Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the biosorption of basic dyes from binary component systems and the high order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous analysis of Brilliant green and Methylene blue

In this work, biosorption of Brilliant green (BG) and Methylene blue (MB) dyes in binary mixture onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. pH at which the biosorption capacity of biomass is maximum was found to be 6 which is close to the pH of natural aqueous solutions. This is a big advantage of S. cerevisiae which makes it applicable for the technology of dye removal from natural aqueous dye solutions. Note that the time for the applied biosorption process for the dye removal is considerably short (about 5 min) which is a big improvement for the adsorption processes. This proves that the S. cerevisiae is a promising adsorbent. The BG and MB dyes were simultaneously analyzed using the fifth and fourth order derivative spectrophotometric method, respectively. Several isotherm models were applied to experimental data and the isotherm constants were calculated for BG and MB dyes. Among the applied models, Freundlich isotherm model showed best fit to the biosorption equilibrium data.     

Biosorption of a Basic Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Euphorbia rigida

Abstract

In this study, the biosorption of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye from aqueous solutions onto a biomass of Euphorbia rigida was examined by means of the initial biosorbate concentration, biosorbent amount, particle size, and pH. Biosorption of BB9 onto E. rigida increases with both the initial biosorbate concentration and biosorbent amount, whereas decreases with the increasing particle size. The experimental data indicated that the biosorption isotherms are well‐described by the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm equation at 20, 30, and 40°C. Maximum biosorption capacity was 3.28×10^?4 mol g^?1 at 40°C. The biosorption kinetics of BB9 obeys the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were calculated to estimate the nature of biosorption. These experimental results have indicated that E. rigida has the potential to act as a biosorbent for the removal of Basic Blue 9 from aqueous solutions.     

Cadmium(II) biosorption from aqueous solutions using Hydrilla verticillata

The kinetics and equilibrium of cadmium biosorption from aqueous solutions were investigated using fresh tissues of Hydrilla verticillata. The biosorptive characteristics of cadmium ions were studied with respect to well‐established effective parameters, including pH, temperature and contact time. The biosorptive capacity of H. verticillata for cadmium increased with increasing pH. In addition, the resulting isotherms were well‐described by Langmuir and extended Langmuir models (R² = 0.9794–0.9957 and 0.9880, respectively). The comparison between calculated and experimental q_e values showed that the extended Langmuir model had a better simulation for the cadmium biosorption by H. verticillata than the Langmuir isotherm model. The equilibrium biosorption data at a constant temperature were well‐interpreted by the Langmuir model. The maximum biosorptive capacity increased from 33.54 to 37.46 mg/g when the solution temperature was increased from 278 to 298 K. Other various thermodynamic parameters were also estimated. Biosorptive equilibrium was established within approximately 20 min. Moreover, the pseudo‐second‐order equation was more appropriate in predicting biosorptive capacity than the pseudo‐first‐order equation. In practical viewpoints, the abundant and inexpensive plant biomass H. verticillata can be used as an effective and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the detoxification of cadmium from aqueous solutions. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Biosorption potential of Neurospora crassa cells for decolorization of Acid Red 57 (AR57) dye

Biosorption of Acid Red 57 (AR57) on to Neurospora crassa was studied with variation of pH, contact time, biosorbent and dye concentrations and temperature to determine equilibrium and kinetic models. The AR57 biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 40 min. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were applied to experimental equilibrium data for AR57 biosorption at various temperatures. The equilibrium data fitted very well to all the equilibrium models in the studied concentration range of AR57. Maximum biosorption capacity (q_max) of AR57 on to N. crassa was 2.16 × 10^?4 mol g^?1 at 20 °C. The kinetics of biosorption of AR57 were analyzed and rate constants were derived. The overall biosorption process was best described by a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy of biosorption were also evaluated for the biosorption of AR57 on to N. crassa. The results indicate that the biosorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Poly (Methacrylic Acid) Modified Chitosan and Photocatalytic Regeneration of the Adsorbent

The preparation of poly(methacrylic acid) modified chitosan microspheres (PMAA-GLA-CTS) and its application for the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), in aqueous solution in a batch system were described. The modified chitosan was characterized using FTIR and XPS analysis. The effects of the pH of the solution, contact time, and initial dye concentration were studied. The adsorption capacity of the microspheres for MB increased significantly after the modification as a large number of carboxyl groups were introduced. The equilibrium process was better described by the Langmuir rather than the Freundlich isotherm. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacity was 1 g · g^?1 for MB. Kinetic studies showed better correlation coefficients for a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, confirming that the sorption rate was controlled by a chemisorption process. Photocatalytic regeneration of spent PMAA-GLA-CTS using UV/TiO₂ is effective. Further, the regenerated PMAA-GLA-CTS exhibits 90% efficiency for a subsequent adsorption cycle with MB aqueous solutions.     

