吉林：依法管理 部门联合 全面完成违规水电站整改销号工作

吉林省位于我国东北地区中部,水能资源比较丰富,全省可开发水电装机容量为574.41万kW,年发电量124.20亿kW.h。其中大中型水电站已开发殆尽,农村水电可开发装机容量为172.16万kW,年发电量41.87亿kWh。目前,吉林省农村水电装机容量已达45万kW,年发电量12亿kWh,     

低碳经济背景下我国水电发展前景分析及建议

<正>一、我国水力资源概况水力资源作为清洁能源,是我国能源的重要组成部分,在能源和经济可持续发展中占有重要地位。我国水电资源居世界首位,理论蕴藏量在1万kW以上的河流共3886条,单站装机容量500kW以上水电站的技术可开发装机容量54164万kW,年发电量24740亿kWh,其中经济可开发装机容量40179.5万kW,年发电量17534亿kWh。     

我国水电开发仅占可开发装机29％

我国水利资源丰富，在能源资源中占优势地位，只要加快开发，完全可以做到优化能源结构。我国水电资源技术可开发装机容量54164万kW，年发电量为24740亿kWh，经济可开发装机容量40180万kW，年发电量17534亿kWh。     

关于我国农村水电发展战略的思考

新中国成立50多年来,特别是改革开放以后,我国农村水电发展迅速.截至2003年底,全国已建成农村水电站4万多座,总装机容量超过3000万kW、年发电量1000亿kWh,分别占全国水电装机容量和发电量的1/3.在邓小平同志的亲自倡导下,国务院先后部署开展了三批农村水电初级电气化县建设,通过开发当地丰富的水能资源,带动农村经济社会发展,提高用电水平,先后有653个县实现了初级电气化.     

加强农村水能资源管理 改善民生 服务三农

5月中旬召开的全国农村水电工作会议,水利部发布了历时两年完成的全国农村水能资源调查评价成果。调查评价表明,我国大陆地区拥有单站装机容量5万kW及以下的农村水能资源技术可开发装机总量达1．28亿kW,年发电量达5350亿kWh,分布在30个省（自治区、直辖市）的1715个县（市）;目前已开发和正在开发的装机容量及年发电量均已过半,分别达到6900多万kW和2875亿kwh。     

振兴云南经济加快澜沧江水电站连续开发

澜沧江水力资源丰富,在省境内可建14个梯级,总装机容量2076万kW,保证出力988.5万kW,年发电量1080亿kWh。梯级电站综合指标见附表一。现正在建设的澜沧江上第一个水电站——漫湾水电站装机容量150万kW,已在1987年12月实现大江截流,预计1991年发电。为了振兴云南经济,将以水电开发为先行,矿电结合,促进云南矿业开发,逐步实现云电外送。争取在2015年以前建成漫湾、小湾、大朝山、景洪和糯扎渡五座电站,装机1220万kW,年发电量626.35亿kWh。澜沧江梯级开发方案见附图一。     

在改革开放中走向辉煌——略论湖北水电建设

湖北省地处祖国中部,千河之省,1 193条江河纵横,江河蓄能,为湖北人民带来巨大的福祉。根据国家发展与改革委员会发布的全国水电资源复查成果,湖北省水电理论蕴藏量年发电量为1 507.12亿kW·h,平均功率为1 720.45万kW;技术可开发水电站为704+2/2座(两座跨省河界的水电站),装机容量为3 554.05万kW,年发电量为1 386.31亿kW·h。其中:大型水电站(装机容量30万kW及以上)有8座,装机容量为3 051.7万kW,占湖北省水电可开发总量的85.86%;中型水电站(装机容量5~30万kW)有24座,装机容量为248.65万kW,占可开发总量的7%;还有小水电站(装机容量0.5~5万kW)有674座,装机容量为253.7万kW,占可开发总量的7.14%。湖北省拥有水电可开发的资源在全国各省(市、区)的排序中,仅次于四川、云南、西藏,居全国第4位。1一组数字检验湖北省优先开发水电资源政策的硕果一个显要数字,湖北水电装机突破2 903万kW,水电年发电量超过1 199亿kW·h,湖北水电装机容量和年发电量,双双名列全国之首。如果,有人问起湖北水电的这个耀显数字的缘由,就要归根于改革开放3...     

