喷雾干燥法中溶剂对RDX颗粒形貌和性能的影响

采用喷雾干燥法制备微米级球形黑索今(RDX)。研究了乙酸甲酯、乙腈、丙酮、丁酮4种低沸点溶剂对制备的RDX颗粒形貌和性能的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析了所得RDX颗粒的形貌和热分解特性,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明:喷雾干燥法制备的RDX粒径为1~5m,其中以丁酮为溶剂喷雾干燥制备的RDX颗粒形貌最好,颗粒形状均为球形,分μ散均匀,颗粒表面光滑并且缺陷较少;与原料RDX相比,喷雾干燥法制备的RDX颗粒的撞击感度均明显降低,特性落高较原料RDX提高了2倍以上;热分析结果表明,喷雾干燥法制备的球形RDX热分解的表观活化能(E)和热爆炸临界温度(Tb)均有所降低,其中以乙酸甲酯为溶剂喷雾干燥制备的RDX的E和Tb分别降低了33.35kJ·mol-1和7.77℃。     

制备工艺对HMX机械感度和热分解特性的影响

采用对原料奥克托今(HMX)筛分、球磨和溶剂/非溶剂重结晶等三种方法,制备出了不同形貌和粒度的HMX粉末。利用激光粒度仪和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对样品进行了表征,并进行了撞击感度、摩擦感度及DSC测试,计算了三种HMX样品的表观热分解活化能。结果表明,筛分法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,其机械感度没有明显的变化规律;球磨法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,其撞击感度降低、摩擦感度升高;溶剂/非溶剂法制备的HMX样品,随着样品d50的减小,撞击和摩擦感度均降低。球磨法制备的HMX热分解活化能的平均值为262.184kJ.mol-1,明显高于溶剂/非溶剂法(238.902kJ.mol-1)和筛分法(242.343kJ.mol-1)。     

纳米CL-20/AP含能复合粒子的制备及性能表征

为了改善2,4,6,8,10,12?六硝基?2,4,6,8,10,12?六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL?20)的安全性能,采用一步球磨法制备出纳米CL?20/AP含能复合粒子,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和撞击感度测试对其性能进行了研究。结果表明,纳米CL?20/AP含能复合粒子球形化效果明显,粒径约为300～500 nm;复合粒子的峰位置发生明显的偏移、新增和消失,推测其物相晶型可能发生变化,由于多晶样品的择优取向,复合粒子的X射线衍射峰强度明显降低;纳米CL?20/AP含能复合粒子的放热峰相比原料提前了,更容易发生热分解;撞击感度测试中,复合粒子的特性落高比CL?20增加了13.10 cm,安全性能更好。     

F2602/GAP/CL-20复合纤维的静电纺丝制备及性能

通过静电纺丝工艺制备了氟橡胶/聚叠氮缩水甘油醚/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(F2602/GAP/CL-20)复合纤维,研究了不同溶液浓度、黏结剂含量、纺丝电压以及注射速率的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其微观形貌,发现在溶液质量浓度为20％、黏结剂F2602/GAP含量为10％、纺丝电压为14 kV、注射速率为5×10-3 L·h-1时,制备的F2602/GAP/CL-20复合纤维呈三维网状结构,表面均匀且光滑.采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析、红外光谱(IR)分析、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析以及机械感度测试分析了F2602/GAP/CL-20复合纤维以及原料CL-20的性能.静电纺丝后复合纤维中的CL-20晶型由ε型转变成β型,且静电纺丝过程中CL-20与F2602/GAP未发生化学反应.经静电纺丝后,F2602/GAP/CL-20复合纤维的表观活化能(374.3 kJ·mol-1)比原料CL-20(178 kJ·mol-1)提高了196.3 kJ·mol-1,热稳定性得到提高.F2602/GAP/CL-20复合纤维的撞击感度H50(62.6 cm)比原料CL-20(21.2 cm)提高了41.4 cm,摩擦感度(52％)比原料CL-20(84％)降低了32％,降感效果显著.     

DNTF/HMX基喷雾干燥复合成型微球的制备与表征

为了改善3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)、奥克托今(HMX)的安全性能,将高分子材料Estane 5703作为粘结剂,采用喷雾干燥技术制备了超细DNTF/HMX基复合成型微球,并对其与原料分别进行了表征和热分析。结果表明:喷雾干燥成型后的DNTF/HMX复合微粒为比较规则的球形,粒度约为2~6μm,明显优于原料;XRD测试表明其晶型与原料相同。运用Kissinger法和Ozawa法得到DNTF/HMX复合成型微粒分别为305.48 k J·mol-1和298.58 k J·mol-1,热安定性比原料提高。撞击感度测试表明DNTF/HMX复合成型微球特性落高为78.8cm,相比原料撞击感度显著降低。     

