2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢的焊接

采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW),以E2209作填充材料对2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢异种金属焊接工艺进行研究,通过优化焊接工艺参数,获得了具有良好力学性能和合适双相比例的焊接接头.接头力学性能测试表明,拉伸试样断裂发生在强度相对较低的304母材侧;2205母材侧热影响区的显微硬度值高于焊缝和2205母材,而304...     

敏化处理对不同状态304奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

研究固溶态和冷轧态304奥氏体不锈钢分别在650℃敏化2 h和24 h后的氢脆敏感性.结果表明:冷轧态与固溶态相比,因产生了应变诱导马氏体,氢脆敏感性增加;敏化处理会增加固溶态试验钢的氢脆敏感性,敏化时间越长,氢脆敏感性越高;相反,冷轧态试验钢在高温敏化时马氏体部分逆相变成奥氏体,会在一定程度上降低试验钢的氢脆敏感性,...     

304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变研究

借助X射线衍射技术,研究了304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变倾向.结果表明:C、Mn、Cr和Ni接近标准规范下限,304不锈钢的稳定性急剧下降,致使液氮内冷却后接近1/3的奥氏体转变为α'或ε马氏体,室温拉伸即形成应变诱发ε和α'马氏体,而且较小的室温变形显著增大随后液氮内冷却的热诱发α'马氏体相变倾向,但随室温预应变增大快速形成应变诱发α'马氏体,致使随后在液氮内发生热诱发α'马氏体倾向下降.此外,研究表明ε马氏体的形成及消失与α'马氏体的累积量有关.     

304和304L奥氏体不锈钢的热加工性能研究

利用Gleeble-3500热力模拟试验机分别对304与304L奥氏体不锈钢进行单道次热压缩实验,研究了材料在变形温度900～1100℃,应变速率0.01～5 s~(-1)条件下的热变形行为及组织演变规律,并基于动态材料模型(Dynamic Materials Mod-el,DMM)对比分析304与304L奥氏体不锈钢的热加工性能。结果表明:304L变形抗力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低,其流变曲线可分为加工硬化、动态回复及动态再结晶3种类型。通过构建304与304L奥氏体不锈钢的热加工图,发现当应变量为0.6时,304热加工窗口为970～1050℃、0.01～0.1 s~(-1)和1050～1100℃、0.03～1 s~(-1),并在高温低应变速率区域出现严重的流变失稳现象; 304L热加工窗口为950～1100℃、0.01～0.03 s~(-1)。对比可知304和304 L的可加工温度区间相似,但应变速率区间差异明显,合金元素含量的变化导致可加工应变速率区间向低应变速率方向移动。     

Plasma nitriding of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with pre-shot peening

AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel was plasma nitrided at the temperature ranging from 410 to 520 °C with pre-shot peening. The structural phases, micro-hardness and electrochemical behavior of the nitrided layer were investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness testing and anodic polarization testing. The effects of shot peening on the nitride formation, nitride layer growth and corrosion properties were discussed. The results showed that shot peening enhanced the nitrogen diffusion rate and led to a twice thicker nitrided layer than the un-shot peening samples under the same plasma nitriding conditions (410 °C, 4 h). The nitrided layer was composed of single nitrogen expanded austenite (S-phase) when nitriding below 480 °C, which had combined improvement in hardness and corrosion resistance.     

