生物制氢和氢能发电

本文阐述了光发酵生物制氢技术和厌氧发酵生物制氢技术制氢的机理以及光合–发酵杂交技术的优势。采用生物制氢技术有利于减少环境污染,节约不可再生能源,应该成为未来能源制备技术的发展方向。随着氢能规模化、工业化生产,借助于氢的输送成本低,损失小的输电优势。氢与燃料电池相结合可提供一种高效、清洁、无传动部件、无噪声的发电技术。氢能发电技术将不断发展和日趋成熟并逐步获得广泛应用。     

有机废水发酵法生物制氢中试研究

利用厌氧细菌的产酸发酵作用进行生物制氢的生物制氢技术 ,在世界范围内受到普遍重视。然而 ,多数研究都集中在纯菌种的产氢机理上 ,而对混合菌种的研究较少。该文在小试研究成果的基础上 ,利用驯化的厌氧活性污泥进行了中试规模的生物制氢试验研究 ,获得了 30mol/kgVSS .d的持续产氢能力。试验结果表明 ,将运行参数控制在温度 35℃、pH4 0～ 4 5、HRT4～ 6h、ORP - 10 0～ - 12 5mV、进水碱度 30 0～ 5 0 0mg/L (以CaCO3 计 )、容积负荷 35～ 5 5kgCOD/m3 ·d等范围时 ,发酵法生物制氢反应器的最大持续产氢能力可达 5 7m3 /m3 ·d。中试制氢反应器具有良好的抗负荷冲击能力和运行稳定性 ,对制糖废水中的COD去除率可达到 2 0 %以上 ,去除单位COD可获得 2 6mol/kgCOD的产氢率。     

生物制氢技术发展历程及其特征

介绍了生物制氢技术的发展历程,通过分析各种生物制氢技术的特征及研究进展,指出光合生物制氢技术是一种最具发展潜力的生物制氢方法。     

有机废水生物制氢的连续流发酵工艺

对生物制氢的工程实践应用的研究进行了评论性的回顾。讨论了发酵法生物制氢系统的特点，重点讨论了厌氧发酵生物制氢系统的工艺流程与设计、工程控制参数与发酵调控、产氢速率与产量的提高技术对策等许多技术问题。     

微藻生物制氢技术

介绍了微藻光合制氢技术的生物原理及固氮酶和可逆产氢酶的产氢机制.讨论了基于微藻的硫缺乏生理调控而发展起来的一步法与两步法光解制氢的方式,其中微藻可逆产氢酶两步法间接光解制氢是最具发展潜力的制氢方式.分析了实现微藻光合制氢的限制因子及要解决的问题,指出高效光合产氢藻株的筛选及高效光反应器的实现是该技术获得成功的关键,使微藻大规模光合产氢成为可能.     

制氢技术和工艺

氢能是最具希望的能源之一，氢能的获得在于制氢原料和制氢途径两大因素。文章详细介绍了目前制氢技术和工艺的发展现状，并根据我国国情提出了利用生物质制氢的能源利用新方式。     

大叶黄杨废弃物光合生物制氢工艺参数优化研究

以产氢量为主要考察指标,通过响应面Box-Behnken模型优化大叶黄杨废弃物光合生物制氢的工艺参数,对其主要影响因素之间的关系进行研究。结果表明：温度对大叶黄杨废弃物光合生物制氢工艺的影响最大;光照强度与初始pH值、温度等的交互作用均对产氢量的影响比较显著;最佳产氢工艺条件为温度28.78℃、初始pH值7.00、光照强度3 067.0 lx,此时拟合产氢量为71.81 mL/g,实际产氢量为70.15 mL/g;拟合值和实际值的相对误差为2.31%,表明该数值模型具有较好的拟合性。     

生物制氢技术的研究与发展

介绍了生物制制技术的发展历史和当前主要研究成果,分析了该研究发展所面临的一些主要问题,并提出一些解决策略。     

秸秆的强化糖化技术及其生物制氢的实验研究

通过对植物秸秆的糖化降解,在不同时间、不同温度下测定糖含量,并进行产氢实验.结果表明,用盐酸降解植物秸秆的效果比醋酸好,在时间为1h、温度在20℃时,各有最大的糖度值36.8、35.4Bdx,相对应产氢量为0.02mL、0.0182mL H2/L糖化液.因此,利用秸秆糖化技术并进行产氢的可行性研究会成为一个研究热点.     

生物油制氢中CO2吸收剂改性研究

在耦合CO2吸收剂的生物油水蒸气重整反应中,通过在白云石中添加碱金属钾元素提高吸收剂的性能,进而提高H2产率与产气中的H2含量.研究表明:添加K2CO3的白云石经煅烧后制成的吸收剂有效促进了重整反应的进行,其中添加2％ K2CO3的白云石在煅烧后反应效果最好,H2产率提高20％以上.在添加2％ K2CO3基础上,进一步研究得到:在不同的水油比实验中,水蒸气重整反应最佳水油比从7.5降低到4.7;在不同的重整反应温度下,添加钾元素的煅烧白云石吸收剂在600℃下吸收效果最佳.     