KClO4/Ag复合粒子的制备与性能

为提高高氯酸钾(KClO₄)使用安全性能,通过葡萄糖和银氨溶液化学反应对KClO₄颗粒表面进行改性处理,制备了高氯酸钾/银(KClO₄/Ag)复合粒子。用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等表征手段分析了改性前后的颗粒形貌、物相组成、热分解温度、机械感度等性能。结果表明,KClO₄/Ag复合粒子球形化效果明显,表面光滑,无明显棱角,在保留KClO₄原有的安定性好、分解温度高等优点基础上,还具备了银金属特性;与原料KClO₄相比,KClO₄/Ag复合粒子机械感度明显降低,摩擦感度爆炸概率从90%降低至50%,撞击感度爆炸概率从70%降低至40%;同时,KClO₄/Ag复合粒子的热分解性能与原料KClO₄相比明显不同,放热峰提前了12℃,且分解效率更高。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备RDX/SiO2纳米复合含能材料

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备RDX纳米复合含能材料的干凝胶及气凝胶。采用透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其形貌和晶体结构进行表征,测试了其热分解性能和撞击感度。结果表明,RDX含量为45%的RDX/SiO2纳米复合含能材料气凝胶的DSC分解峰温提前了15.4℃。SiO2凝胶基体可以降低RDX的撞击感度,并且随SiO2基体含量的增大降低幅度增大。     

超声辅助喷雾法制备超细高品质HMX及其晶型控制

为制备超细高品质奥克托今(HMX)并研究其晶型,采用超声辅助喷雾重结晶细化法制备了超细HMX,研究了雾化率、溶剂与非溶剂的种类、温度等对HMX的晶体形貌及晶型的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对HMX的晶体形貌、粒径和晶型进行了表征。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试了HMX的热分解性能。用撞击感度仪测试了原料HMX和超细HMX的撞击感度。结果表明,采用超声辅助喷雾重结晶细化法制备的超细HMX受雾化率、溶剂与非溶剂的种类、温度等影响较大。超声频率为40 k Hz,搅拌转速为400 r·min~(-1),雾化率为20 m L·min~(-1),丙酮为溶剂,无水乙醇为非溶剂,温度为30℃制备出的HMX晶体形貌最佳,晶型为β型,与原料HMX相比,超细HMX的热分解表观活化能升高17.94 k J·mol~(-1),撞击感度特性落高升高29.6 cm。     

黏结剂对喷雾干燥FOX-7基PBXs的性能影响

为研究喷雾干燥制备高聚物粘结炸药(Polymer Bonded Explosives,PBXs)的包覆机理和黏结剂种类及含量对PBXs性能的影响,分别以聚酯型热塑性聚氨酯(Estane 5703)、氟树脂(F₂₃₁₄)、氟橡胶(F₂₆₀₂)和丙烯酸酯橡胶(ACM)为黏结剂,采用喷雾干燥技术制备细化FOX-7和含有不同黏结剂种类和含量的1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)基PBXs。分别采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、撞击感度测试仪测试样品的表面形貌、晶型、热分解特性和撞击感度,研究黏结剂种类和含量对FOX-7基PBXs性能影响。结果表明,喷雾干燥包覆样品晶型均为α-FOX-7;Estane 5703包覆样品拥有最佳的球形度、表面光滑度和机械安全性,但表观活化能降低10.61%,F₂₆₀₂包覆样品的热稳定性好,二者作为黏结剂均可有效降低FOX-7的撞击感度;黏结剂含量为3%～5%时,FOX-7基PBXs造型粉颗粒表面光滑,包覆黏结效果好;黏结剂含量为5...     

零氧平衡RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药的制备及其性能表征

以零氧平衡为配比依据,硝化棉（NC）为粘结剂、高氯酸铵（AP）为氧化剂、环三亚甲基三硝胺（RDX）和纳米铝粉（Al）为燃烧剂,分别采用机械混合法和静电喷雾法制备RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和热重-差示扫描量热仪（TG-DSC）对样品的形貌、结构和热性能进行表征;并利用高速摄影仪、撞击感度仪和摩擦感度仪和对样品的燃烧过程和机械感度进行了分析。结果表明：机械混合法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药颗粒为球形;采用静电喷雾法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药颗粒为团聚微球;机械混合法和静电喷雾法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药中的组分NC、RDX、AP、Al之间为物理复合;采用机械混合法和静电喷雾法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药的失重过程分为两个阶段（200~210 ℃和250~350 ℃）,第一阶段是部分RDX和AP的分解,第二阶段是剩余RDX和NC的分解;与机械混合法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药相比,静电喷雾法制得的RDX/NC/AP/Al复合炸药的表观活化能提高了41.25 kJ·mol^-1,热爆炸临界温度提高了4.09 K,燃烧速度提高,机械感度得到了降低。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.