Microstructures and properties of friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase joining process which makes use of friction and was developed in 1991 by TWI (The Welding Institute) of Britain.¹ This welding process received attention as a joining process to solve the problems associated with fusion welding of Al alloys and active research into the applications of this technique has been progressed by numerous research institutions, at home and abroad. As a result, this process was made fit for practical use in less than ten years of development and has been applied extensively in the manufacture of aerospace equipments,² rolling stock³ and automobile components.⁴     

304奥氏体不锈钢低温盐浴渗氮处理

采用430℃低温盐浴对304奥氏体不锈钢进行渗氮处理,研究了渗氮时间对渗氮层组织和性能的影响。利用XRD衍射仪、光学显微镜、表面显微硬度计和带能谱仪(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)分别分析渗氮层的相组成、厚度、表面硬度和显微组织。结果表明:304奥氏体不锈钢在430℃渗氮不同时间后,渗氮层厚度和表面硬度都随着时间的延长而增加。渗氮时间为1 h时,渗氮层仅为单一的S相,随着渗氮时间的增加,渗氮8 h时开始有少量CrN生成,渗氮16 h时,渗氮层由大量CrN+S相两相混合。用电化学极化的方法评价耐蚀性能的结果表明:盐浴渗氮处理后耐Cl-点蚀性能得到了一定的改善,在430℃渗氮4 h,其耐蚀性能是最好的,优于没经过渗氮的试样,而在所有的渗氮试样中,渗氮8 h、16 h的试样耐点蚀性能较差。     

Phase formation during solidification of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

Following casting of AISI 304 strip, both cellular and skeletal ferrite were observed within individual austenite grains. It is proposed that solidification commences with primary austenite, γ_p, to produce cellular ferrite and further solidification results in the formation of ferrite but its subsequent epitaxial transformation to austenite at the γ_p interface produces skeletal ferrite in addition to cellular ferrite.     

304奥氏体不锈钢应变诱发马氏体的研究

用X射线衍射(XRD)、磁针法、力学性能和显微分析研究了商用热轧态和冷轧态304奥氏体不锈钢在不同变形方式下应变诱发马氏体的行为。结果表明:304钢热轧态由于存在多量碳化物和组织不均匀性,其奥氏体稳定性低,拉伸应变诱发马氏体量达40%,冷轧(固溶)态组织均匀、奥氏体稳定性高,拉伸应变诱发马氏体量仅9%;304冷轧板材扩孔、杯突成形时其切向和径向的二向拉应力有助于γ→α’转变,诱发马氏体量(30%～35%)多于单向拉应力的拉伸诱发马氏体量(8%～10%)。对于冷轧304不锈钢,在20%以上拉伸工程应变的驱动下才能较明显地诱发马氏体。304明显的强化效果(△σ达320～400 MPa)来自应变硬化和马氏体相变强化两方面:冷轧304钢的强化主要来自应变硬化本身;热轧304钢的强化不光有应变硬化的贡献,还有应变诱发的多量马氏体的重要贡献,而且后者是主要的。     

Effect of punch speed on the formability behavior of austenitic stainless steel type 304L

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of punch speed on forming limit diagram (FLD) and the formability of austenitic stainless steel type 304L. Effect of strain rate on the height of dome is studied using the hemispherical punch test. Results of this study show that strain rate has significant effect on FLD in this material and high formability obtains at low strain rate. The safe area of FLD between major and minor strains is extended under low strain rate. It is seen that at low punch speed, failure and fracture occur at the pole region (top of the dome), whereas at higher forming rates, failure occurs close to the flange region. Modeling studies are also carried out using Ls-Dyna to know the region of high stress concentration and to predict the location of fracture. There is good agreement between simulation and experimental results.     

Evaluation of sensitization in stainless steel 304 and 304L using nonlinear Rayleigh waves

Austenitic stainless steels have a wide range of applications in the energy industry, but the corrosion resistance of these stainless steels can be reduced by sensitization, particularly in the heat affected zones in welds. Sensitization is the formation of chromium carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries, causing the formation of a zone of chromium depletion around the grain boundary. Since chromium is the primary alloying element that makes stainless steel corrosion resistant, this chromium depleted zone is susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). Sensitization occurs when a stainless steel is exposed to a high temperature for an extended time period, such as during welding. The objective of this research is to determine the sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasound to the presence of sensitization by using nonlinear Rayleigh waves to quantitatively track the sensitization of 304 and 304L stainless steels as a function of holding time at 675 °C. The effect of the carbon content of the alloys (304 versus 304L) to the sensitization process and the measured nonlinearity parameter, β are investigated. Annealing of these specimens isolates the effect of just sensitization, removing the presence of cold work which can also affect the material nonlinearity. Complementary electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) measurements and microscopy are used to confirm the absence or presence of sensitization. The results show that the acoustic nonlinearity parameter is sensitive to the presence of chromium carbide precipitates in sensitized austenitic stainless steels.     

Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的高温抗氧化性能

对Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在550～800℃进行高温氧化试验,结合氧化动力学规律去研究Super304H奥氏体不锈钢的氧化机理。结果表明,Super304H奥氏体不锈钢在550～800℃氧化质量增加曲线遵循抛物线规律,在750～800℃时60 h以内氧化质量增加趋势最明显,100 h后质量增加高达0.005 mg·mm^-2。在550～750℃逐渐生成致密的氧化膜,主要由Cr₂O₃和Fe_3-xCr_xNiO₄混合氧化物和少量CuCrMnO₄构成。升高温度会促进Cr的选择性氧化,使得Cr₂O₃保护膜开裂,800℃时暴露出的Fe基体与氧原子反应生成瘤状Fe₃O₄,氧化膜厚重并伴有剥落现象。应变速率为3.2×10^-4 s^-1时,不锈钢的抗拉强度随氧化温度升高而降低,600℃的抗拉强度最大,达350 MPa; ...     

Coatings to reduce hydrogen environment embrittlement of 304 austenitic stainless steel

Electroplated Zn, Ni, Cu, Al, PVD-Ti-DLC and electroless NiP coatings as well as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen diffusion layers were investigated for their suitability to reduce hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) of 304 austenitic stainless steel. The mechanical stability of the coatings was evaluated by interrupted slow strain rate tensile testing. The Zn, Ni, Ti-DLC and NiP coatings as well as the oxygen diffusion layer cracked or delaminated at very low strains. The Cu coating was too thin and showed poorly coated areas. HEE of the underlying bulk material was not improved by any of these coatings because embrittlement always started at such coating imperfections. Al coatings showed a high ductility but could not reduce HEE of the underlying material due to a columnar structure at which the H₂ gas could get in direct contact to the substrate material. The carbon and nitrogen diffusion layers could not eliminate HEE of the 304 steel entirely but crack propagation was reduced in these layers.     

A surface study of the oxidation of type 304L stainless steel at 600 K in air

The oxidation of type 304L stainless steel at 600 K in air was studied using a number of surface-analytical techniques, including Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (SEM-EDAX), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Spectral analysis showed that a duplex oxide was formed, the outer layer of which formed rapidly and was essentially iron (III) oxide. Beneath this was a mixed iron-chromium oxide. SIMS sputter-profile curves showed region of relatively low iron concentration in the oxide film at the metal-oxide interface. This resulted from the rapid diffusion of iron within the oxide film. The oxide grain boundaries were examined using SEMEDAX. Higher chromium and silicon levels were detected in these regions compared with the corresponding grain centers. AES indicated the presence of silicon as SiO₂.     

坡口形式对SUS304奥氏体不锈钢对接接头残余应力和变形的影响

以ABAQUS软件为平台,开发了热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法用于模拟V形、K形和X形坡口SUS304奥氏体不锈钢多层多道焊对接接头的温度场、残余应力和焊接变形. 同时,采用试验的方法测量了接头的残余应力和角变形. 计算得到的焊接残余应力和角变形与实测结果吻合良好,验证了计算方法的妥当性. 试验和数值结果表明,坡口形式对接头的残余应力和角变形有显著的影响:V形坡口的高拉伸残余应力区和角变形均明显大于K形坡口和X形坡口,而K形坡口则略大于X形坡口; 坡口形式对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小.     