Biological hydrogen production; fundamentals and limiting processes

Biological hydrogen production has been known for over a century and research directed at applying this process to a practical means of hydrogen fuel production has been carried out for over a quarter century. The various approaches that have been proposed and investigated are reviewed and critical limiting factors identified. The low energy content of solar irradiation dictates that photosynthetic processes operate at high conversion efficiencies and places severe restrictions on photobioreactor economics. Conversion efficiencies for direct biophotolysis are below 1% and indirect biophotolysis remains to be demonstrated. Dark fermentation of biomass or wastes presents an alternative route to biological hydrogen production that has been little studied. In this case the critical factor is the amount of hydrogen that can be produced per mole of substrate. Known pathways and experimental evidence indicates that at most 2–3 mol of hydrogen can be obtained from substrates such as glucose. Process economics require that means be sought to increase these yields.     

Advances in hydrogen engine conversion technology

A Peugeot 505 automobile with a standard 2-1. gasoline engine has been converted to operate on hydrogen under a contract awarded to Billings by the Paris-based auto manufacturer. Research conducted at the Billings Research Laboratories has resulted in the development of a Direct Cylinder Injection (DCI) system which was tested and analyzed in the Peugeot 505 engine. Preliminary tests performed on the system demonstrated satisfactory engine performance operating on hydrogen as compared to gasoline. The DCI system takes greater advantage of the variable equivalence ratio combustion properties of hydrogen, and increased engine efficiency, while eliminating the tendency of hydrogen engines to backfire. This report presents an explanation of the project including DCI development, engine conversion, hydrogen fuel consumption and engine performance data.     

Mixture formation and combustion in a hydrogen engine using hydrogen storage technology

The problems which occur during hydrogen combustion in an engine are derived from the chemical and physical properties of the hydrogen. The different types of mixture formation systems in connection with the currently applied storage technology, which offer the hydrogen in various pressure and temperature ranges, are shown and discussed with reference to the possibilities and problems concerning the engine. From this a concept is derived for a safe hydrogen engine with favorable fuel consumption which will be tested in a vehicle fleet. With this experience it will finally be assessed which storage mixture formation combination will have to be favored in the future.     

Biological production of hydrogen from glucose by natural anaerobic microflora

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge, sludge compost from Malaysia and CREST compost from Philippines were collected for the study. The capability of these microflora to produce hydrogen was examined with $\text{500}\text{ml}$ artificial wastewater containing 1% glucose, 0.2% yeast extract and 0.018% magnesium chloride hexahydrate under anaerobic fermentation in a batch culture. The microflora in POME sludge, sludge compost and CREST compost were found to produce significant amounts of hydrogen. The maximum production yield of hydrogen per decomposed glucose was $\text{2.1}\text{mol}\text{/}\text{mol}$-glucose at a conversion rate of $\text{0.137}\text{L}\text{/(}\text{L-med}\text{h}\text{)}$ at 50°C obtained by sludge compost. All fermentations were carried out without pH control. It was also found that the addition of nitrogen source in the medium caused a change in hydrogen produced. There was no methane gas in the evolved gas.     

Technical and cost analysis of imported hydrogen based on MCH-TOL hydrogen storage technology

The international hydrogen supply chain has been commercialized and promoted hydrogen trade. With the global energy transition, the two are expected to play a more important role and make hydrogen become a major international energy trade category similar to natural gas and LNG. This paper considers importing two hydrogen sources to Huizhou of China through MCH-TOL hydrogen storage technology from Saudi Arabia, which are produced from Natural gas + CCS and from renewable energy sources. It is estimated that the costs of dehydrogenation and purification after landing are 27.6 CNY/kgH₂ and 32.7 CNY/kgH₂ respectively, which are difficult to be competitive. Therefore, the strategy and goal of cost reduction are proposed. It is expected to control the costs of dehydrogenation and purification to less than 25 CNY/kgH₂, and explore the feasibility of developing large-scale and economically competitive hydrogen import business in China.     

Separation of hydrogen from hydrogen/ethylene mixtures using PEM fuel cell technology

This article is a study of the feasibility of electrochemically separating hydrogen from hydrogen/ethylene mixtures. Experimental results are presented for the performance of the anode of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that is used to separate hydrogen/ethylene mixtures. Experiments were performed using a single cell PEM fuel cell. The experimental results show that, to a large extent, the ethylene reacts with the hydrogen in the anode chamber to form ethane. In spite of this reaction, it is still possible to separate a significant portion of the hydrogen and options for improving the separation efficiency are discussed. A zero-dimensional mathematical model of the hydrogen separation and hydrogenation process has been developed and it has been shown that this model gives generally good agreement with the experimental results.