MTO: A residential relocation demonstration program in the United States

This article provides an overview of an experimental residential relocation program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development known as Moving to Opportunity (MTO), currently in operation in five U.S. cities: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York. Because families are randomly assigned to three groups, each of which receives a different bundle of housing services, MTO provides a unique opportunity to learn more about the effects of concentrated urban poverty on the outcomes of families. Yet residential relocation can be an effective anti-poverty strategy only if families successfully relocate and if their new neighborhoods translate into improved labor-market, educational, or other outcomes. We illustrate the potential as well as the limits of residential relocation policies by focusing on the relationship between the housing market and educational opportunities in the Baltimore demonstration site. Helen F. Ladd is Professor of Public Policy Studies and Economics at Duke University. Much of her current research focuses on education policy, particularly performance-based approaches to reforming schools. She is the editor ofHolding Schools Accountable: Performance-Based Reform in Education (Brookings Institution, May, 1996). She currently co-chairs a National Academy of Sciences Committee on Education Finance: Equity, Adequacy, and Productivity. Jens Ludwig is Assistant Professor of Public Policy at Georgetown University.     

Predicting consumer response to new housing: A stated choice experiment

This paper discusses problems typical of eliciting housing preference. It will be argued that stated preference and choice models are potentially powerful in eliciting consumer housing preferences. This approach is illustrated in an example of new housing construction in Meerhoven. The design of the stated choice experiment is outlined and the estimated part-worth utilities of the attributes are presented. Furthermore, choices for houses in low- and high-density environments are predicted and its is examined how much more households are willing to pay for low-density housing. Eric Molin is Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Harmen Oppewal is assistant professor at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Harry Timmermans is professor of Urban Planning at the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. He also hold the Carthy Foudation Chair in Makerking at the Department of Marketing and Economic Analysis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.     

The dismantling of public housing in the USA

The market reigns supreme in the housing system of the United States. Its prominence has led to the efficient provision of housing of ever-rising standards for most Americans. At the same time, the poor continue to live in appalling conditions. The majority of them have to secure their housing without public support. In spite of the long history of government intervention in the housing system, the effect of that support has been marginal at best. Although the large cities contain substantial numbers of assisted housing, the public housing program has failed to provide the poor with the “decent housing and the suitable living environment” promised to every American family in the 1949 Housing Act. Even the direct support of households through housing vouchers and certificates has not broken up the concentrations of poverty. Many households remain trapped in substandard housing in crime-infested urban areas. The articles in this issue evaluate the (possible) outcomes of the latest round of reforms of the American public housing program, which are geared to more private-sector involvement. Jan van Weesep is Professor of Urban Geography and Urban Policy at Utrecht University (The Netherlands). His publications cover a range of housing and urban issues in various countries. He has studied and worked in the United States. Hugo Priemus holds the chair in housing at Delft University of Technology and he is managing director of OTB Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies.     

Book Notes

Urban government for the paris region by Annmarie Hauck Walsh Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968. 217 pp. $12.50.

Urban government in metropolitan lagos by Babatunde A. Williams and Annmarie Hauck Walsh Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968. 182 pp. $12.50.

Urban government for Zagreb, Yugoslavia by Eugen Pusic and Annmarie Hauck Walsh Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968. 190 pp. $10.00.

The Urban explosion in Latin America: A continent in process of modernization Edited by Glenn H. Beyer Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1967. 360 pp. $9.75.

Financing Latin American housing: Domestic savings mobilization and U.S. assistance policy by Sean M. Elliott Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1968. 232 pp. $12.50.

The city in Modern Africa Edited by Horace Miner Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1967. 364 pp. $7.50.

Planning for Development in Peru by Daniel R. Kilty Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1967. 196 pp. (processed) $12.50.

Resource-Conserving Urbanism for South Asia By Richard L. Meier Regional Development Studies VII, Department of Resource Planning & Conservation, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1968. 95 pp. (Processed) n.p.