吉林省农村水电初级电气化县建设和今后发展方向

1农村水电初级电气化县过设基本消况1．1吉林省水力资源吉林省水力资源比较丰富，经过1981年普查核定，可开发装机容量为50O．用万kw，年发电量为129．15kw·h．吉林省大型水电站已经全部开发完成，装机容量为144．9万kw，年发电量为5小65亿kw·h；中小水电资源可开发达255．间     

农村水电建设助力农村经济社会发展

“十一五”期间,农村水电装机容量由2005年的3853万kW增加到5800万kW,平均每年增加400万kW;年发电量由2005年的1209亿kWh增加到1720亿kwh,年发电量增加了500亿kWh,供电质量大幅度提高。新增发电量相当于每年节约标准煤1710万t,     

吉林省小水电十年

吉林省1980年小水电站装机容量7.34万kW,年发电量1.44亿kW·h,1990年装机达15.27万kW,年发电量突破5亿kW·h。10年间小水电装机翻了一番,发电量翻了2.5番。1990年吉林省的长白、安图、抚松县已通过验收达标,成为全国第一批农村电气化县,三县的电网覆盖率达100％,通电户率达99％。1991年国务院批准了吉林省的通化、靖宇、敦化、临江、汪清、集安等6个县为全国第二批农村水电初级电气化县。“八五”末期,吉林省中小水电装机将达25万kW,年发电量近8亿kW·h。到2000年全省中小水电总装机达到35.2万kW,年发电量达到11亿kW·h。     

长江中游四大家鱼发江生态水文因子分析及生态水文目标确定

基于长江中游四大家鱼发江量历次调查数据,采用宜昌站作为长江中游水文情势变化分析的控制站,基于其1900~2004年共105年的日径流资料,采用每年5~6月涨水过程数、总涨水日数、平均每次涨水过程日数等3项生态水文指标,分析了四大家鱼发江量与3项生态水文因子的变化关系,认为产卵场所处江段每年5~6月的总涨水日数是决定家鱼苗发江量多寡的一个重要环境因子。根据IHA方法,对宜昌站105年来的生态水文指标分析表明,长江宜昌站生态水文过程的改变并不明显,5~6月总涨水日数变化趋势不显著,显示长江中游影响四大家鱼苗发江量的生态流量过程改变不明显,与前人得出的葛洲坝枢纽修建后四大家鱼的产卵条件和卵苗江汛规律没有变化这一认识一致。但是,随着三峡水库的运行,下游河道的生态环境流量过程会有较大改变,本文建议三峡水库的调控以保障长江中游每年5~6月的总涨水日数维持在22.1±7.2范围内为生态水文目标,即可从生态环境流量过程方面补偿水利工程对中游四大家鱼鱼苗发江量的影响。     

Seminar on Water and Energy,Stockholm, Sweden,August 21, 2005

Abstract

In Europe the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) will have major implications for water resources management. Part of the Directive requires Member States to implement a comprehensive system of controls (licences) on the allocation and abstraction (withdrawal) of surface and groundwater resources. This paper describes the development of a procedure to help assess and set abstraction licences for agricultural irrigation. The methodology is described with reference to Scotland, a country with limited abstraction control previously and where irrigation is supplemental to rainfall. The methodology combines spatial climatic information using a Geographical Information System (GIS) with data derived from a water balance computer model. The procedure enables the volumetric irrigation demand in a ‘design’ dry year for a given site to be estimated, taking into account local variations in climate, soil type, land use and irrigation practices. The approach provides a scientifically robust framework to allow the regulatory authority to assess the ‘reasonable’ water requirements of individual irrigators and hence develop allocations to satisfy the range of competing demands (e.g. agriculture, industry, and environment) on water resources. The methodology is applicable in other temperate countries where water abstraction controls are required and where appropriate datasets are available. The application of the procedure and its methodological limitations are described.     

Stakeholder-driven,enquiry-driven,or stakeholder-relevant,enquiry-driven science?

There is currently debate within the international hydrological community on whether hydrological science should give priority to providing measurements, knowledge, and understanding pre-determined as being needed by stakeholders, or priority to more basic enquiry-driven science that will stimulate the continued health and growth of hydrology as an important Earth science discipline. Two recent major international initiatives in hydrology reflect these two perspectives. One, the Hydrology for the Environment, Life, and Policy (HELP) program, is primarily fostered by UNESCO-IHP and is focused on stimulating the stakeholder-driven hydrological science required in specific catchments that have become members of a global network. The second, the decade on Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB), which is appropriately managed by IAHS, is primarily driven by scientific enquiry and is focused on creating new scientific methods and understanding, albeit with practical application ultimately in mind. This paper summarizes the nature, origins, growth, and progress of these two international programs but also describes the subtly different approach that has been adopted by the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF's) Center for Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (SAHRA). NSF is a federal agency whose primary goal is to ‘enable the future’ by stimulating novel science. Because SAHRA is a federally-funded entity supported by an agency with this goal, the Center clearly cannot operate in stakeholder-driven, response mode in competition with the already effective private U.S. consultancy industry. Nonetheless, SAHRA's mission is to create knowledge and build understanding that will enhance the prospects of sustainable water management in semi-arid regions, especially the southwestern U.S. To resolve this apparent conflict, SAHRA looks ahead to future stakeholder needs and builds its research agenda around selected critical stakeholder-relevant questions that require substantial and sustained investment in basic, multidisciplinary, enquiry-driven science. This paper describes SAHRA's approach and reports on associated research and outreach activities.     

