基于小波包分解和支持向量机的机械故障诊断方法

提出应用小波包分解和支持向量机进行机械故障诊断的方法。该方法将振动信号小波包分解后的频带能量作为特征向量,输入到由多个支持向量机构成的多故障分类器中进行故障识别和分类。试验结果表明,与神经网络相比,采用支持向量机进行故障诊断可以获得更高的诊断精度,表明该方法是有效的、可行的。     

基于ReliefF算法和相关度计算结合的故障特征降维方法及其应用

在对旋转机械进行故障诊断时,通常要从时域、频域或时频域提取故障特征参数,组成原始的故障特征向量,然而在众多的故障特征当中并不是每个特征对于故障分类都是敏感且有效的。为此,本研究提出了基于ReliefF算法和相关度计算结合的故障特征降维方法。采用ReliefF加权特征选择算法对原始各特征的分类能力进行评价,选择出分类能力较强的特征;再通过特征相关度算法剔除其中分类能力相近的冗余特征,将剩余的分类能力较强的特征组成最终的降维特征向量用于故障分类和诊断,实现原始特征的降维。通过液压泵和滚动轴承的故障诊断实验,并与传统的主元分析(PCA)方法对比,结果表明该方法能够用较少的降维后的信号特征获得更高的故障正确识别率。     

Fault diagnosis of rotating machine by isometric feature mapping

Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) are well-known linear dimensionality reductions for fault classification. However, since they are linear methods, they perform not well for high-dimensional data that has the nonlinear geometric structure. As kernel extension of PCA, Kernel PCA is used for nonlinear fault classification. However, the performance of Kernel PCA largely depends on its kernel function which can only be empirically selected from finite candidates. Thus, a novel rotating machine fault diagnosis approach based on geometrically motivated nonlinear dimensionality reduction named isometric feature mapping (Isomap) is proposed. The approach can effectively extract the intrinsic nonlinear manifold features embedded in high-dimensional fault data sets. Experimental results with rotor and rolling bearing data show that the proposed approach overcomes the flaw of conventional fault pattern recognition approaches and obviously improves the fault classification performance.     

Fault diagnosis of rotating machine by thermography method on support vector machine

Feature-based classification techniques consist of data acquisition, preprocessing, feature representation, feature calculation, feature selection, and classifiers. They are useful for online, real-time condition monitoring and fault diagnosis / features, which are now available with the development of information technologies and various measurement techniques. In this paper, an intelligent feature-based fault diagnosis is suggested, developed, and compared with vibration signals and thermal images. Fault diagnosis is performed using thermal imaging along with support vector machine (SVM) classification to simulate machinery faults, resulting in an accuracy level comparable to vibration signals. The observed results show that fault diagnosis using thermal images for rotating machines can be applied to industrial areas as a novel intelligent fault diagnostic method with plausible accuracy. It can be also proposed as a unique non-contact method to analyze rotating systems in mass production lines within a short time.     

A comparison study of support vector machines and hidden Markov models in machinery condition monitoring

Condition classification is an important step in machinery fault detection, which is a problem of pattern recognition. Currently, there are a lot of techniques in this area and the purpose of this paper is to investigate two popular recognition techniques, namely hidden Markov model and support vector machine. At the beginning, we briefly introduced the procedure of feature extraction and the theoretical background of this paper. The comparison experiment was conducted for gearbox fault detection and the analysis results from this work showed that support vector machine has better classification performance in this area.     

基于灵敏度分析的支持矢量机特征选择

特征选择可以去除冗余特征提高机械故障诊断精度和诊断效率。对于支持矢量机(SVM)作为故障决策器, 提出基于特征灵敏度分析的特征选择方法。此方法通过分析候选特征子集对SVM输出的影响大小,以此作为特征选择标准,并采用遗传算法搜索最佳特征子集。数值仿真和柴油机故障特征选择试验结果显示此方法有较好的寻优特征子集的能力,能够提高故障诊断的精度和效率。     

Application of higher order spectral features and support vector machines for bearing faults classification

Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings timely and accurately are very important to ensure the reliability of rotating machinery. This paper presents a novel pattern classification approach for bearings diagnostics, which combines the higher order spectra analysis features and support vector machine classifier. The use of non-linear features motivated by the higher order spectra has been reported to be a promising approach to analyze the non-linear and non-Gaussian characteristics of the mechanical vibration signals. The vibration bi-spectrum (third order spectrum) patterns are extracted as the feature vectors presenting different bearing faults. The extracted bi-spectrum features are subjected to principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction. These principal components were fed to support vector machine to distinguish four kinds of bearing faults covering different levels of severity for each fault type, which were measured in the experimental test bench running under different working conditions. In order to find the optimal parameters for the multi-class support vector machine model, a grid-search method in combination with 10-fold cross-validation has been used. Based on the correct classification of bearing patterns in the test set, in each fold the performance measures are computed. The average of these performance measures is computed to report the overall performance of the support vector machine classifier. In addition, in fault detection problems, the performance of a detection algorithm usually depends on the trade-off between robustness and sensitivity. The sensitivity and robustness of the proposed method are explored by running a series of experiments. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve made the results more convincing. The results indicated that the proposed method can reliably identify different fault patterns of rolling element bearings based on vibration signals.     