Law and contemporary problems, vol. xxxii, number 2, housing—part 1 : Perspectives and problems School of Law, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, Spring 1967. 182 pp. $3.00.     

How market competitive is America's public housing? The case of Baltimore

This study estimates what would happen to one local Housing Authority (HA)-the Housing Authority of Baltimore City (HABC), Maryland-if the public housing program were transformed to: eliminate certain key aspects of Federal government regulation, especially with respect to occupancy and rent rules; end Federal operating subsidies to HAs; provide current public housing residents with a portable housing certificate under the Section 8 Existing Housing program, permitting them to choose whether to use it in HA developments or in the private market; and require HAs to compete in the marketplace for residents and revenues. Martin Abravanel is a Senior Research Associate at the Urban Institute. Terrence Connell is Manager of the Statistical Analysis Team, Real Estate Assessment Center, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Deborah Devine is a Social Science Research Analyst in the Program Monitoring and Research Division, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Debra Gross is Director of Research, Council of Large Public Housing Authorities. Lester Rubin is a Social Science Research Analyst in the Program Monitoring and Research Division, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.     

Residential land attractiveness in an emerging property market: The case of Krasnoyarsk,Russia

The paper discusses the indicators and techniques which can be used in residential land assessment during the transition from a planned to a market economy when a land market is being formed. An analysis of housing market transactions, sociological polls, and an expert study were independently used to grade spatial differences in the residential land attractiveness in the city of Krasnoyarsk in Russia. The research shows that expert evaluations do not truthfully represent the attractiveness of urban environmental qualities in the eyes of potential investors. It is also argued that under certain conditions, sociological polls of the urban population give a better approximation of the prospective residential land market value than administrative and expert assessments. Boris A. Portnov is a researcher at the Center for Desert Architecture and Urban Planning at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boker Campus, 84990, Israel. He has his Ph.D. in the field of Urban and Regional Planning. In 1982–87 he was working in Ukraine as a town-planner and as the Head of Town-Building Department of the Ukraine State Project and Design Institute. From 1987 to 1995 he occupied different teaching positions at Krasnoyarsk Civil Engineering Institute of Russia (1987–1990-senior teacher; 1990–1995-professor of the Town-Building Department at the School of Architecture). he is a member of Russia's Architect Professional Union, and an author of two books and more than 70 articles. The field of his activity is urban-planning and rational use of urban lands. Vladimir P. Maslovskiy is an economist, and an Associate Professor of the Department of Economics at the Krasnoyarsk Civil Engineering Institute of Russia. He has a Ph.D. in Applied Economics. He is an author of 30 articles. In 1994 he received a grant from the World Bank for three months studying in Washington D.C. in the framework of the Project-Manager Program.     

Deconcentrating Poverty With Housing Programs

Problem: Housing programs of the past have exacerbated the problems of concentrated poverty. Current housing programs serving very low-income households, including homebuyers as well as renters, should be examined to determine the extent to which they help households make entry into neighborhoods with low concentrations of poverty.

Purpose: This research is designed to assist planners in understanding how well various approaches to resolving housing affordability problems can facilitate the poverty deconcentration process.

Methods: Administrative data from the Department of Housing and Urban Development are used to assess the degree to which federal housing programs help lowincome homebuyers and renters locate in neighborhoods where less than 10% of the population is below poverty.

Results and conclusions: Subsidizing households ought to be more effective than subsidizing housing units at helping lowincome households locate in low-poverty areas, and whether a household rents or buys should not matter to whether a program succeeds at deconcentration of the poor. Yet, analysis of national datasets across several housing programs finds neither of the previous propositions to be true. Housing vouchers suppliedto households are not helping renters locate in low-poverty areas any more effectively than are current project-based subsidies. It also turns out that tenure matters; a disproportionately higher share of low-income homebuyers are locating in low-poverty neighborhoods than are lowincome renters.

