压疮危险因素量化评估表的设计与临床应用

总结了压疮发生的危险因素,制定了压疮危险因素量化评估表,主要包括从知觉感受,潮湿度,活动能力,移动能力,营养摄取能力,摩擦力,剪切力6个方面对压疮的发生进行全面评估,按照评分进行分级护理,认为该表具有评价科学、使用简便、持续追踪等优点,有利于压疮的规范管理,提高了护理人员控制压疮发生的预防意识,指导低年资护士正确评估压疮危险因素并采取针对性措施,降低压疮发生率,促进了护理工作的持续改进.     

基于采矿工程施工中的不安全技术因素及对策分析

采矿工程的施工过程中往往会出现很多危险因素,其中开采技术是最为重要的一个环节。矿山企业在进行发展建设时需要严格遵循相关规定和要求来加强对不安全行为的管理。文章主要针对采矿工程施工中的常见问题以及如何有效控制事故发生等方面提出了一些建议对策及措施,以帮助企业更好地开展工作并减少事故发生几率,同时注重提高员工自身素质、重视现场环境监测,从而降低危险因素出现的概率,进而保障整个矿井的正常运营发展。     

喷淋式饱和器水平衡的控制与实践

通过对喷饱硫铵生产水平衡的调查分析,找出影响水平衡的主要因素,达到有效控制水平衡的效果。     

输气站场危险性分析

输气站场承担着燃气增压、分输、配气等工作,其作业活动安全与否关系着整个系统的运行.研究输气站危险因素及预防措施,可以清楚地认识输气站内危险隐患因素,指导站场的日常维护与管理,达到控制事故的发生、保证燃气管线安全的目的.本文利用预先危险性分析方法与MLS评价法相结合的综合性分析方法对输气站的各种危险因素进行分析及总结,从...     

搜索露天矿在线危险事故源的模型与分析

露天矿是一个机械化程度高、生产环境复杂、危险事故源多的矿山生产系统。本文以“管 -人 -机 -环”为主要因素建立了搜索露天矿在线危险事故源的模型和分析 ,为搜索复杂生产系统的危险事故源和预防事故发生提供了一种途径。     

医院职业暴露情况分析

目的 了解职业暴露的危险因素及职业暴露的防护对策.方法 收集2007～2009年期间本院发生职业暴露的医护人员的资料,对他们发生职业暴露的原因,方式,发生地点,工作类别等因素进行调查与分析.结果 锐器伤是职业暴露最危险的因素,其中,75.71%的职业暴露是由锐器所致.护士占所发生职业暴露工种的74.36%,血源性疾病成为主要的职业暴露源,占职业暴露的61.38%.结论 医护人员经血液传播疾病的职业暴露危险性增加,护士是职业暴露发生的高危人群,锐器伤是造成职业暴露的最危险因素.加强安全意识及技能训练,纠正不良工作习惯及行为,是有效减少职业暴露的对策.     

缺血性心血疾管疾病发病危险的评估方法

心血管疾病死亡率始终居我国居民死因首位,且呈不断上升趋势,主要是由于心血管危险因素的流行。心血管疾病的发病是多种危险因素共同作用的结果,故其科学的整体危险评估和危险分层在心血管疾病一级预防非常重要。我国缺血性心血管病的的危险因素包括年龄、性别、血压、总胆固醇水平、超重与肥胖、糖尿病和吸烟。     

浅谈危险源（点）的分级控制和管理

危险源(点),是指在进行生产作业的区域内潜在着可能发生事故的危险因素的设备、岗位和场所,是安全生产重点控制管理部位。工会组织通过各级劳动保护网络,排查、收集和整理,按易发事故的频率及伤害程度的大小,划分为若干等级,并制订出相应的危险源(点)控制卡。重点加大对人的不安全行为和设备不安全因素的控制,是日常安全工作和劳动保护工作的完善和补充。通过工会各级劳动保护监督检查组织作用,     

神经内科患者意外跌倒危险因素的分析与预防对策

目的 了解神经内科患者跌倒的发生情况及危险因素,为采取有效的护理措施提供依据.方法对16例住院期间发生跌倒的神经内科患者进行跌倒时间段、跌倒地点、视力、平衡功能的评定.结果神经内科住院患者跌倒发生率为1.1%,跌倒在床边的占50%,卫生间跌倒的占37.5%,其余占12.5%.结论强化入院跌倒风险评估、重视室内环境安全及陪伴、加强健康教育有助于降低神经内科患者跌倒的发生率.     

