还原引发木薯淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚的研究

以木薯淀粉和丙烯酰胺为原料,采用氧化还原引发体系合成淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物,研究了温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度以及反应时间对聚合反应的影响。结果表明：采用氧化还原引发剂可以使聚合反应低温快速进行。实验最佳条件：反应温度为40℃,引发剂浓度为4mmol／L,单体质量浓度为85mg／mL,反应时间为3h。     

Synthesis and characterization of dextrin‐grafted polypropylene

We carried out the graft copolymerization of the water‐soluble natural polymer dextrin onto preirradiated polypropylene (PP) in an aqueous medium using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the radical initiator. PP was irradiated by γ rays from a Co⁶⁰ source at a constant dose rate of 3.40 kGy/h to introduce hydroperoxide linkages, which served as the sites for grafting. The graft copolymerization was studied as a function of different reaction parameters, and the maximum percentage grafting (P_g; 55%) of dextrin onto PP was obtained at optimum conditions of [BPO] = 5.165 × 10⁻² mol/L, temperature = 60°C in 120 min with 15 mL of water. Different grafting parameters, such as the percentage apparent grafting, percentage grafting, and percentage true grafting have been evaluated. The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Swelling studies were carried out in pure, binary, ternary, and quaternary solvent systems composed of water, ethanol (EtOH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at different ratios. The maximum swelling percentage PP‐g‐dextrin (both composite and true graft) was observed in pure DMSO and DMF followed by EtOH and water. Water‐retention studies of PP and PP‐g‐dextrin (both composite and true graft) were investigated at different time periods, temperatures, and pH values. The maximum percentage water retention of PP‐g‐dextrin (composite, 124%) was observed at 8 h and 50°C in a neutral medium (pH 7). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Influence of grafted copolymer structures (polyacrylamide‐g‐polyoxide) on drag‐reduction

This article reports the results of experiments to synthesize a family of copolymers based on polyacrylamide (PAAM), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) to obtain PAAM‐g‐PEO and PAAM‐g‐PPO copolymers with varied grafted chain lengths and contents. The influence of the chemical structure, composition, and molecular architecture on the drag‐reduction properties was evaluated. The PAAM‐g‐PEO systems were prepared by solution polymerization using hydrogen peroxide as initiator, whereas the PAAM‐g‐PPO systems were obtained by micellar polymerization using potassium persulfate as initiator and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant agent. The synthesized polymers were characterized by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13 C‐NMR) and size‐exclusion chromatography. The drag‐reduction tests were carried out in a capillary viscosimeter in bench scale, and the performance was expressed in terms of drag‐reduction percentage (%DR). The results suggest that, a determined chemical structure for each copolymer family evaluated probably promotes the ideal conformation of the chains under flow, favoring each polymer's drag‐reduction action. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011