Takeaway for practice: I recommend that housing planners seeking to make poverty deconcentration more effective use housing placement counselors, administer programs at the metropolitan scale, lease and broker market-rate housing directly, promote mixed-income LIHTC developments, practice inclusionary zoning, and monitor the impacts of these efforts.

Research support: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.     

The current urbanization policy evaluated

The Dutch national government is pursuing an urbanization policy by which most development is to be concentrated in and around a limited number of towns and cities. This policy can be seen as a continuation of the previous policies of the national government, but in a more extreme form. Furthermore that government is trying to get it realized in new ways, with the municipalities in a city region working together more closely and assuming more of the financial responsibility. It is too soon to say whether the new policy will succeed, but some of the necessary conditions are not being met. In particular, the reorganization of local government is meeting great difficulties, and the land and housing markets are changing in unforeseen ways. Tim Zwanikkenis researcher at the University of Nijmegen, School of Environmental Studies. Barrie Needham is Professor of Spatial Planning at the University of Nijmegen, School of Environmental Studies.     

Reviews Reviewed

The Organization of Space in Developing Countries E. A. J. Johnson. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970. 452 pp. No price.

Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries Naomi Caiden and Aaron Wildavsky. Wiley Interscience, John Wiley &; Sons, New York, 1974. 369 pp. $17.50.

Redistribution with Growth: Policies to Improve Income Distribution in Developing Countries Hollis Chenery, M. S. Ahluwalia, C. L. G. Bell, John H. Duloy, and Richard Jolly. Oxford University Press, London, 1974. 304 pp. $16. (cloth), $4.50 (paperback).

The Urban Transition: Comparative Studies of Newly Industrializing Societies John Friedmann and Robert Wulff. Edward Arnold, Ltd., London, 1975, 96 pp, No price

The New Economics of Growth John Mellor. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1976. 334 pp. $11.50.

Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development: Michael Upton. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1977. 467 pp. $15.

Ecologismo y Ordenación del Território en España: Mario Gaviria. Cuadernos para el Diálogo, S.A., Madrid, 1976. 328 pp. No price.

Interdependent Development: Harold Brookfield. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1975. 234 pp. $8.95.

The Philippines: Priorities and Prospects for Development: Russell J. Cheetham and Edward K. Hawkins. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1976. 573 pp. $8.50 (paperback)

Urban Functions in Rural Development: An Analysis of Integrated Spatial Development Policy Dennis A. Rondinelli and Kenneth Ruddle. U.S. Department of State, Agency for International Development, Technical Assistance Bureau, Office of Urban Development, Washington, D.C., 1976. 315 pp. Price not available.

Growth Pole Strategy and Regional Development Planning in Asia: United Nations Centre for Regional Development. The Center, Nagoya, Japan, 1976. 136 pp. $12.

Urbanization and Counter-Urbanization (Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, vol. 2): Brian J. L Berry, ed. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, Calif., 1976. 334 pp. $7.50 (paperback).

The Design of Rural Development: Lessons from Rural Africa.: Uma Lele. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1975 (for the World Bank). 246 pp. $3.95 (paperback).

The Strategy of International Development: H. W. Singer. International Arts and Science Press, White Plains, N.Y., 1975. 243 pp. $20.

Airport Systems Planning: Richard de Neufville, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1977. 194 pp. $14.95.

Development Planning and Spatial Structure Alan Gilbert, ed. John Wiley and Sons, London and New York, 1976. xi + 207 pp, $14.25.

The Cities of Asia: A Study of Urban Solutions and Urban Finance (Papers presented at the International Seminar on Urban Land Use Policy, Taxation, and Economic Development): John Wong, ed. Singapore University Press for the Economic Society of Singapore, Singapore, 1976. 450 pp. $35. (Singapore currency).

African Cities and Towns before European Conquest: Richard W. Hull. W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1976. 138 pp. $10.50.

The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro.: Janice E. Perlman. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976. 341 pp. $14.95.

