Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites

The melt intercalation method was employed to prepare poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, and the microstructures were characterized with X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Then, the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the nanocomposites was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC results showed that the exothermic peaks for the nanocomposites distinctly shifted to lower temperatures at various cooling rates in comparison with that for pure PBT, and with increasing MMT content, the peak crystallization temperature of the PBT/MMT hybrids declined gradually. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics were analyzed by the Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa, and Mo methods on the basis of the DSC data. The results revealed that very small amounts of clay (1 wt %) could accelerate the crystallization process, whereas higher clay loadings reduced the rate of crystallization. In addition, the activation energy for the transport of the macromolecular segments to the growing surface was determined by the Kissinger method. The results clearly indicated that the hybrids with small amounts of clay presented lower activation energy than PBT, whereas those with higher clay loadings showed higher activation energy. The MMT content and the crystallization conditions as well as the nature of the matrix itself affected the crystallization behavior of the hybrids. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3257–3265, 2006     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites with organoclay

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by solution intercalation method. The clay was organo‐modified with the intercalation agent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the layers of MMT were intercalated by CPC. Four nanocomposites with organoclay contents of 1, 5, 10, and 15 wt % were prepared by solution blending. XRD showed that the interlayer spacing of organoclay in the nanocomposites depends on the amount of organoclay present. According to the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, clay behaves as a nucleating agent and enhances the crystallization rate of PET. The maximum enhancement of crystallization rate for the nanocomposites was observed in those containing about 10 wt % organoclay within the studied range of 1–15 wt %. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), we found that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was enhanced by the addition of 1–15 wt % organoclay. These nanocomposites showed high levels of dispersion without agglomeration of particles at low organoclay content (5 wt %). An agglomerated structure did form in the PET matrix at 15 wt % organoclay. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 140–145, 2004     

Crystallization kinetics of poly (L‐lactic acid)/montmorillonite nanocomposites under isothermal crystallization condition

Poly(L ‐lactic acid)/o‐MMT nanocomposites, incorporating various amounts of organically modified montmorillonite (o‐MMT; 0–10 wt %), were prepared by solution intercalation. The montmorillonite (MMT) was organically modified with dilauryl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) by ion exchange. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that the o‐MMT was exfoliated in a poly(L ‐lactic acid), (PLLA) matrix. A series of the test specimens were prepared and subjected to isothermal crystallization at various temperatures (T₁–T₅). The DSC plots revealed that the PLLA/o‐MMT nanocomposites that were prepared under nonisothermal conditions exhibited an obvious crystallization peak and recrystallization, but neat PLLA exhibited neither. The PLLA/o‐MMT nanocomposites (2–10 wt %) yielded two endothermic peaks only under isothermal conditions at low temperature (T₁), and the intensity of Tm₂ (the higher melting point) was proportional to the o‐MMT content (at around 171°C). The melting point of the test samples increased with the isothermal crystallization temperature. In the Avrami equation, the constant of the crystallization rate (k) was inversely proportional to the isothermal crystallization temperature and increased with the o‐MMT content, especially at low temperature (T₁). The Avrami exponent (n) of the PLLA/o‐MMT nanocomposites (4–10 wt %) was 2.61–3.56 higher than that of neat PLLA, 2.10–2.56, revealing that crystallization occurred in three dimensions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Electron beam synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite nanocomposites

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/montmorillonite clay (MMT) nanocomposites in the form of films were prepared under the effect of electron beam irradiation. The PVA/MMT nanocomposites gels were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mechanical measurements. The study showed that the appropriate dose of electron beam irradiation to achieve homogeneous nanocomposites films and highest gel formation was 20 kGy. The introduction of MMT (up to 4 wt %) results in improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, and thermal stability of the PVA matrix. In addition, the intercalation of PVA with the MMT clay leads to an impressive improved water resistance, indicating that the clay is well dispersed within the polymer matrix. Meanwhile, it was proved that the intercalation has no effect on the metal uptake capability of PVA as determined by a method based on the color measurements. XRD patterns and SEM micrographs suggest the coexistence of exfoliated intercalated MMT layers over the studied MMT contents. The DSC thermograms showed clearly that the intercalation of PVA polymer with these levels of MMT has no influence on the melting transitions; however, the glass transition temperature (T_g) for PVA was completely disappeared, even at low levels of MMT clay. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1129–1138, 2006     