Adsorption behaviors of crystal violet from aqueous solution using Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.): kinetic and equilibrium studies

ABSTRACT

In this study, Anatolian black pine (ABP, Pinus nigra Arnold.) was evaluated as biosorbent for removal of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution. The influence of operational parameters including solution pH, initial CV concentration, biosorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature were studied in batch systems. The adsorption data followed well Langmuir isotherm with a maximum biosorption capacity of 12.36 mg/g. The equilibrium data were better fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² ? 0.99). Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the CV biosorption was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic process. This study showed that ABP (Pinus nigra Arnold.) can be used to remove CV from aqueous solutions.     

Equilibrium,Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies on Biosorption of Mercury from Aqueous Solution by Macrofungus (Lycoperdon perlatum) Biomass

The present research is to investigate the possibility of macrofungus Lycoperdon perlatum biomass, which is an easily available, renewable plant, low-cost, as a new biomass for the removal of mercury (Hg(II)) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of various parameters like pH of solution, biomass concentration, contact time, and temperature were studied by the using the batch method. The Langmuir model adequately described the equilibrium data. The biosorption capacity of the biomass was found to be 107.4 mg · g^?1 at pH 6. The mean free energy value (10.9 kJ · mol^?1) obtained from the D–R model indicated that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto fungal biomass was taken place via chemical ion-exchange. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto L. perlatum biomass was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in nature. The kinetic results showed that the biosorption of Hg(II) onto fungal biomass followed second-order kinetics. This work also shows that L. perlatum biomass can be an alternative to the expensive materials like ion exchange resins and activated carbon for the treatment of water and wastewater containing mercury ions due to its ability of selectivity and higher biosorption capacity and also being low cost material.     

Adsorption behavior of copper ions on alga Jania adhaerens through SEM and FTIR analyses

Biomass of the alga Jania adhaerens was used for biosorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, copper concentration, biomass amount, and contact time on biosorption were investigated. For chemical modification of functional groups, FTIR and ICP analyses were performed to study the biosorption mechanism. Furthermore, the SEM images of pristine and copper-loaded biomass were also provided. The pseudo second order model described kinetics data appropriately. The adsorption isotherm was best fitted to the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity of 67 mg g^?1. Sulfonate, carboxyl, and amine functional groups affected the biosorption. Ion exchange was a mechanism of biosorption.     

Equilibrium,Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies on Trichoderma viride Biomass as Biosorbent for the Removal of Cu(II) from Water

Equilibrium, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies on the biosorption of Cu(II) using biomass, Trichoderma viride were carried out. The biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to describe the biosorption process. The influence of pH, the biomass dosage, the contact time, the initial metal ion concentration, and the temperature of the solution on the biosorption was studied. The maximum Cu(II) biosorption was attained at pH 5. The equilibrium data were better fit by the Langmuir isotherm model than by the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum biosorption capacity of T. viride biomass was found to be 19.6 mg/g for Cu(II). The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption of Cu(II) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs-free energy (ΔG^o), enthalpy (ΔH^o), and entropy (ΔS^o) showed that the biosorption of Cu(II) onto T. viride biomass was spontaneous and endothermic. It can be concluded that the T. viride biomass has the potential as an effective and low-cost biosorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of Zn(II) by orange waste in batch and packed‐bed systems

BACKGROUND: This research provides new insights into the biosorption of zinc on a waste product from the orange juice industry. Optimal operating conditions maximizing percentage zinc removal were determined in batch and fixed‐bed systems. Biomass was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and by major cation content in order to better understand the biosorpion mechanism. Zn‐loaded orange waste was proposed to be used as an alternative fuel in cement kilns. RESULTS: Sorption capacity was strongly affected by biosorbent dose and solution pH, and was not strongly sensitive to particle size under the experimental conditions studied. Equilibrium data were successfully described by a Langmuir model and sorption kinetic data were adequately modelled with the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich rate equation. The biomass was found to possess high sorption capacity (q_max = 0.664 mmol g^?1) and biosorption equilibrium was established in less than 3 h. Experimental breakthrough curves were adequately fitted to the Thomas model and the dose–response model, obtaining sorption capacities in continuous assays higher than those found in batch mode. Characterization of the biomass suggested the possible contribution of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of biomass in Zn²⁺ biosorption and it also highlighted the important role of light metal ions in a possible ion‐exchange mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: Orange waste could be used as an effective and low‐cost alternative biosorbent material for zinc removal from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Removal of victoria blue from aqueous solution by fly ash

