上海长江大桥风-轨道车辆-桥耦合振动及抗风行车准则研究

为确定上海长江大桥轨道交通车辆的抗风行车准则,将风、车、桥三者视为一个交互作用、协调工作的耦合动力系统,通过风洞试验测定主梁及车辆的气动参数,采用自主研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS进行风-车-桥耦合动力分析计算。计算结果表明:桥梁和车辆的响应随风速的增大而增大,风荷载对行车的安全性和舒适性有很大影响。当风速小于20m/s时,车辆可按设计车速90km/h运行;当风速在20～30m/s之间时,车速不应大于60km/h;当风速超过30m/s时,应封闭轨道交通。     

分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁-列车-风屏障系统气动效应风洞试验研究

为探究侧风作用下分离式公铁双层桥面桥梁上、下桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应的影响,在无风屏障和设置风屏障两种情况下,分别针对单独铁路桥和标准间隔高度下的公铁双层桥面桥梁,通过大比例尺节段模型风洞试验测试了列车的气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。为了进一步探究公铁双层桥面间隔高度对列车气动效应的影响,测试了多种间隔高度下列车气动力系数以及铁路桥面轨道上方的风速剖面变化规律。结果表明,公铁双层桥面间气动干扰效应对列车气动效应有一定的影响,间隔高度的改变会引起铁路桥面风速剖面以及列车气动力系数的变化,对比分析可知,无风屏障时间隔高度仅需满足铁路桥梁基本建筑限界即可,设置风屏障后,当间隔高度≥15m时,铁路桥面风速剖面以及迎风侧轨道处列车气动力变化趋于平缓。     

风-车-桥系统空间耦合振动研究

风-车-桥耦合振动系统中将自然风作为空间相关的平稳随机过程,车辆采用质点-弹簧-阻尼器模型,桥梁采用有限元模型。在分析风桥间的流固耦合作用、车桥间的接触耦合作用及风对车辆的空间脉动作用的基础上,将风、车、桥三者作为一个交互作用、协调工作的耦合动力系统,提出了一种较为完善的风-车-桥系统空间耦合振动分析模型。基于轮轨接触点处的几何协调条件和力学平衡关系,建立了系统运动方程的分离迭代求解算法。最后以京沪高速铁路南京大桥为工程背景,采用自行研发的桥梁结构分析软件BANSYS对比分析了风-车-桥系统振动特点。     

主梁断面形状对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

确定车辆和桥梁各自的气动参数是车-桥耦合振动分析的基础。为研究主梁断面形状对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响,利用自制的三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,针对8种分离式双箱主梁断面进行多工况模型风洞试验。通过对不同模型及工况试验结果的对比,讨论不同主梁断面形状下车-桥系统的雷诺数效应,得出不同行车位置处车辆和桥梁各自气动参数随主梁宽高比的变化规律以及其阻力系数的取值方法,为后续抗风设计及风-车-桥耦合振动研究提供参考。     

风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动研究

为了考虑侧风引起的车轮相对于桥面的侧向相对滑动,在车轮与桥面之间引入了一个特殊阻尼器,这个阻尼器的阻尼系数依赖于车辆与桥梁的竖向耦合运动。在综合考虑路面粗糙度、车辆悬挂系统以及车轮相对于桥面侧向相对滑动的基础上,提出能够考虑桥梁的静风响应、抖振响应、汽车-桥梁耦合振动、系统的时变特性以及结构几何非线性和气动荷载非线性影响的风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动分析模型,编制了相应的分析程序。该程序既可以预测不同路面粗糙度,车速以及干、湿、雪、冰路面状况下行驶于桥梁上车辆的行车安全性,也可以评价低风速下车辆驾驶舒适度以及侧风和车辆移动荷载对桥梁振动的影响。     

双车交会过程的风-车-桥耦合振动研究

侧向风作用下,双车交会过程中车辆和桥梁的风荷载会发生突变。以大跨度悬索桥为工程背景,通过车桥组合节段模型风洞试验,测试不同状态车辆和桥梁各自的气动力系数。针对强风作用下双车交会过程,通过风-车-桥耦合振动分析,对比分析双车交会情况下车辆和桥梁的响应,讨论双车间距、风速、车速等因素的影响。研究表明双车交会时背风侧车辆风荷载突变使车辆的横向响应显著增大。     

侧风作用下静动态车-桥系统气动特性数值模拟研究

我国现阶段正处于轨道交通建设的高峰时期,线路中桥梁占有相当大的比重,车辆在桥梁上运行时构成车-桥系统共同承受侧向风的作用,车辆和桥梁间存在着显著的相互气动影响。基于数值模拟方法,对侧向风作用下车-桥体系的空气绕流场进行静动态模拟分析,将静态数值模拟气动力系数与风洞试验结果进行对比,基于动态气动统流特性,提出将桥面上方流场分为6个特征区域,并进一步分析风速和车速对车-桥系统气动特性的影响。分析表明,体系绕流状态具有三维特性,气动力随着车速和风速变化显著。研究结论对车-桥系统绕流及静动态气动荷载的确定具有一定的参考价值。     

