曙光-机器设计的GTE-45/60MW系列燃气轮机

正据《Gas Turbine World》2013年年度手册报导,为给燃气轮机生产序列增加45-65 MW级机组,乌克兰Zorya-Mashproekt(曙光-机器设计)公司正在推出50 Hz发电用2型单轴燃气轮机。预定用于简单循环、热电联产和联合循环电站,UGT45000/60000燃气轮机基本是大功率UGT110000的模型机组。两型新UGT燃气轮机的配套发电机组分别称为GTE-45和GTE-60。两型燃机为单轴设计:配备有压比为18的15级轴流压气机、4级轴流涡轮和具有20个燃烧室的环管     

具有空气冷却的简单循环燃气轮机热力学建模和性能优化:(I)建模

研究了考虑空气冷却和实际气体性质的简单循环三轴燃气轮机热力学性能,给出了循环功率和效率的计算流程,并利用UGT25000型工业燃气轮机的设计性能数据对模型进行了验证计算。结果表明,所建模型是准确的,能有效地反映燃气轮机循环的设计性能。     

船舶推进用燃气轮机技术规范

正《Gas Turbine World》2014~2015年年度手册发布了该年度的船舶推进用燃气轮机技术规范。介绍了世界各个船舶燃气轮机制造公司:GE Marines、MTU Friedrichshafen、Rolls-Royce、Vericor和ZoryaMashproekt生产的各型船舶燃气轮机。列举了各型船舶燃气轮机设计性能规范,包括首台可应用的年份、ISO条件下的连续功率及其耗油率、效率、压气机压比、质量流量、涡轮转速、排气温度、燃气轮机大约的重量和尺寸。列出了一些本身可直接倒车的船用燃气轮机型号:UGT3000R、UGT6000R、UGT6000R+、UGT15000R、     

三菱重工升级50 Hz M701F/J系列燃气轮机

正据《Gas Turbine World》2013年年度手册报道,三菱重工将最新高效燃气轮机设计技术融入超大型燃气轮机生产线。升级和改进了输出功率接近360 MW的M701F5和额定输出功率为470 MW的简单循环M701J高温燃气轮机,两型机组都用于50 Hz发电。两型燃气轮机的基本设计和结构十分类似:单轴转子、轴向排气、冷端驱动、双轴承转子支承、多管环形燃烧室、4级涡轮和水平中分面机匣。先进技术的"J"型燃气轮机涡轮喷嘴入口温度高达1 600℃。简单循环ISO基本负荷下额定输出功率     

UGT 6000+将驱动中国海军气垫登陆艇

正据《Gas Turbine World》2014~2015年度手册报道,中国海军已于2013年向乌克兰Zorya-Mashproekt(曙光-机器设计)燃气轮机科研生产联合体订购了20台UGT 6000+船舶燃气轮机,用来驱动中国海军气垫登陆艇。各气垫登陆艇将安装5台UGT 6000+燃气轮机,3台用于推进,2台用于垫升。20台燃气轮机将装备4艘气垫登陆艇。     

重型燃气轮机涡轮叶片材料及制造技术研究进展

从重型燃气轮机涡轮叶片的研制发展史出发,综述了用于重型燃气轮机涡轮叶片高温合金材料的典型化学成分、叶片制备工艺技术、冷却技术和热障涂层设计。通过分析重型燃气轮机涡轮叶片服役特点,总结了重型燃气轮机用高温合金材料的设计原则。结合国内外燃气轮机涡轮叶片关键成型技术的发展和现状,归纳总结了涡轮叶片的研制工艺难点,并对未来燃气轮机涡轮叶片发展和制造工艺革新进行了展望。     

含铼的超耐热合金

据“ＡＳＭＥＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｆｏｒＧａｓＴｕｒｂｉｎｅｓａｎｄＰｏｗｅｒ”1998年7月号报道,最近几十年为了追求燃气轮机及联合循环装置的最高效率,燃气轮机涡轮的进口温度正在持续稳定的提高。在ＡＴＳ(先进燃气轮机系统)计划中,西屋公司改型设计的501Ｇ型重型燃气轮机涡轮进口温度将超过1427℃。过去几十年,钅来已成功用作为单晶和定向结晶涡轮叶片使用的镍基超耐热合金中的增强元素。燃气轮机试验和使用经验已经普遍证明含钅来超耐热合金具有优异的性能,适合用作为高温涡轮叶片的材料。文章详述了两种镍基…     

MS6001燃气轮机特性计算及安全监测评估系统软件实现

以从法国引进的MS6001燃气轮机发电机组为研究对象,开发了1套以燃气轮机循环计算、压气机和涡轮特性计算及燃气轮机变工况计算为基础的工况监控显示系统软件。该软件的开发有利于提高燃气轮机系统运行的管理水平,为全面实施燃气轮机机组的智能监控和诊断打下坚实的基础。图4表1参5     

涡轮复合再热式燃气轮机联合循环的工作原理

正《Gas Turbine World》2015年11~12月刊介绍了TC-RHT GTCC(涡轮复合再热式燃气轮机联合循环)的工作原理。新型循环可使燃气涡轮增压往复式发动机和燃气轮机/汽轮机结合成一体的燃气轮机联合循环,以便在比较适宜的1 371~1 427℃燃气轮机涡轮进口温度下达到大于60%的总净循环效率。     

高效的燃气轮发电机组

据《ＧａｓＴｕｒｂｉｎｅＷｏｒｌｄ》2 0 0 2年 3- 4月号报道 ,荷兰ＳｃｈｅｌｄｅＨｅｒｏｎＢＶ研制了Ｈ - 1型燃气轮机。简化的水对空气中间冷却器能够降低燃气轮机压气机各段之间工作流体温度 ,并增加了通过压气机的质量流量和减少压气机耗功。做成一体的回热器在基本负荷电力生产时提供 4 3%热效率。以两个独立的燃烧室部分运行 ,在上游燃烧室内点燃的燃料驱动燃气发生器涡轮 ,离开该涡轮的热燃气 ,在进入动力涡轮前在第二个燃烧部分内再热 ,联合的顺序燃烧驱动动力涡轮。ＨｅｒｏｎＨ - 1型燃气轮机是一台两轴中间冷间回热式燃气轮…     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.