生产实践中影响水雾化纯铁粉压缩性能的因素

压缩性能是水雾化纯铁粉的主要技术质量指标之一.在实际生产中,影响压缩性能的因素较多,且各因素间互相制约,因而控制难度大.本文结合实际生产,重点分析了毛粉质量、还原工艺、气氛质量、颗粒形貌等对压缩性能的影响.通过优化钢水冶炼工艺,控制合理的毛粉碳氧含量平衡、松比及粒度组成和还原气氛,修正还原工艺温度曲线,可以稳定生产压缩...     

Homeostasis--the key concept to physiological control

The maintenance of body water content is a classic example of homeostasis at work. Water is continuously lost and added to the systems. The regulation of a balance between the factors involved demonstrates the dynamic nature of homeostatic processes. Surgery places additional demands on such processes, partly because there are additional factors in the balance equation and partly because of the hormonal responses to trauma which also affect water balance. Promoting the return to a balance state and maintaining it, during and after surgery, is important to patient well-being and may even facilitate recovery. The risks associated with a disturbance in water balance are of potentially greater consequence if there is water overload, particularly if the patient has underlying cardiovascular or respiratory problems. Slight dehydration is probably a better target to aim for in order to reduce such risk but there are no easy ways to achieve this state as individuals will vary in their responses to surgery. The hydration, and electrolyte, needs, will vary between patients so fluid therapies should be individualised. Whilst a patient's fluid balance chart provides a means of assessing water balance, the interpretation is complicated after surgery. An awareness of other signs is therefore essential.     

Jugular bulb oximetry for the monitoring of cerebral blood flow and metabolism

Jugular bulb oximetry can be used to assess the balance between oxygen supply and demand to the brain, measure metabolic byproducts, and determine cerebral blood flow. It has been useful in guiding the management of patients who are at risk of developing global ischemia. In this article, the principles upon which this monitor is based are discussed. Technical considerations such as placement techniques, factors affecting accuracy, limitations of the technique, and proper interpretation of oximetric values are reviewed. Lastly, specific clinical applications are presented.     

黄金矿山采矿规模设计的不确定性分析

采用盈亏平衡分析,敏感性分析及风险性分析的方法,对黄金矿山采矿规模设计工程项目的评价进行了系统的论述,全面分析了不确定因素产生的原因及发展变化规律,并对新老矿区下延工程的经济评价问题进行了初步探讨。     

Alcohol, health, and the heart: implications for clinicians

The association between light drinking and reduced mortality compared to lifetime abstinence is robust. Confounders, such as unhealthy diet, social class, and social isolation, which are associated both with abstaining and with poorer health, have made it difficult for doctors to assess the meaning of the association, and to know how to respond to individual patients seeking advice on 'drinking for health'. This paper attempts to bring up to date the evidence concerning the confounders. The evidence for a preventive effect is reviewed according to pattern of alcohol use and type of patient. The balance of risk to benefit appears to favour giving medical advice to some patients in middle life with uncontrollable risk factors for coronary heart disease (and probably of ischaemic stroke), who are very infrequent drinkers, to increase slightly the frequency of drinking (not the per session amount) and for some abstainers to consider starting to take alcohol. However, caveats render quite small the number of patients to whom physicians will give this advice. There is also the theoretical risk of a ripple in the population such that more people may move into harmful drinking.     

Preoperative ultrasound Doppler study and clinical correlation of free posterior interosseous flap

Age-related loss of strength contributes to impaired mobility and increases the risk of falls. Recent research has focused on 2 approaches to preventing age-related loss of strength--promoting physical activity and exercise (especially strength training) and using trophic factors to enhance muscle performance. Epidemiologic evidence strongly supports a role of regular physical activity in successful aging by preserving muscle performance, promoting mobility, and reducing fall risk. Randomized controlled trials provide convincing evidence that strength and endurance training improve muscle performance in older adults. Evidence is rapidly accumulating from randomized trials that endurance, strength, and balance training promote mobility and reduce fall risk, though exercise effects differ according to the type of exercise, details of the exercise program, and the target group of older adults. Because lifetime regular physical activity is recommended for all older adults, a reasonable strategy (especially for weak adults) is an activity program that includes strength training. In contrast, insufficient evidence exists to recommend the long-term use of trophic factors to preserve muscular performance. An intervention that merits additional study is avoiding the use of psychoactive drugs because drugs like benzodiazepines appear to be risk factors for inactivity and may have unrecognized direct effects on muscular performance. Because chronic illness is a risk factor for inactivity and disuse muscle atrophy, randomized trials comparing strength training with other interventions would be useful in understanding whether strength training has advantages in preserving muscle performance and improving health-related quality of life in a variety of chronic illnesses such as depressive illness.     