Vehicle axle load identification on bridge deck with irregular road surface profile

The vehicular axle load on top of a bridge deck is estimated in this paper including the effect of the road surface roughness which is modeled as a Gaussian random process represented by the Karhunen-Loève expansion. The bridge is modeled as a simply supported planar Euler-Bernoulli beam and the vehicle is modeled by a four degrees-of-freedom mass-spring system. A stochastic force identification algorithm is proposed in which the statistics of the moving interaction forces can be accurately identified from a set of samples of the random responses of the bridge deck. Numerical simulations are conducted in which the Gaussian assumption for the road surface roughness, the response statistics calculation and the stochastic force identification technique for the proposed bridge-vehicle interaction model are verified. Both the effect of the number of samples used and the effect of different road surface profiles on the accuracy of the proposed stochastic force identification algorithm are investigated. Results show that the Gaussian assumption for the road surface roughness is correct and the proposed algorithm is accurate and effective.     

大跨度城市轨道交通斜拉桥主梁气动特性CFD研究

以某大跨度斜拉桥为背景,采用大型商用软件CFD进行数值风洞模拟,得到了斜拉桥主梁截面三种形式的气动特性参数,即三分力系数、车桥组合下的三分力系数以及颤振导数,讨论了其随攻角和风速变化的规律及原因,考查了车辆存在对主梁断面气动特性的影响,并进一步由升力系数功率谱曲线分析了主梁的涡振性能,通过三种主梁截面的气动特性对比研究,可进一步对主梁截面进行优化设计,所得结论对大跨高墩轨道交通斜拉桥的主梁截面形式选取具有一定指导意义。     

Framework of vehicle–bridge–wind dynamic analysis

This paper presents a framework of dynamic analysis of coupled three-dimensional vehicle–bridge system under strong winds. A general formulation of this system is introduced to simulate a series of vehicles consisting of different numbers and different types of vehicles running on bridges under hurricane-induced strong winds. Each vehicle is modeled as a combination of several rigid bodies, axle mass blocks, springs, and dampers, considering wind and road roughness loads. With this vehicle–bridge model, coupled dynamic analysis of vehicles running on bridges is conducted with a numerical example. Effects of driving speeds on the dynamic performance of the vehicles as well as the bridge are discussed. It is found that the driving speeds mainly affect the vehicle's vertical relative response while they have insignificant effect on the rolling response of vehicles. Vehicle's absolute response is dominated by the bridge response when wind speed is high, while it is dominated by road roughness when the wind speed is low. Detailed accident analysis of vehicles on bridges under strong winds will be reported in an accompanying paper.     

Dynamic response of a long span suspension bridge and running safety of a train under wind action

A dynamic analysis model of a wind-train-bridge system is established. The wind excitations of the system are the buffeting and self-excited forces simulated in time domain using measured aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives. The proposed formulations are then applied to a long rail-cum-road suspension bridge. The dynamic responses of the bridge and the train under wind action are analyzed. The results show that the lateral and rotational displacements of the bridge are dominated by wind, while the vertical by the gravity loading of the moving train. The running safeties of the train vehicles are much affected by wind. Under wind conditions of 30–40 m/s, the offload factors, derail factors and overturn factors of the train vehicles exceed the safety allowances, to which great attention should be paid. Translated from Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 23(2): 103–110 [译自: 工程力学]     

Experimental study of aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges

The aerodynamic interference effects on aerostatic coefficients of twin deck bridges with large span were investigated in detail by means of wind tunnel test. The distances between the twin decks and wind attack angles were changed during the wind tunnel test to study the effects on aerodynamic interferences of aerostatic coefficients of twin decks. The research results have shown that the drag coefficients of the leeward deck are much smaller than that of a single leeward deck. The drag coefficients of a windward deck decrease slightly compared with that of a single deck. The lift and torque coefficients of windward and leeward decks are also affected slightly by the aerodynamic interference of twin decks. And the aerodynamic interference effects on lift and torque coefficients of twin decks can be neglected.     

Crosswind action on rail vehicles: Wind tunnel experimental analyses

Extensive wind tunnel tests have been carried out on train scale models. The experimental tests have been performed on three types of rail vehicles, in different configurations. The wind tunnel tests allowed to point out the most critical wind conditions with respect to running safety and to perform a sensitivity analysis on the principal parameters that can influence the aerodynamic behaviour of rail vehicles. In particular, the effects of the turbulence intensity and of the train motion on the aerodynamic coefficients have been studied.     