The use of fly ash for the removal of victoria blue (C126, 44045) from aqueous solution at different concentrations and pH has been investigated. The process follows first order adsorption rate expression and the rate constant was found to be 1.70 × 10^?2 min^?1 at a victoria blue concentration of 1.0 × 10^?4 M and 25°C. The uptake of victoria blue by fly ash is diffusion controlled and the value of mass transfer coefficient is 1.25 × 10^?5 cm sec^?1. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir model of adsorption. Maximum removal was noted at pH 8.0. Low desorption of dye from adsorbent surface indicates that the process may not be essentially a reversible one.     

Copper biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum: Effects of temperature and pH

Using submerged aquatic plants is a cheap and clean technique to remediate heavy metal water pollution at low concentrations. Biosorption of Cu(II) ions by fresh tissues of Myriophyllum spicatum, a submerged aquatic plant, was characterized in an artificial solution system under different values of contact time, temperature and pH in this paper. Cu(II) biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 20 min. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using three widely applied isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm. Langmuir isotherm parameters obtained from the three Langmuir linear equations by using linear method were dissimilar, except when the non-linear method was used. Best fits were yielded with Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms (R²=0.961–0.992 and 0.990–0.998, respectively). The saturated monolayer biosorption capacity of M. spicatum for Cu(II) at 298 K was calculated to be 0.19 mmol/g. The biosorption capacity of M. spicatum for Cu(II) increased with increasing pH, and the resulting isotherms were well described by Langmuir and extended Langmuir models (R²=0.931–0.993 and 0.961, respectively). The comparison of calculated q _e and experimental q _e values showed that the extended Langmuir model had a better simulation for Cu(II) biosorption by M. spicatum than the Langmuir isotherm model. FT-IR was used to characterize the interaction between M. spicatum and Cu(II), with the results indicating that carboxyl groups played an important role in Cu(II) binding.     

Biosorption of Zn2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions using native and microwave treated Flammulina velutipes stipe

Native stipe (NS) and microwave treated stipe (MTS) of Flammulina velutipes were utilized for the biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration on the biosorption were studied for each metal separately. The desired pH of aqueous solution was found to be 6.0 for the removal of Zn²⁺ ions and 5.0 for the removal of Pb²⁺ ions. The percent removal of both metals was found to increase with the increase in contact time; biosorption equilibrium was established in about 60 min. The maximum biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from single component systems can be successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich models; the biosorption kinetics can be accurately described by a second-order kinetic model. The present data from these studies confirms that the native and microwave treated forms of Flammulina velutipes stipe have the potential to be used for the biosorption of Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solution. The metal biosorption capacities of NS for Zn²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were 58.14 and 151.51 mg g^?1, respectively, while the biosorption capacities of MTS for the both metals were 95.24 and 172.41 mg g^?1, respectively.     

Preparation of sawdust functionalized with aspartic acid and its sorption capacity,kinetics and thermodynamics for basic dyes

An ion exchanger with carboxyl groups as active sites was prepared by activating sawdust with epichlorohydrin, followed by coupling the epoxy-activated sawdust with aspartic acid. The optimal sorption condition, sorption capacity, kinetics and thermodynamics of basic dyes on sawdust ion exchanger (SIE) from aqueous solution were investigated in a batch system. Two basic dyes, methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), were selected as sorbates. The optimal pH value of MB and CV solutions for favorable sorption was pH 4 and above. The removal ratios of MB and CV on SIE increased with increasing sorbent dose but decreased with increasing dye concentration. The isothermal data of MB and CV sorbed on SIE correlated basically with the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity (Q _m ) of SIE for MB and CV was 222.22 and 232.56 mg/g, respectively. The sorption equilibriums of MB and CV on SIE were reached at about 9 h, and the sorption processes could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study indicated that the sorptions of MB and CV on SIE were spontaneous and endothermic at the predetermined temperatures. High temperatures were favorable for the sorption processes.     

Biosorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution by softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.)