Poly(L‐lactide)/Poly(D‐lactide)/clay nanocomposites: Enhanced dispersion,crystallization, mechanical properties,and hydrolytic degradation

Poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA)/poly(D ‐lactide) (PDLA)/clay nanocomposites are prepared via simple melt blending method at PDLA loadings from 5 to 20 wt%. Formation of the stereocomplex crystals in the nanocomposites is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The internal structure of the nanocomposites has been established by using WAXD and transmission electron microscope analyses. The dispersion of clay in the PLLA/PDLA/clay nanocomposites can be improved as a result of increased intensity of shear during melt blending. The overall crystallization rates are faster in the PLLA/PDLA/clay nanocomposites than in PLLA/clay nanocomposite and increase with an increase in the PDLA loading up to 10 wt%; however, the crystallization mechanism and crystal structure of these nanocomposites remain unchanged despite the presence of PDLA. The storage modulus has been apparently improved in the PLLA/PDLA/clay nanocomposites with respect to PLLA/clay nanocomposite. Moreover, it is found that the hydrolytic degradation rates have been enhanced obviously in the PLLA/PDLA/clay nanocomposites than in PLLA/clay nanocomposite. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:914–924, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and characterization of EVA/clay Nanocomposites with improved barrier performance

Poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA)/clay nanocomposites containing two different organoclays with different clay loadings were prepared. The transport of gases (oxygen and nitrogen) through the composite membranes was investigated and the results were compared. These studies revealed that the incorporation of nanoclays in the polymer increased the efficiency of the membranes toward barrier properties. It was also found that the barrier properties of the membranes decreased with clay loadings. This is mainly due to the aggregation of clay at higher loadings. The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray scattering. Small angle X‐ray scattering results showed significant intercalation of the polymer chains between the organo‐modified silicate layers in all cases. Better dispersed silicate layer stacking and more homogeneous membranes were obtained for Cloisite® 25A based nanocomposites compared with Cloisite® 20A samples. Microscopic observations (SEM and TEM) were coherent with those results. The dispersion of clay platelets seemed to be maximized for 3 wt % of clay and agglomeration increased with higher clay loading. Wide angle X‐ray scattering results showed no significant modifications in the crystalline structure of the EVA matrix because of the presence of the clays. The effect of free volume on the transport behavior was studied using positron annihilation spectroscopy. The permeability results have been correlated with various permeation models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Influence of organic modification on mechanical properties of melt processed intercalated poly(methyl methacrylate)–organoclay nanocomposites

The influence of organic modifiers on intercalation extent, structure, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–clay nanocomposites were studied. Two different organic modifiers with varying hydrophobicity (single tallow versus ditallow) were investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared from melt processing method and characterized using wide angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (E), break stress (σ_brk), and % break strain (ε_brk) were determined for nanocomposites at various clay loadings. Extent of PMMA intercalation is sufficient and in the range 9–15 Å depending on organoclay and filler loading. Overall thermal stability of nanocomposites increases by 16–30°C. The enhancement in T_g of nanocomposite is merely by 2–4°C. With increase in clay loading, tensile modulus increases linearly while % break strain decreases. Break stress is found to increase till 4 wt % and further decreases at higher clay loadings. The overall improvement in thermal and mechanical properties was higher for the organoclay containing organic modifier with lower hydrophobicity and single tallow amine chemical structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Bio‐based polymer nanocomposites based on layered silicates having a reactive and renewable intercalant

Soybean oil‐based polymer nanocomposites were synthesized from acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) combined with styrene monomer and montmorillonite (MMT) clay by using in situ free radical polymerization reaction. Special attention was paid to the modification of MMT clay, which was carried out by methacryl‐functionalized and quaternized derivative of methyl oleate intercalant. It was synthesized from olive oil triglyceride, as a renewable intercalant. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of increased nanofiller loading in thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The nanocomposites exhibited improved thermal and dynamic mechanical properties compared with neat acrylated epoxidized soybean oil based polymer matrix. The desired exfoliated nanocomposite structure was achieved when the OrgMMT loading was 1 and 2 wt % whereas partially exfoliated nanocomposite was obtained in 3 wt % loading. It was found that about 400 and 500% increments in storage modulus at glass transition and rubbery regions, respectively were achieved at 2 wt % clay loading compared to neat polymer matrix while the lowest thermal degradation rate was gained by introducing 3 wt % clay loading. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2031–2041, 2013     