基于 VMD 的数控机床旋转机械运行路径偏离故障检测方法

为精准提取数控机床旋转机械设备故障信息,量化数控机床旋转机械运行路径偏离程度,提出一种基于 VMD 的旋转机械运行路径偏离故障检测方法。分析数控机床旋转机械设备运行频率和振动情况,运用突变检测算法优化采集效率,使用自适应脉冲法采样机械信号;创建约束变分模型,利用遗传算法搜索信号变量最优值,通过 VMD 法分离信号频域分量,提取机械信号故障特征;通过聚类法评估路径偏离水平,构建胶囊网络进行路径偏离故障检测,利用 squash 函数挤压处理胶囊矢量并提升矢量维度,运用特征编码和归一化处理获得高精度偏离故障检测输出值。实验结果表明,所提方法检测的数控机床旋转机械运行路径偏离故障效果较好,且检测效率较高。     

A hybrid intelligent multi-fault detection method for rotating machinery based on RSGWPT,KPCA and Twin SVM

This paper proposes a hybrid intelligent method for multi-fault detection of rotating machinery, in which three methods, i.e. including the redundant second generation wavelet package transform (RSGWPT), the kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and the twin support vector machine (TWSVM), are combined. Firstly, RSGWPT is used to extract feature vectors from representative statistical characteristics in the decomposition frequency band, and then the KPCA in the feature space is performed to reduce the dimension of features and to extract the dominant features for the following classification. Finally, a novel support vector machine, called twin support vector machine is used to construct a multi-class classifier. Inputting superior features to this classifier, the condition of the monitored machine component can be determined. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid method is effective for multi-fault detection of rotating machinery. The TWSVM is also indicated that has better classification performance and faster convergence speed than the normal SVM.     

Imbalanced fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using autoencoder-based SuperGraph feature learning

Existing fault diagnosis methods usually assume that there are balanced training data for every machine health state. However, the collection of fault signals is very difficult and expensive, resulting in the problem of imbalanced training dataset. It will degrade the performance of fault diagnosis methods significantly. To address this problem, an imbalanced fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using autoencoder-based SuperGraph feature learning is proposed in this paper. Unsupervised autoencoder is firstly used to compress every monitoring signal into a low-dimensional vector as the node attribute in the SuperGraph. And the edge connections in the graph depend on the relationship between signals. On the basis, graph convolution is performed on the constructed SuperGraph to achieve imbalanced training dataset fault diagnosis for rotating machinery. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on a benchmarking publicized dataset and a practical experimental platform, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively achieve rotating machinery fault diagnosis towards imbalanced training dataset through graph feature learning.     

基于局部s变换和极限学习机的柱塞泵滑靴磨损故障诊断

针对轴向柱塞泵结构复杂、故障信号微弱且易受噪声干扰难以进行故障模式识别的问题,提出一种基于局部s变换和极限学习机的柱塞泵故障诊断方法,对不同程度滑靴磨损故障进行诊断。采集柱塞泵在正常和不同故障状态下的振动信号进行局部s变换,对不同的特征向量组进行定性和定量比较,选择提取s矩阵最大奇异值、转轴振动基频能量占比和柱塞振动基频能量占比共三维特征向量,将特征向量输入极限学习机完成故障模式的识别,识别精度可达99%以上。最后将极限学习机与支撑向量机分类结果进行对比,证明所提故障诊断方法可以用较少的特征向量获得较高的诊断精度。     

一种基于EMD与多特征支持向量机(SVM)故障诊断方法

针对齿轮箱故障振动信号的不平稳非线性冲击行为,本文提出了一种基于经验模态分解的特征值提取及多特征支持向量机的智能诊断方法。在电机频率分别取30 Hz、35 Hz、40 Hz;载荷分别取0 N∙M、15 N∙M、30 N∙M;采样频率为1500 Hz条件下,进行齿轮正常状态、齿面磨损和齿轮裂痕故障模拟实验。试验结果表明:该创新方法在有限样本数据分析中可以准确、有效地对齿轮箱的工作状态和故障类型进行分类,且支持向量机在故障诊断中使用方便,可以提高诊断的精确性,在齿轮箱故障诊断或类似振动信号的检测应用中具有很强的实用性。     