BACKGROUND: The removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution was studied using softstem bulrush (Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel.) as the biosorbent. The effects of various parameters including contact time, biosorbent dosage, ionic strength and solution pH on the biosorption were investigated. RESULTS: The sorption capacity increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage and a decrease in ionic strength. The equilibrium time was found to be 240 min for full equilibration. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order, Bangham equation and intraparticle diffusion models were applied to fit the kinetic data, and the results showed that the sorption process followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. Equilibrium data conformed to Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer biosorption capacity of 53.8 mg g^?1 for the Langmuir isotherm at 18 °C. The value of ΔG was estimated to be ? 29.24 kJ mol^?1, indicating the spontaneous nature of the biosorption. The biosorption process was strongly pH‐dependent and favourable at alkaline pH. CONCLUSION: Softstem bulrush, which is readily available and inexpensive, could be employed as a promising biosorbent for the removal of dye. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biosorption Characteristics of Indigenous Plant Material for Trivalent Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

A biomass derived from plant A. nilotica (leave) has been used for efficient removal of trivalent arsenic (As(III)) from aqueous media. The experiments were carried out to study the effects of different parameters i.e., biomass dosage, As(III) concentration, pH, temperature, and contact time. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and satisfactorily both isotherm models could be fitted well. The biosorption mean free energy based on the D-R isotherm model was calculated in the range of 7.50–8.21 kJ mol^?1. The data of thermodynamic parameters [enthalpy (ΔH°), Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), and entropy (ΔS°)] were identified that biosorption of As(III) onto studied biomass was spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic under the optimum experimental conditions. Kinetic estimations based on the experimental data demonstrated that the biosorption of As(III) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The studied biomass was successfully applied for the removal of As(III) from contaminated groundwater samples of Jamshoro district.     

Application of Nano Surfactant Modified Biosorbent as an Efficient Adsorbent for Dye Removal

In the current study, sorption of methylene blue dye (MB) from aqueous solutions, using sawdust modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS/SD) has been investigated. Sorption experiments were performed using batch and fixed-bed column systems. The effects of important parameters, such as pH, initial dye concentration, flow rate, and bed depth on the sorption of MB dye have been studied. Thomas and the bed-depth service time model (BDST) were applied for analysis of sorption data and estimating of sorption capacity. In order to drive adsorption isotherms, sorption experiments were conducted in batch mode and the treatment of the obtained data were carried out using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. Based on the breakthrough analysis obtained from continuous sorption experiments, the highest column capacity of 129.68 mg g^?1 was obtained for the SDS/SD adsorbent. The results of this study indicated that surfactant-modified sawdust is much more effective for basic MB dye removal compared to untreated sawdust (SD) and the exhausted SDS/SD column can be easily regenerated using dilute HCl solution with high performance (>95%). The results of this study also indicated the successful applicability of the introduced adsorbent as a very efficient and cost effective adsorbent for the removal of cationic dye molecules from aqueous wastes.     

Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by a carbon-microsilica composite adsorbent

Microsilica, one kind of industrial solid waste material, was utilized firstly to prepare a carbon-microsilica composite adsorbent (CMS). The prepared adsorbent was characterized with XPS, SEM and Gas sorption experiments. The results indicated the SO₃H groups, which are very effective in capturing cationic organic dye, were introduced onto the surface of CMS; the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area (S _BET ) and total pore volume (V _total ) of CMS reach 51m²/g and 0.045 cm³/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the possibility of the utilization of the adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of pH, contact time and initial MB concentration for MB removal were studied. Equilibrium data were modeled using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations to describe the equilibrium isotherms. It was found that data fit to the Langmuir equation better than the Freundlich equation. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was calculated at different temperatures (298, 308, and 318 K) reach 251.81, 283.76 and 309.70 mg/g, respectively. It was observed that adsorption kinetics obeys the pseudo-first-order equation.     

Evaluation of Red Marine Alga Kappaphycus alvarezii as Biosorbent for Methylene Blue: Isotherm,Kinetic, and Mechanism Studies

In this work, non-living red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) biomass was investigated as a new biosorbent of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The effect of operational parameters such as equilibrium pH, agitation time, initial dye concentrations, and biosorbent dosage on the biosorption capacity of Kappaphycus alvarezii was studied. The equilibrium solution pH was found to profoundly affect methylene blue sorption capacity of Kappaphycus alvarezii with pH 8 found to be optimum. Evidence from Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy pictures confirmed the dye biosorption mechanism as electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged seaweed surface and positively charged methylene blue. Biosorption isotherms indicated that Kappaphycus alvarezii exhibited methylene blue uptake of 74.4 mg/g, according to the Langmuir model. The equilibrium isotherm data were evaluated using the Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson, and Toth models. Kinetic studies revealed that methylene blue uptake was fast with 97% or more of the uptake occurred within 60 min of contact time. The pseudo first and second order models were applied to describe kinetic data, of which the pseudo-first order described experimental data better with high correlation coefficient and low percentage of error values.