Intercalated clay structures and amorphous behavior of solution cast and melt pressed poly(ethylene oxide)–clay nanocomposites

The polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films consisted of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium cations montmorillonite (MMT) clay were prepared by aqueous solution casting and direct melt press compounding techniques, whereas the films of PEO with trimethyl octadecyl ammonium cations organo‐modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay were formed by melt pressed technique. The clay concentrations in the nanocomposites used are 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 wt % of the PEO weight. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of these nanocomposites were measured in the angular range (2θ) of 3.8–30°. The values of basal spacing d₀₀₁ of MMT/OMMT, clay gallery width W_cg, d‐spacings of PEO crystal reflections d₁₂₀ and d₁₁₂, and their corresponding crystallite size L, and the peaks intensity I (counts) were determined for these nanocomposites. Results reveal that the nanocomposites have intercalated clay structures and the amount of intercalation increases with the increase of clay concentration. As compared to melt pressed PEO–MMT nanocomposites, the amount of clay intercalation is higher in aqueous solution cast nanocomposites. At 20 wt % MMT dispersion in PEO matrix, the solution cast PEO–MMT nanocomposite almost changes into amorphous phase. The melt press compounded PEO–OMMT films show more intercalation as compared to the PEO–MMT nanocomposites prepared by same technique. In melt pressed nanocomposites, the PEO crystalline phase significantly reduces when clay concentration exceeds 3 wt %, which is evidenced by the decrease in relative intensity of PEO principal crystalline peaks. The effect of interactions between the functional group (ethylene oxide) of PEO and layered sheets of clay on both the main crystalline peaks of PEO was separately analyzed using their XRD parameters in relation to structural conformations of these nanocomposites. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39898.     

Preparation and characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites with various organoclays

Layered‐silicate‐based polymer–clay nanocomposite materials were prepared depending on the surface modification of montmorillonite (MMT). Nanocomposites consisting of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) as a matrix and dispersed inorganic clay modified with cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), benzyl dimethyl N‐hexadecyl ammonium chloride, and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide by direct melt intercalation were studied. The organoclay loading was varied from 1 to 5 wt %. The organoclays were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to compute the crystallographic spacing and with thermogravimetric analysis to study the thermal stability. Detailed investigations of the mechanical and thermal properties as well as a dispersion study by XRD of the PBT/clay nanocomposites were conducted. X‐ray scattering showed that the layers of organoclay were intercalated with intercalating agents. According to the results of a differential scanning calorimetry analysis, clay acted as a nucleating agent, affecting the crystallization. The PBT nanocomposites containing clay treated with CPC showed good mechanical properties because of intercalation into the polymer matrix. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Influence of surface‐modified nanoclay on the self‐organized nanostructure of segmented polyurethane composites

The nanoscale morphology of segmented polyurethane (SPU) nanocomposites containing various proportions of organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) and Laponite (dual modified using ionic amine modification followed by silane modification) was studied. These nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting and characterized using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (VT‐XRD) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). TEM micrographs show uniform dispersion of MMT in SPU nanocomposites, and the dispersion is better than in Laponite‐based ones. Nanocrystalline morphology development in annealed samples of the nanocomposites was studied using VT‐XRD (140 to 25 °C at constant cooling rate), which confirms the formation of near‐triclinic unit cell geometry with different planes of reflection depending on temperature, type of clay and modification (aspect ratio, polarity). It is found that clay (MMT) having higher aspect ratios imposes greater restrictions against the formation of crystallographic planes of various inclinations. The overall crystallinity of SPU appears less affected in the presence of Laponite as compared to MMT. This is confirmed by the MDSC results showing variations and multiplicity of the glass transition temperature and entropies. Finally, SAXS studies related to interdomain repeat distances and interfacial roughness give an in‐depth understanding regarding the effect of nanoclay on annealing, crystallinity and reinforcement of polymer microstructures. Such reinforcement effect is maximized in the case of dual‐modified Laponite‐based SPU. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Poly(etherimide)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation

A novel aromatic amine organo‐modifier synthesized in our previous work was used to treat montmorillonite (MMT) and the organo‐modified MMT was used to prepare poly(etherimide) (PEI)/MMT nanocomposites by a melt intercalation method. MMT treated by this amine exhibited large layer‐to‐layer spacing and a high ion‐exchange ratio (>95%). The nanocomposites were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic mechanical analysis, a universal tester, thermogravimetric analysis, and by differential scanning calorimetry. The results of XRD and TEM showed that the nanocomposites formed exfoliated structures even when the MMT content was 10 wt %. When the MMT content was below 3 wt %, the PEI/MMT nanocomposites were strengthened and toughened at the same time. The nanocomposites also showed marked decreases in coefficient of thermal expansion and solvent uptake. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1857–1863, 2003     

Crystallization and melting behavior of polyester/clay nanocomposites

Polyester/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding with different clay loadings. Comparing against neat polyester resins, the crystallization and multiple melting behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Nanoclay filler is an effective heterogeneous nucleating agent, as evidenced by a decrease and an increase in the crystallization temperature for both cold and melt crystallization of polyesters, respectively. The degree of crystallinity was found to increase with increasing clay content, due to heterogeneous nucleation effects by the addition of a nanofiller. For the annealed samples, multiple melting peaks were always observed for both neat polyester and its nanocomposites. The origins of the multiple melting behavior are discussed, based on the DSC and XRD results. Interestingly, an ‘abnormal’ high‐temperature endothermic peak (T_{m, 3}) at about 260 °C was observed when the nanocomposite samples were annealed at higher temperatures (eg ≥240 °C). The constrained polyester crystals formed within intercalated clay platelets due to confinement effects were probably responsible for this melting event at these higher temperatures. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of clay addition on the morphology and thermal behavior of polyamide 6

The nanostructure, morphology, and thermal properties of polyamide 6 (PA6)/clay nanocomposites were studied with X‐ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and TEM results indicate that the nanoclay platelets were exfoliated throughout the PA6 matrix. The crystallization behavior of PA6 was significantly influenced by the addition of clay to the polymer matrix. A clay‐induced crystal transformation from the α phase to the γ phase for PA6 was confirmed by WAXD and DSC; that is, the formation of γ‐form crystals was strongly enhanced by the presence of clay. With various clay concentrations, the degree of crystallinity and crystalline morphology (e.g., spherulite size, lamellar thickness, and long period) of PA6 and the nanocomposites changed dramatically, as evidenced by TEM and small‐angle X‐ray scattering results. The thermal behavior of the nanocomposites was investigated with DSC and compared with that of neat PA6. The possible origins of a new clay‐induced endothermic peak at high temperature are discussed, and a model is proposed to explain the complex melting behavior of the PA6/clay nanocomposites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1191–1199, 2007     

Effects of the nature and combinations of solvents in the intercalation of clay with block copolymers on the properties of polymer nanocomposites

Polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites were prepared by the free‐radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays. MMT clay was modified with a low‐molecular‐weight and quarternized block copolymer of styrene and 4‐vinylpyridine [poly(styrene‐b‐4‐vinylpyridine) (SVP)] with 36.4 wt % PS and 63.6 wt % poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP). Special attention was paid to the modification, which was carried out in different compositions of a solvent mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water. The swelling behavior of the MMT clay was studied by an X‐ray diffraction technique. The diffraction peak shifted to lower 2θ angles for all of the modified clays, which indicated the intercalation of the quarternized SVP copolymer into the MMT layers in different degrees. Higher interlayer distances, which showed a high degree of block copolymer insertion, were obtained for solvent compositions with THF in water. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The desired exfoliated nanocomposite structure was achieved when the MMT modification was conducted in 50 or 66 wt % THF, whereas the other modifications all resulted in intercalated structures. The resulting exfoliated nanocomposite was found to have better thermal stability and dynamic mechanical performance compared to the others, even with 2% clay loading. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Synthesis and evaluation of high‐performance ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer/organoclay nanoscale composites