Growth,Reproduction, Mortality,Distribution, and Biomass of Freshwater Drum in Lake Erie

Predominant age-groups in the Lake Erie freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens population were 3, 4, and 5 as determined from gill net, trap net, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl samples. Age and growth calculations indicated that females grew faster than males. However, the length-weight relation did not differ between sexes and was described by the equation: log W = ?5.4383 + 3.1987 log L. Some males became sexually mature at age 2 and all were mature by age 6. Females matured 1 year later than males. Three sizes of eggs were present in ovaries; the average total number was 127,000 per female for 20 females over a length range of 270 to 478 mm. Seasonal analysis of the ovary-body weight ratio indicated that spawning extended from June to August. A total annual mortality rate of 49% for drum aged 4 through 11 was derived from catch-curve analysis. Freshwater drum were widely distributed throughout Lake Erie in 1977–1979, the greatest concentration being in the western basin. They moved into warm, shallow water (less than 10 m deep) during summer, and returned to deeper water in late fall. Summer biomass estimates for the western basin, based on systematic surveys with bottom trawls, were 9,545 t in 1977 and 2,333 t in 1978.     

水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法综述

在总结水-能源-粮食纽带关系研究中, 使用频率较高或潜力较大的 8 种水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法为: 水-能源-粮食纽带关系工具 2.0( WEF Nexus Tool 2.0) ; 生命周期评价( LCA) ; 可计算的一般均衡模型( CGE) ; 系统动力学模型( SD) ; 气候、土地、能源与水资源策略( CLEWS) ; 基于社会生态系统代谢的多尺度综合评价( MuSIASEM ) ; 市场配置/ 市场配置系统集成模型( MARKAL/ TIMES) 和水资源评价规划模型-长期能源替代规划系统 ( WEAP2LEAP) 。通过总结各研究方法的产生、发展及特性, 并引用案例讨论其适用范围, 分析其优缺点和在使用 时需要注意的问题。在此基础上, 对未来水2能源2粮食纽带关系定量研究方法的发展趋势进行讨论, 认为伴随可持 续发展问题关注度的上升与水-能源-粮食纽带关系内在机理的挖掘, 未来的水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法将 更加注重量化的精确性和数据的互通以及跨学科研究和多方法的耦合。本文可为水-能源-粮食纽带关系定量研究方法的选择和更新优化提供参考。     

Survival,Growth, and Movement of Subadult Humpback Chub,Gila Cypha,in the Little Colorado River,Arizona

Ecologists estimate vital rates, such as growth and survival, to better understand population dynamics and identify sensitive life history parameters for species or populations of concern. Here, we assess spatiotemporal variation in growth, movement, density, and survival of subadult humpback chub living in the Little Colorado River, Grand Canyon, AZ from 2001–2002 and 2009–2013. We divided the Little Colorado River into three reaches and used a multistate mark‐recapture model to determine rates of movement and differences in survival and density between sites for different cohorts. Additionally, site‐specific and year‐specific effects on growth were evaluated using a linear model. Results indicate that summer growth was higher for upstream sites compared with downstream sites. In contrast, there was not a consistent spatial pattern across years in winter growth; however, river‐wide winter growth was negatively related to the duration of floods from 1 October to 15 May. Apparent survival was estimated to be lower at the most downstream site compared with the upstream sites; however, this could be because in part of increased emigration into the Colorado River at downstream sites. Furthermore, the 2010 cohort (i.e. fish that are age 1 in 2010) exhibited high apparent survival relative to other years. Movement between reaches varied with year, and some years exhibited preferential upstream displacement. Improving understanding of spatiotemporal effects on age 1 humpback chub survival can help inform current management efforts to translocate humpback chub into new locations and give us a better understanding of the factors that may limit this tributary's carrying capacity for humpback chub. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.