People and Housing in Third World Cities: D. J. Dwyer. Longman Group, London and New York, 1975. 286 pp. $18.

Urban Housing in the Third World: Geoffrey K. Payne. Rutledge and Kegan Paul, Boston, 1977. 242 pp. $18.75.

Housing by People: Towards Autonomy in Building Environments: John F. C. Turner. Pantheon Books, Westminster, Md., 1977. $10. (cloth), $3.95 (paperback).

Housing for Low-Income Urban Families: Economics and Policy in the Developing World: Orville F. Grimes. World Bank Research, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md., 1976. 176 pp. $11. (cloth), $3.65 (paperback).

Urban Nongrowth: City Planning for People: Earl Finkler, William J. Toner, and Frank J. Popper. Praeger, New York, 1976. 227 pp. + index. $17.50.

The Changing Shape of Metropolitan America: Commuting Patterns, Urban Fields, and Decentralization Process 1960-1970: Brian J. L. Berry and Quentin Gillard. Ballinger, J. B. Lippincott, Cambridge, Mass., 1977. 697 pp. $25.

Centrally Planned Change: A Reexamination of Theory and Experience: Robert Mayer, Robert Moroney, and Robert Morris, eds. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, III., 1974. 230 pp. $8.95.

Projecting State and Local Populations: Donald B. Pittenger. Ballinger, J. B. Lippincott, Cambridge, Mass., 1976. 246 pp. $17.50.

The Methods and Materials of Demography: Henry S. Shryock, Jacob S. Siegel, and Associates. Condensed version edited by Edward G. Stockwell. Academic Press, New York, 1976. 577 pp. $16.50.

The Next Two Hundred Years: A Scenario for America and the World: Herman Kahn, William Brown, and Leon Martel. William Morrow, New York, 1976. 231 pp. $8.95 (cloth), $3.95 (paperback).

The Future of the World Economy: Wassily Leontief and associates Oxford University Press, New York, 1977. 110 pp. $12.95 (cloth), $4.95 (paperback).

The Urban Prospect: Melvin R. Levin. Duxbury Press, North Scituate, Mass., 1977. 305 pp. $6.95. (paperback).

Environment and Behavior: Planning and Everyday Urban Life: J. Douglas Porteous. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. 1977. 446 pp. $12.95.     

21世纪:中国的城市世纪--对Peter Hall爵士关于中国城市化和中欧城市发展比较的采访及其思考

Peter Hall爵士的学术背景简介 Peter Hall,1932年出生,著名的英国城市地理学家,英国科学院院士,是当前国际城市规划领域著名的学者,现任英国伦敦社区研究院主任;曾在英国剑桥大学获得学士、硕士和博士学位;并曾在伦敦经济学院授课.在著名的英国雷丁大学担任过城市和社区研究系主任长达20年(1968～1988);1988～1992年任美国加州大学伯克莱分校城市和区域研究所所长,并任该校终生教授.1995～1999年任英国城乡规划协会主席.2002年被任命为英国伦敦社会研究所所长.由于其在学术上的卓越成就,1988年他被英国女王授予骑士爵位.他长期从事城市区域规划、交通和城市历史文化发展的教学和科研,著作多产而又影响广泛深远.     

Index to Volume 47

“With All Deliberate Speed”… Thirty Years Later

The Burden of Brown: Thirty Years of School Desegregation: Raymond Wolters. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tenn., 1984. 346 pp. $24.95.

The New American Dilemma: Liberal Democracy and School Desegregation: Jennifer L. Hochschild. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1984. 263 pp. $27.00 (cloth), $8.95 (paperback).

Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families: I. Anthony Lukas. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1985. 672 pp. $19.95.

Beyond Busing: Inside the Challenge to Urban Segregation: Paul R. Dimond. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1985. 424 pp. $29.95.