基于小球大间隔方法的机械故障检测

针对机械故障检测中,正常样本多、故障样本少、训练样本严重不平衡的客观情况,将小球大间隔方法引入其中,提出了一种不平衡样本下的机械故障检测方法。该方法同时使用大量的正常样本和少量的故障样本进行训练,在特征空间中构造一个包围正常样本的超球,在该超球体积最小化的同时,进一步使超球边界与故障样本之间的间隔最大化,从而显著减小将故障情况误判为正常情况的概率。将该方法应用到滚动轴承故障检测中,并与传统的支持向量机和支持向量数据描述方法进行了比较,实验结果表明,该方法在解决不平衡样本下机械故障检测问题具有优越性。     

多小波系数特征提取方法在故障诊断中的应用

针对机械故障的特征提取问题,提出一种基于多小波系数的机械故障特征提取方法。首先,对不同工况的机械振动信号进行多小波分解;其次,利用分解后各层多小波系数的统计特征包括最大值、最小值、均值和标准差作为该工况振动信号的特征向量;最后,利用支持向量机的方法对机械故障进行识别。对滚动轴承正常状况与内圈故障、滚动体故障、外圈故障3种故障及多种损伤程度的实测振动信号进行故障识别试验,试验结果表明,该方法用于机械故障诊断可以获得较高的识别率,识别效果要优于基于单小波系数统计特征的识别方法,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于小波包变换和GA-PLS算法的故障特征选择方法

为了提高故障诊断的分类精度,减小分类运算时间等问题,需要从原始特征集合中选择出更为优化的特征子集合,因此,提出了一种基于小波包变换和GA-PLS算法的特征选择方法。首先,采用小波包变换对提取出的振动信号进行分解,从而得到小波包的分解系数;其次,运用遗传算法 偏最小二乘法从原始信号和小波包系数的统计学特征中选择出最优特征集;最后,将最优特征集作为输入,输入到支持向量机中以实现对不同故障的诊断与识别。应用于轴向柱塞泵故障诊断中,与现有特征选择方法对比,实验结果验证了本研究特征选择方法的有效性。     

采用EWT和OCSVM的高压断路器机械故障诊断

根据断路器故障诊断对可靠性要求较高的实际工程需求,提出了一种采用经验小波变换(EWT)和单类支持向量机(OCSVM)的高压断路器机械故障诊断新方法。首先,通过EWT准确分离断路器振动信号中具有不同物理意义的固有模态函数(IMF);之后,通过Hilbert谱分析,获得时-频矩阵并计算其时-频熵,构成用于分类的特征向量;然后,仅使用易于获取的正常状态振动信号训练经粒子群算法(PSO)常数参数寻优的OCSVM,并通过OCSVM来准确判断断路器是否发生机械故障,提高故障诊断可靠性;如OCSVM判断发生机械故障,则进一步通过支持向量机(SVM)判断具体故障类型。在SF6高压断路器上进行实验证明,新方法能够更加准确地区分故障与正常样本,满足高压断路器故障诊断的高可靠性要求。     

Support vector machine based data processing algorithm for wear degree classification of slurry pump systems

Classification is a useful tool in identifying fault patterns. Generally, a good classification implementation is closely related to the effectiveness of data used. The word “effectiveness” implies that the data should be clean and the features indicating fault patterns should be properly selected. Unfortunately, data cleaning is not often implemented in reported work of fault pattern classifications. In this paper, a data processing algorithm is developed to achieve the effectiveness, which includes data cleaning followed by feature selection. A data cleaning algorithm is developed based on support vector machine and random sub-sampling validation. Candidate outliers are selected based on fraction values provided by the proposed data cleaning algorithm and final outliers are determined based on their removal impacts on classification performance. The feature selection algorithm adopts the classical sequential backward feature selection. The performance of the data cleaning algorithm is tested using three benchmark datasets. The tests show good capability of the data cleaning algorithm in identifying outliers for all datasets. The proposed data processing algorithm is adopted in the classification of the wear degree of pump impellers in a slurry pump system. The results show good effectiveness of sequentially using data cleaning and feature selection in addressing fault pattern classification problems.     

基于支持向量机的机械故障特征选择方法研究

在机械故障诊断中,对机器状态信号进行处理可得到故障特征集。但是此特征集中通常含有冗余特征而影响诊断效果。特征选择可以去除原始特征中的冗余特征,提高诊断精度和诊断效率。本文提出采用支持向量机(SVM)作为决策分类器,研究了使用SVM的错误上界如半径-间距上界代替学习错误率作为特征性能评价,并且使用遗传算法对特征集进行寻优的特征选择方法。此方法由于只需要训练一次SVM,相比常用的分组轮换方法有较高的计算效率。数值仿真和减速器的轴承故障特征选择试验中,采用此方法对生成特征集进行选择,并与常用的分组轮换法进行了对比。结果显示此方法有较好的选择性能和选择效率。