轧机传动系统负荷平衡控制

在轧制过程中,经常采用多台电机串联单独驱动一个轧辊,这种传动方式下电机存在负荷不平衡问题,如何保证上下电机负荷平衡是这种方式的研究重点。通过分析影响平衡因素,利用负载观测器得到轧辊实际负载量,将其作为负荷平衡调节器的输入量;同时对电机进行前馈调节;并采用改进的有监督Hebb学习算法的单神经元自适应PID控制器设计负荷平衡调节器。通过仿真结果表明,这种方式能够实现负荷平衡调节并提高动态性能与稳态误差,同时在有动态干扰时有较好的跟随适应性能。     

Secondary prevention of excessive alcohol use: assessing the prospects of implementation

BACKGROUND: Alcohol risk and harm reduction is a public health approach that goes beyond specialized treatments for alcoholism. The greatest potential for reducing alcohol risk and harm in a population depends on the extent to which health care practitioners use secondary prevention programmes. OBJECTIVE: We aim to assess the factors that affect the prospects of disseminating comprehensive, secondary prevention programmes into mainstream practice. METHOD: A decision balance was used to assess the prospects of practitioners implementing comprehensive programmes systematically. The stages-of-change model provides perspectives about behaviour change with regard to patients, practitioners and practice settings. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Programme implementation is extremely unlikely given the current organization of health care settings. To maintain the use of such programmes, we need to change the "unit of leverage" in the system: from the clinical encounter--that is, practitioners working with individual patients in a case-finding manner--to an organizational level--that is, the appropriate use of managerial and information systems supporting health care settings to identify at-risk patients systematically as they enter primary care and hospital settings. With appropriate infrastructure support, practitioners will be able to fulfil the potential for as well as maintain the use of comprehensive, secondary prevention programmes to reduce alcohol risk and harm in the population.     

金川镍闪速熔炼过程热平衡模拟

介绍了镍闪速炉热平衡计算方法,用所开发的热力学模型对金川镍闪速熔炼的热平衡过程进行了模拟计算,与生产实践吻合得很好,同时分别探讨了富氧浓度、粉煤以及熔炼温度等因素对熔炼过程热平衡的影响。     

Aspects of haemostatic function in healthy subjects with microalbuminuria--a potential atherosclerotic risk factor

Microalbuminuria, i.e., slightly elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), notifies increased risk for atherosclerotic disease and may reflect an early generalized vascular abnormality in healthy subjects. This study was designed in order to examine whether such abnormality is associated with a shift of the haemostatic balance in prothrombotic direction. The following haemostatic factors were measured in two representative groups of clinically healthy subjects, 28 with microalbuminuria (UAER of 6.6-150 micrograms/min) and 60 age- and sex-matched controls with normoalbuminuria (UAER < 6.6 micrograms/min): Coagulation factors: blood platelet count and mean volume, plasma Factor VII antigen concentration and coagulant activity, and plasma concentrations of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, thrombin-antithrombin III complexes, fibrinogen, and fibrinopeptide A; fibrinolytic and endothelial factors: plasma concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 antigen; and endothelial factor: plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration. The fibrinolytic and endothelial factors were measured both before and after 10 minutes of venous occlusion of the arm. None of the haemostatic factors were significantly altered in the microalbuminuric group. Plasma fibrinogen concentration tended to be elevated but not statistically significant ((mean (95% C.I.) 7.8 (7.2-8.3) vs. 7.2 (6.9-7.5) mumol/l; p < 0.1). Neither did any of the haemostatic factors correlate with UAER in regression analyses. It is concluded that the haemostatic balance is unaltered in healthy subjects with microalbuminuria. It is unlikely that a prothrombotic state is present as an intermedial factor early in a causal chain between microalbuminuria and atherosclerotic vascular disease.     

Mechanisms of tubular sodium chloride transport

Extracellular fluid volume is determined by sodium and its accompanying anions. There are control mechanisms which regulate sodium balance in the body. These include high and low pressure baroreceptors, intrarenal baroreceptors, renal autoregulation, tubuloglomerular feedback, aldosterone, and numerous other physical and hormonal factors. Sodium transport by the nephron involves active and passive processes which occur in several different nephron segments. Mechanisms of cotransport, Na(+)-H+ exchange, antiporters and ion-specific channels are all utilized by the nephron to maintain sodium balance. These regulatory factors and transport mechanisms for sodium in the kidney will he discussed in detail.