State Housing Policy and Urban School Segregation: Gary Orfield. Education Commission of the States, Denver, 1983. 31 pp. $3.00 (paperback).

Planning and Its Subfields: The Progressive City: Planning and Participation 1969-1984: Pierre Clavel. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J., 1986. 262 pp. $28.00 (cloth), $10.00 (paperback).

Modeling as Negotiating: The Political Dynamics of Computer Models in the Policy Process: William H. Dutton and Kenneth L. Kraemer. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, N.J., 1985. 261 pp. $34.50.

Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making: Bridging the Gap Between Analysis and Action: Harold A. Linstone. Elsevier Science Publishing, New York, 1984. 422 pp. $31.50.

Building the Strategic Plan: Find, Analyze and Present the Right Information: Stephanie K. Marrus. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984. 342 pp. $22.95.

Strategic Planning for Sponsored Project Administration: The Role of Information Management: Keith Harman and Charles R. McClure. Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn., 1985. 279 pp. $45.00.

Competition for Land in the American South: Agriculture, Human Settlement, and the Environment: Robert G. Healy. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1985, 333 pp. $17.50.

Land: The Central Human Settlement Issue: H. Peter Oberlander. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1985. 103 pp. $7.95.

Land-Saving Action: Russell L. Brenneman and Sarah M. Bates, editors. Island Press, Covelho, Calif., 1984. 265 pp. $34.95 (paperback).

Inclusionary Zoning Moves Downtown: Dwight Merriam, David J. Brower, and Philip D. Tegeler, editors. Planners Press, American Planning Association, Chicago, 1985. 233 pp. $29.95 for APA members and PAS subscribers, $33.95 for others.

Managing Development in Small Towns: David J. Brower, Candace Carraway, Thomas Pollard, and C. Luther Propst. Planners Press, American Planning Association, Chicago, 1984. 176 pp. $17.95 for APA members and PAS subscribers, $19.95 for others.

Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods: Yosef Sheffi. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1985. 399 pp. $39.95.

Transportation and Mobility in an Era of Transition: Gijsbertus R. M. Jansen, Peter Nijkamp, and Cees J. Ruijgrok, editors. Elsevier Science Publishers 6. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985. 388 pp. $59.25.

Water, Earth, and Fire: Land Use and Environmental Planning in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: Jonathan Berger and John W. Sinton. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1985. 228 pp. $25.00.

High Technology, Space, and Society: Manuel Castells, editor. Urban Affairs Annual Reviews, vol. 28. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, Calif., 1985. 320 pp. $28.00 (cloth), $14.00 (paperback).

High Hopes for High Tech: Microelectronics Policy in North Carolina: Dale Whittington, editor. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1986. 341 pp. $36.00 (cloth), $9.95 (paperback).

The Mall: An Attempted Escape from Everyday Life: Jerry Jacobs. Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Ill., 1984. 113 pp. $7.95 (paperback).

Shopping Malls: Planning and Design: Barry Maitland. Nichols Publishing Company, New York, 1985. 183 pp. $49.95.

The Malling of America: An Inside Look at the Great Consumer Paradise: William Severini Kowinski. William Morrow and Co., New York, 1985. 415 pp. $17.95.

Troubled Waters: Financing Water in the West: Rodney T. Smith. Council of State Planning Agencies, Washington, D.C., 1984. 201 pp. $17.95 (paperback).

Modeling Metropolitan Economies for Forecasting and Policy Analysis: Matthew P. Drennan. New York University Press, New York and London, 1985. 242 pp. $40.00.

Unreal City: Urban Experience in Modern European Literature and Art: Edward Timms and David Kelly, editors. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1985. 268 pp. $25.00.

Cities Perceived: Urban Society in European and American Thought, 1820-1940: Andrew Lees. Columbia University Press, New York, 1985. 360 pp. $30.00.