不同拉伸速率对SUS304不锈钢室温拉伸力学性能的影响

研究拉伸速率对SUS304不锈钢室温拉伸性能的影响,分析了材料在拉伸过程中微观组织、马氏体转变量和温度的变化。实验结果表明,当拉伸速率为0.005s-1时,材料表面温度升高明显;速率小于0.005s-1时,随着速率的减小,马氏体转变量明显增多;当速率大于0.005s-1时,马氏体转变量少,但变化不大。随着拉伸速率的提高,材料的屈服强度略有增加,抗拉强度和延伸率明显降低。基于拉伸实验结果,提出了考虑应变速率的SUS304不锈钢本构模型,该模型能较好的反映拉伸速率对真应力-应变曲线的影响规律。     

SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头的超声成像分析

利用超声波水浸聚焦入射法对1 mm厚的SUS304奥氏体不锈钢板点焊接头进行超声C扫描成像检测.分析了不同焊接工艺参数下的C扫描图像特征,甄别了飞溅、焊穿等典型焊接缺陷,并提取其对应的A扫描信号.基于C扫描图像对焊核直径进行了测量,并与焊核切口端面尺寸进行了比较.结果表明,基于超声波水浸聚焦入射法得到的C扫描图像,能有效观测焊核内部形貌特征.焊接电流超过8 kA,电极力小于2 700 N时,超声波C扫描图像中清晰反映出飞溅、焊穿等缺陷,其对应区域的A扫描信号与正常熔核区波形特征有明显差异;借助超声C扫描图像测得的焊核直径为4.39~5.25 mm.     

温度对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢离子渗氮的影响

对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢进行脉冲电流辉光离子渗氮处理,在不同处理温度(480 ℃、520 ℃、580 ℃)下渗氮8 h后,获得了一定厚度的渗氮层.通过对渗层进行金相分析和硬度测试表明,随着渗氮温度升高,渗层厚度增大,显微硬度先增大后减小.综合温度对渗层厚度与显微硬度的影响,AISI304奥氏体不锈钢卡套辉光离子渗氮温度可采用520 ℃,渗氮后渗层厚度为90 μm,显微硬度为1317 HV0.1.     

304奥氏体不锈钢冷拔过程中局部磁性形成机理

将有磁试样与无磁试样进行合金成分对比,用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜及X射线衍射仪对两种试样的显微组织、局部化学成分、物相组成等进行了分析,研究304奥氏体不锈钢冷拔过程中出现局部磁性的形成机理。结果表明,有磁试样化学成分中的Mn含量偏高而Ni含量偏低。冷拔过程中有磁试样的显微组织横向与纵向晶粒尺寸均小于无磁试样。有磁试样夹杂物中存在O、Al元素,且氧化物夹杂对局部磁性无影响。有磁试样的物相中α'-bcc马氏体的体积分数比无磁试样高7.98%。304奥氏体不锈钢的合金成分异常,造成奥氏体处于亚稳态;冷拔过程中晶格变形作用和位错增值引起马氏体相变,在材料中形成的应力集中使得马氏体转变量增大,当马氏体相含量超过临界值,出现局部磁性。     

Correlation between the degree of sensitization and stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of type 304H stainless steel

Austenitic stainless steel 304H is extensively used in the super heater tubes of power boiler due to its superior mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. However, its relatively high carbon content increases the susceptibility to sensitization and subsequent stress corrosion cracking.This work is concerned with investigation of the sensitization and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of austenitic stainless steel grade 304H. Electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test was used to evaluate the degrees of sensitization (DOS) of the studied alloy at various temperatures and periods of time. DOS increased with increasing sensitization time and temperature. This was confirmed by microstructure examination after EPR test. Boiling magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) test was used to evaluate the susceptibility of 404H stainless steel to stress corrosion cracking. DOS and test stress level had negative effects on time to failure in boiling MgCl₂. The correlation between DOS and SCC was also discussed.