输油气管网系统的优化设计与实施

石油、天然气的输送是通过管道传递的,随着老油田和老气田新区块的开发,多条输油气管组成了一个庞大的输油气管网系统。由于输油气管网系统在运行过程中经常出现油气供应不足现象,为了进一步提高油田的生产效率,有必要对油气集输管网进行布局优化,促使管网以更高的效率运行,减少对于油气集输管网的维护工作,降低油田生产成本。     

油气集输工艺流程优化

油气集输是油田生产关键环节,通过油气集输生产过程,得到合格的油气水,满足油田生产的技术要求。对油气集输工艺流程进行优化,能够提高油气集输设备运行的效率,降低油气集输生产的成本,不断提高油气集输系统的效率。     

油气集输管网布局优化的发展措施

油田开采完成后,油气到达地面需要通过集输生产进行分离处理,集输系统的科学性直接影响油田产能效果。因此需要加强对油气集输的控制和管理,通过集输管网的布局优化,达到更好的生产效果。本文主要对油气集输管网布局优化的内涵和意义进行分析,并探究管网布局的优化措施。     

油气集输工艺流程优化

油田生产过程中,油井产物是油气水三相的混合物,经过分离处理,才能获得最佳的石油和天然气,满足油田生产的技术要求。对油气集输的工艺流程进行优化,降低油气集输处理过程中的资金投入,提高油田油气集输处理的经济效益,促进油田生产健康发展。     

油气集输管网运行参数模糊优化研究

油田集输系统是由油气集输、注水、供水和采出水处理管网组成的一个十分复杂的多级流体网络系统,对于油田正常生产和运行有着重要的意义。为减小投资,提高经济效益,油田集输系统优化设计方法的研究十分必要。本文运用模糊数学方法,在油气集输管网的拓扑结构给定的基础上,以生产运行工艺参数和管线管径为设计变量,以管网系统投资和生产运行能耗最小为目标,建立了多级星式集输管网系统多目标参数优化设计问题的数学模型及求解策略。将模糊优化得到的设计方案和SUMT-POWELL混合算法方案进行对比,验证模型推导及程序编制的正确性。     

油气集输工艺流程优化

油田开发过程中,优化设计油气集输工艺流程,能够使油气水的分离处理更加灵活,以最少的投入,得到最佳的油气产量。对油气集输流程进行优化处理,能够降低油流的摩擦阻力,提高油气集输的生产效率。     

如何降低回压在生产工程中的影响

由于油稠、集输管线长和管线输送液量增加等原因造成井口回压高,而井口回压关系着井口产液量、抽油设备能耗、抽油设备使用年限等问题。针对目前孔店油田的这些生产实际情况,通过优化油田的地面集输管网、利用油气混输技术、降低集输系统末端压力等方法,降低了油田开发过程中地面工艺系统出现的高回压问题。对提高油田工艺技术水平和开发效益,确保油田的长期稳产具有重要指导意义。     

油井常温集输工艺在跃进二号油田的应用与实践

跃进二号油田作为青海油田原油生产主力油田之一,自90年开发至今已达30万t／年,采用双管掺水密闭集输流程。经过十几年开发,油气集输系统高能耗、低效率的矛盾已严重制约油田开发。如何在现有集输管网安全运行,降低系统能耗,确保长期稳产,是提高油田开发水平的关键。本文通过理论计算和现场试验,提出了油井单井常温集输工艺流程,并对流程适用范围进行了界定。为本油田下步调整改造提供了科学依据。     

油井常温集输工艺在跃进二号油田的应用与实践

跃进二号油田作为青海油田原油生产主力油田之一,自90年开发至今已达30万吨／年产,采用双管掺水密闭集输流程。经过十几年开发,油气集输系统高能耗、低效率的矛盾已严重制约油田开发。如何在现有集输管网安全运行,降低系统能耗,确保长期稳产,是提高油田开发水平的关键。本文通过理论计算和现场试验,提出了油井单井常温集输工艺流程,并对流程适用范围进行了界定。为本油田下步调整改造提供了科学依据。     

油田油气集输与处理工艺

为了满足人们对石油的需求,需要大力发展我国的石油行业,提高油田工程的效率,必须解决油田油气集输中存在的问题,优化油气集输处理工艺。本文主要分析油气集输存在的问题,探讨油气集输与处理工艺,提出优化油气集输处理工艺的有效措施,降低油田生产的能耗,减少油田开采的生产成本,提高油田工程的效率,保证油田工程的发展适应新时代。     