Urban Ethnicity in the United States: New Immigrants and Old Minorities: Lionel Maldonado and Joan Moore, editors. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, Calif., 1985. Vol. 29 of Urban Affairs Annual Reviews. 304 pp. $29.95 (cloth), $14.95 (paperback).

Minorities in the Sunbelt: Franklin J. James, Betty I. McCummings, and Eileen A. Tynen. Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., 1984. 256 pp. $12.95 (paperback).

Advertising the Amercan Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920-1940: Roland Marchand. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985. 448 pp. $35.00.

Image Worlds: Corporate Identities at General Electric, 1890-1930: David E. Nye. The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1985. 188 pp. $20.00.

Briefly Noted: Metropolis: 1890-1940: Anthony Sutcliffe, editor. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1984. 458 pp. $40.00.

People in Cities: The Urban Environment and Its Effects: Edward Krupat. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985. 235 pp. $39.95 (cloth), $12.95 (paperback).

The Decline of Transit: Urban Transportation in German and U.S. Cities, 1900-1970: Glenn Yago. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1984. 293 pp. $29.95.     

Rethinking Federal Housing Policy

Problem: Federal housing policy is made up of disparate programs that a) promote homeownership; b) assist low-income renters’ access to good-quality, affordable housing; and c) enforce the Fair Housing Act by combating residential discrimination. Some of these programs are ineffective, others have drifted from their initial purpose, and none are well coordinated with each other.

Purpose: We examine the trends, summarize the research evaluating the performance of these programs, and suggest steps to make them more effective and connected to each other.

Methods: We review the history of housing policy and programs and empirical studies of program effectiveness to identify a set of best principles and practices.

Results and conclusions: In the area of homeownership, we recommend that the federal government help the nation's housing markets quickly find bottom, privatize aspects of the secondary mortgage market, and move to eliminate the mortgage interest deduction and replace it with a 10-year homeownership tax credit. In the area of subsidized rental housing, we recommend that the current system of vouchers be regionalized (or alternatively, converted into an entitlement program that works through the income tax system), sell public housing projects to nonprofit sponsors where appropriate, and eliminate some of the rigidities in the Low Income Housing Tax Credit program. In the area of fair housing, we recommend that communities receiving Community Development Block Grants be required to implement inclusionary zoning programs.

Takeaway for practice: In general, we recommend that federal policy build on proven programs; focus on providing affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families and provide the funding to meet that goal; avoid grandiose and ideological ambitions and programs; use fewer and more coordinated programs; offer tax credits, not tax deductions; and promote residential filtering.

Research support: Partial funding support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

The anti-apartment movement in the U.S. and the role of land use regulations in creating housing segregation

In the U.S., typically, poor and minority households are concentrated in central cities, which are ringed by middle class suburbs which contain a majority of the population of the metropolitan area. The resulting segregation is largely the outcome of public policy and institutional arrangements, rather than the excesses of a free market. Land use regulations have played a central role in creating segregation among the types of housing that are affordable to different income groups. Single family only zoning is a central institution in suburban areas; often multifamily housing is limited to a very tiny portion of the land zoned for housing. Land use policies regarding housing are formulated on a municipal level, in which states have only a minimal role and the federal government has no role. Decentralization of revenue sources and fiscal support for local services, including education, provides incentives for local zoning policies which exclude groups which are viewed as more costly to service, while decentralization of zoning powers make these policies possible. This article describes 1) the basic contours of the housing stock and population distribution in metropolitan areas, 2) the evolution of the single family only policy, and 3) recent efforts to counteract housing segregation patterns, which have had little success. Kenneth K. Baar is a attorney in the Berkeley, California and has a Ph.D. in urban planning. From 1991 to 1993, he was a Fulbright professor at the Budapest University of Economic Sciences. In 1994–95 he was visiting professor in the Urban Planning Department at Columbia University in New York City.     