根据随机交通状况修正横截面尺寸的大跨桥梁的风致性能

现有的交通状况对细长大跨桥梁(SLB)面板主要影响有两类:1)桥梁横截面尺寸发生改变,这可能会反过来改变颤振导数及作用在桥梁上的风致气动弹性荷载;2)作用于桥梁上的附加动力荷载,包括来自于车辆的动力相互作用。与外部动力荷载——车辆相比,通过改变桥梁横截面尺寸来研究其影响是很少见的。在桥面板上分布车辆模型,在风洞实验室模拟随机交通流对按比例制作的桥梁截面模型进行试验。在风洞试验中通过改变桥梁的横截面尺寸来获得不同的颤振导数,目前的研究是从数值上评估其对大跨桥梁的风致性能,如气动弹性性能、风致响应和潜在疲劳累积性能的影响。     

闭口箱梁表面风压试验及颤振机理研究

本文采用二维桥梁节段模型表面风压测试方法,定量地分析了流场中节段模型表面压力分布关系,阐明模型表面各局部区域对于总体气动力的贡献,以及节段模型表面压力分布、相关系数及频谱特性随风速和运动形态的变化规律,详细比较了节段模型在颤振发生前后,模型表面气动力的变化,再现了自激力导致模型颤振发散的过程,深入理解了风场对于桥梁断面的激励过程。     

Wind-tunnel study of effects of geometry modification on aerodynamics of a cable-stayed bridge deck

The results of a wind-tunnel study of the aerodynamic response and stability of a cable-stayed bridge deck are presented. A bridge section model was employed in smooth flow and the effects of modifying the bridge geometry were investigated.The results showed that the original bridge deck was unstable in torsion and exhibited high, vertex-induced, vertical oscillation. Streamlining of the deck resulted in improved aerodynamic performance, with an increase in the critical wind speed for torsional flutter and decrease in the vortex-induced response.     

Identification of parameters of vehicles moving on bridges

This paper presents a method for identifying the parameters of vehicles moving on bridges. Two vehicle models, a single-degree-of-freedom model and a full-scale vehicle model, are used. The vehicle–bridge coupling equations are established by combining the equations of motion of both the bridge and the vehicle using the displacement relationship and the interaction force relationship at the contact point. Bridge responses including displacement, acceleration, and strain are used in the identification process. The parameters of vehicles moving on the bridge are then identified by optimizing an objective function, which is built up using the residual between the measured response time history and predicted response time history using the Genetic Algorithm. A series of case studies have been carried out and the identified results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to identify vehicle parameters very accurately. Field tests have also been performed on an existing bridge in Louisiana, and the parameters of a real truck are predicted. Since it is able to identify the parameters of moving vehicles, the methodology can be applied to improve the current weigh-in-motion techniques that usually require a smooth road surface and slow vehicle movement to minimize the dynamic effects. The methodology can also be implemented in routine traffic monitoring and control.     

铰接车辆模型识别粗糙桥梁频率和振型的数值分析

根据车桥耦合振动理论和桥梁间接测量法基本原理,对实际工程某连续梁桥建立桥梁模型,采用2辆单轴1/4车辆模型模拟测量车辆,1辆双轴半车模型模拟牵引车辆提供额外桥梁激励,三车前后铰接建立车辆模型。基于分离法原理与车辆动力学理论,利用约束方程实现任意时刻车轮与桥面接触点的位移协调关系,采用APDL编程实现铰接车辆过桥的耦合动力时程响应分析。提取前后测试车辆匀速通过不同等级粗糙桥面时车辆振动加速度时程响应,对通过桥梁同一位置处的前后测试车辆加速度数值进行相减处理并应用快速傅里叶变换识别桥梁频率。采用带通滤波技术与汉宁窗相结合的处理方法提取分离出与桥梁固有频率相关的桥频分量响应,利用桥频分量响应及其希尔伯特变换构造出与每阶固有频率相对应的振型。结果表明:在A、B、C级桥面不平整度条件下,采用铰接车辆模型识别出的桥梁前3阶频率相对误差均在1%以内; 对加速度时程响应数据加窗处理后识别出的桥梁前3阶振型MAC值均在0.95以上,满足工程精度需求; 研究结果可以为移动传感间接测量方法在桥梁检测工程中的应用提供理论参考。     

Vibration of railway bridges under a moving train by using bridge-track-vehicle element

During the last two decades, much attention has been paid to various vibration problems associated with railways. They include the dynamic response of railway bridges and railway tracks at grade under the action of moving trains. However, studies on the role of track structures on the vibration of railway bridges are rather limited. In this paper, a new element called bridge-track-vehicle element is proposed for investigating the interactions among a moving train, and its supporting railway track structure and bridge structure. The moving train is modelled as a series of two-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper systems at the axle locations. A bridge-track-vehicle element consists of vehicles modelled as mass-spring-damper systems, an upper beam element to model the rails and a lower beam element to model the bridge deck. The two beam elements are interconnected by a series of springs and dampers to model the rail bed. The investigation shows that the effect of track structure on the dynamic response of bridge structure is insignificant. However, the effect of the bridge structure on the dynamic response of the track structure is considerable.     

Four bridge superstructures for a free span of 3000 metres; Model tests in a wind tunnel

The wind-tunnel tests dealt with are part of a feasibility study for a free bridge span of 3000 m. In full scale the outer width of the upper road deck (divided into three units) is up to about 58 m. A railway deck is placed below the central vehicle deck.Results from sectional model tests in smooth flow are shown for mean force coefficients of drag, lift and pitching moment as a function of the vertical angle of wind incidence and the width of slots between the upper deck units.The steady-state pitching response is shown for four slot dimensions and for three different angles of incidence. This set of results were obtained by a freely responding sectional model, suspended in a flexible rig.