The main objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize the properties of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM)/clay nanocomposites. Pristine clay, sodium montmorillonite (Na⁺–MMT), was intercalated with hexadecyl ammonium ion to form modified organoclay (16Me–MMT) and the effect of intercalation toward the change in interlayer spacing of the silicate layers was studied by X‐ray diffraction, which showed that the increase in interlayer spacing in Na⁺–MMT by 0.61 nm is attributed to the intercalation of hexadecyl ammonium ion within the clay layers. In the case of EPDM/16Me–MMT nanocomposites, the basal reflection peak was shifted toward a higher angle. However, gallery height remained more or less the same for different EPDM nanocomposites with organoclay content up to 8 wt %. The nanostructure of EPDM/clay composites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, which established the coexistence of intercalated and exfoliated clay layers with an average layer thickness in the nanometer range within the EPDM matrix. The significant improvement in thermal stability and mechanical properties reflects the high‐performance nanocomposite formation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2429–2436, 2004     

Enhanced corrosion protection coatings prepared from soluble electronically conductive polypyrrole‐clay nanocomposite materials

A series of electronically conductive nanocomposite materials that consisted of soluble polypyrrole (PPY) and layered montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets were prepared by effectively dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of MMT clay in organic PPY matrix via an in situ oxidative polymerization with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as dopant. Organic pyrrole monomers were first intercalated into the interlayer regions of organophilic clay hosts and followed by a one‐step oxidative polymerization. The as‐synthesized electronically conductive polypyrrole–clay nanocomposite (PCN) materials were then characterized by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, wide‐angle powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PCNs in the form of coatings with low clay loading (e.g., 1.0 wt %) on cold‐rolled steel (CRS) were found to exhibit much better in corrosion protection over those of pristine PPY based on a series of electrochemical measurements including corrosion potential, polarization resistance, and corrosion current in 5 wt % aqueous NaCl electrolyte. Effects of the material composition on the thermal stability, optical properties, and electrical conductivity of pristine PPY along with PCN materials, in the form of fine powder, powder‐pressed pellet, and solution, were also studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV‐visible absorption spectra, and four‐point probe technique, respectively. The viscosity of PPY existed in PCN materials and pristine PPY were determined by viscometric analysis with m‐cresol as solvent. The heterogeneous nucleating effect of MMT clay platelets in PPY matrix was studied by wide‐angle powder XRD. The corresponding morphological images of the nucleating behavior of clay platelets in PPY matrix were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3264–3272, 2003     

Investigation on Unusual Crystallization Behavior in Polyamide 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

The crystallization behavior and crystal structure of polyamide 6/montmorillonite (PA6/MMT) nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction, and an interesting behavior was observed. The material was prepared via melt compounding using an organophilic clay obtained by co‐intercalation of epoxy resin and quaternary ammonium into Na‐montmorillonite. A maximum in degree of crystallinity was obtained at 5 wt.‐% MMT and the reasons for this, based on the MMT layer distribution, were discussed. The degree of crystallinity showed a strong dependence on the cooling rates. In contrast with typical behavior, a higher cooling rate resulted in a higher degree of crystallinity. In nanocomposites, the γ‐crystalline phase was dominant.     

Synthesis and characterization of resol‐layered silicate nanocomposites

Resol‐layered silicate nanocomposites were synthesized by intercalative polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde using layered clays such as an aminoacid‐modified montmorillonite (MMT) and a commercial modified MMT (Cloisite 30B). The composites were prepared by a sequential process in which one of the reactives of the phenolic resin was reacted with the organosilicate and subsequently cured with triethylamine. The nanocomposites were studied by means of X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show a strong clay composition dependence on the intercalation state. The composite of resol with 2 wt % aminoacid‐modified MMT content has the best dispersion of clay layers. Thermal stability of nanocomposites was slightly increased in comparison with the neat resol. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Crystallization kinetics,melting behavior,and morphologies of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol) segmented copolyester

This article investigated the crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, and morphologies of poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) and its segmented copolyester poly(butylene succinate)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol)(PBSP) by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Avrami equation was used to describe the isothermal crystallization kinetics. For nonisothermal crystallization studies, the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny, and the model combining Avrami equation and Ozawa equation were employed. The results showed that the introduction of poly(propylene glycol) soft segment led to suppression of crystallization of PBS hard segment. The melting behavior of the isothermally and nonisothermally crystallized samples was also studied. Results showed that the isothermally crystallized samples exhibited two melting endotherms, whereas only one melting endotherm was shown after nonisothermal crystallization. The spherulitic morphology of PBSP and wide angle X‐ray diffraction showed that the polyether segments were excluded from the crystals and resided in between crystalline PBS lamellae and mixed with amorphous PBS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010