Housing policy outcomes in global perspective: An application of discriminant analysis

Comparative analysis of the functioning of the housing sector has been severely limited by the dearth of reliable data. In seeking to rectify this, the UNCHS and World Bank have provided data on 52 cities through their joint Housing Indicators Program. Drawing on this data set, this paper identifies the housing policy outcomes that are particularly important in distinguishing various groups of cities. This paper also provides a classification of cities on the basis of their respective housing outcomes. The empirical analysis is based on a discriminant analysis. It reveals that infrastructure expenditure per capita is the most important housing policy outcome that discriminates between the various groups of cities. This is followed by floor area per person, housing credit portfolio, percentage of unauthorized housing, and total investment in housing. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that cities which are identical on the basis of their income levels may not necessarily be identical when their housing policy outcomes constitute the criteria for such classification. This is reflected in the fact that 15 of the 52 cities were reclassified on the basis of their housing policy outcomes. Ben C. Arimah is working at the Center for Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan in Ibadan, Nigeria. His research interests include housing and urban economics, energy planning, and environmental management.     

The rhetoric and reality of housing choice: The role of urban consolidation

Abstract

In Australia, growth at the fringe has been seen as an inevitable response to a lack of affordable housing in the inner and middle zones of the major metropolitan cities. Urban consolidation was seen as one way of improving housing affordability and increasing housing choices and, at the same time, constraining outward growth. It will do so only if households forego past preferences for ownership of a detached house. This paper examines the contribution urban consolidation has made to meeting affordability and choice objectives by providing some insights into whether households are trading off tenure choices for lifestyle choices based on location and dwelling type. It also provides information on the extent of spatial polarisation of income that has contributed to the observed outcomes.     

Space over time: The changing position of the black ghetto in the United States

Ghettoization is increasingly of concern in countries around the world. The manifestation that causes the concern is known primarily from the United States. But it is not a simple phenomenon there, and has gone through many changes over the past several centuries. The article describes the ghetto of several historical periods: in the aftermath of slavery, during a period of acceptance between the two World Wars, in pursuit of integration after World War II, and as today's quite different outcast ghetto, a ghetto of exclusion, in a period during which for the first time it is perceived as a permanent component of urban society. Whether the negative results of these developments can be overcome remains a contested question. This paper expands a portion of a discussion that appeared in Marcuse (1997). Peter Marcuse is Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia. A lawyer and planner and past President of the Los Angeles Planning Commission, he is a member of Community Board 9 in Manhattan, and has written extensively on housing policy issues, the history of planning, and problems of race and of globalization. He has researched these issues in the United States, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Australia, and South Africa.     

Building Designs for Living: Studio 804 University of Kansas

Abstract

Studio 804 at the University of Kansas School of Architecture and Urban Design uses the design-build experience as a way to explore alternative models for design practice. The Studio is a collaborative workshop, whose designs are open-ended. Student participants learn both to explore new materials for typical construction applications and to invent new applications for typical materials. They learn to discover new constructive possibilities in familiar objects, sometimes in surprising ways.     

International Handbook of Urban Policy,Volume 1: Contentious Global Issues

Abstract

From the Review Editors

Place Making: Developing Town Centers, Main Streets, and Urban Villages Charles C. Bohl. Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, 2002. 305 pages. $69.95.

Redesigning Cities: Principles, Practice, Implementation Jonathan Barnett. APA Planners Press, Chicago, 2003. 312 pages. $45.95.

Principles of Emergency Planning and Management David Alexander. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. 304 pages. $30 (paperback).

Environmental Politics and Policy in Industrialized Countries Uday Desai, editor. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002. 403 pages. $62, $24.95 (paperback).

New Technologies, Economies, and Communities

New Money, Nice Town: How Capital Works in the New Urban Economy Leonard Nevarez. Routledge, New York, 2003. 224 pages. $22.95 (paperback).

Information and Communication Technologies and Rural Development Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD, Paris, 2001. 191 pages. $27.

The Co-Workplace: Teleworking in the Neighborhood Laura Johnson. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, 2003. 144 pages. $85.

Wired to the World, Chained to the Home: Telework in Daily Life Penny Gurstein. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, 2001. 246 pages. $75.

Global Decisions, Local Collisions: Urban Life in the New World Order David Ranney. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2003. $69.50, $19.95 (paperback).

Bridging the Digital Divide: Technology, Community and Public Policy Lisa J. Servon. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, 2002. 273 pages. $27.95.

Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape David M. Scobey. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 2002. 340 pages. $40.

Building Chicago: The First Hundred Years [Video]. Films for the Humanities &; Sciences (producer). Princeton, NJ, 1997. 30 minutes $129.95.

Paris in the 19th Century: The Making of a Modern City [Video]. Films for the Humanities &; Sciences (producer). Princeton, NJ, 1998. 58 minutes $149.95.

Democracy in Practice: Public Participation in Environmental Decisions Thomas C. Beierle and Jerry Cayford. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, 2002. 147 pages. $50, $18.95 (paperback).

Successful Public Meetings: A Practical Guide Elaine Cogan. American Planning Association, Chicago, 2000. 134 pages. $22.95.

The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics William Easterly. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002. 356 pages. $17.95.

American Metropolitics: The New Suburban Reality Myron Orfield. Brookings Institution Press, Baltimore, 2002. 221 pages. $29.95.

Place Matters: Metropolitics for the 21st Century Peter Dreier, John Mollenkopf, and Todd Swanstrom. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 2001. 349 pages. $15.95.

Land Use Planning Made Plain, 2nd Edition Hok-Lin Leung. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 2003. 292 pages. $29.95 (paperback).

Ecology, Engineering, and Management: Reconciling Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Service Reliability Michel van Eeten and Emery Roe. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. 268 pages. $50.

Ecological Planning: A Historical and Comparative Synthesis Forster Ndubisi. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2002. 286 pages. $45.

Developing Successful Infill Housing Diane R. Suchman. Urban Land Institute, Washington, DC, 2002. 202 pages. $59.95 (paperback).

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Urban Indicators for Managing Cities (Cities Data Book) Matthew S. Westfall and Victoria A. de Villa. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 2001. 460 pages and CD. $30.

The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources 2002–2003 Peter Gleick with William C. G. Burns, Elizabeth L. Chalecki, Michael Cohen, Katherine Kao Cushing, Amar S. Mann, Rachel Reyes, Gary H. Wolff, and Arlene K. Wong. Island Press, Washington DC, 2002. 334 pages. $32.50.

OECD Environmental Indicators: Toward Sustainable Development Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD, Paris, 2001. 155 pages. $27.

The State of the Nation's Ecosystems: Measuring the Lands, Waters, and Living Resources of the United States H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2002. 270 pages. $25.     

The different faces of private rented housing

The relation between public policy and the private rented sector is usually unclear. The private rented sector often suffers from public policy, although private landlords mostly enjoy fiscal advantages as well. In many European countries, private renting housing has been losing ground. Nevertheless, private rented housing fulfils a number of useful functions in the housing market: as a tenure for urban starters; for the elderly; and for a mobile, well-to-do segment of the population engaged in flexible labour markets. The main lines of seven country profiles are sketched here: (West) Germany, England, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Canada and the United States. In his comparative contribution at the end of this special issue, Maclennan points out that the private rented sector has indeed declined in many European countries. But he also shows that in countries like the USA, Germany and Sweden the sector has had a broadly constant share since about 1980. In the future, private rented housing will remain an attractive sector, at least for those who are unable to afford owner-occupied housing and those unable to gain access to social housing. Hugo Priemus holds the chair in housing at Delft University of Technology and he is managing director of OTB Research Institute for Housing, Urban and Mobility Studies. Duncan Maclennan is McTaggart professor at the Centre for Housing Research and Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, Great Britain.     

Market Planning,Market Planners,and Planned Markets

Abstract

From the Review Editor

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