乙苯,苯乙烯的生产及合成乙苯,苯乙烯催化剂的研究进展

苯乙烯是重要的石油化工原料。本文介绍了国内外苯乙烯生产的发展概况，合成乙苯，苯乙烯所用的催化剂种类，并就苯乙烯生产及催化剂的发展趋势提出了自己的观点。     

Synthesis and characterization of homopolymers and copolymers of various acrylates and acrylonitrile

Various homopolymers and copolymers of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile in different feed ratios were synthesized. These were characterized by IR, ¹³C-NMR, DSC, DTA, and TGA. Spectroscopic characterization helped in differentiating copolymers of different mol ratios. Thermal analysis revealed different degradation patterns for homopolymers and copolymers. The temperature and energy changes associated with various phase transitions were dependent on the chemical composition of homo- and copolymers, as expected. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生物质气化及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用

总结了生物质原料的特点及生物质单独气化的缺点;介绍了国内外生物质气化技术及生物质与煤共气化技术的研发与应用现状;分析了在此领域国内外的发展趋势与前景;概括了开展生物质与煤共气化技术研发的意义。     

Electronic structures and reactivities of monometallic and bimetallic clusters of Au and Cu

The variation of the Au 4f binding energy of Au clusters with the cluster size has been established by measuring the binding energies of clusters whose size distributions were independently determined by HREM and STM. The binding energy increases significantly when the cluster size is less than 2 nm. Au-Cu bimetallic clusters of the composition Cu₃Au have been deposited for the first time on carbon substrates. The shifts in the core level binding energies of the bimetallic clusters show the effect of alloying in the case of large clusters, but show effects of both alloying and cluster size in the case of the small clusters. The interaction of CO with Cu₃Au clusters is stronger than with a bulk Cu metal. The interaction of CO with small Cu clusters also seems to be stronger than with bulk Cu or with large Cu clusters.     

钾盐资源及钾肥供需情况分析及预测

阐述了国内外钾盐资源及钾肥生产现状,对国内外钾盐的供需形势进行了分析及预测,从资源、原材料、国际市场三方面提出了解决我国钾盐短缺的措施。     

Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Mono- and Polyacetals

Abstract

Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation of 6 acetals by molecular oxygen and ozone in liquid phase have been studied. Reaction with molecular oxygen (70°C, 15–16 hr) leads to the formation monoethers of the corresponding glycols with 68–90% selectivity. Salts of metals and complexes with crown-ethers have increased the reaction rate significally. Ozone have reacted with acetals with formation similar products. The mechanisms of intermediate stages have been proposed.     

Comparison of the Adhesion and Cohesion of Triblock and Random Copolymers of Styrene and Butadiene

A substantially greater detachment energy is required to strip a polyethylene tereph-thalate (Mylar) film from a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer compared to that for peeling from a random styrene-butadiene (SBR) copolymer. This is true even though the intrinsic interaction between the Mylar and each elastomer is expected to be similar because of their virtually identical chemical composition. It is proposed that this difference in peel strength (between the SBS and SBR) is a consequence of the much higher dissipative capacity of the former elastomer. Another manifestation of this is the higher cohesive tear strength of the SBS compared to the SBR. Extents of energy dissipation within each elastomer during detachment of the Mylar adherend are consistent with the hypothesis that the average maximum stress experience before detachment is some similar fraction of each elastomer's tensile strength.     

责任和责任心的涵义与结构

责任是人应主动承担的角色义务和对其因过失所造成后果应承担的责罚.有两层涵义:一是义务;二是后果.责任心是个体自觉做好分内事务和履行道德义务的心理倾向,是个性心理品质成分中自我特征维度上的重要内容.责任心具有两个方面的涵义:一是角色分内职责;二是角色道德义务.责任心是一种通过责任认知、责任个性和责任适应的动态形式表现出来的静态品质,责任心是责任心过程结构与责任心关系结构相互制约、相互影响的统一体.     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和丙烯酰胺的合成及应用

用复合引发体系(过硫酸盐-偶氮类引发剂)和脂肪胺类氧化还原体系引发,在实验室获得了单体转化率≥98%,特性粘数高于13.6 dL/g的阳离子共聚物PDA,探讨了控制聚合物分子量的影响因素.     

Wetting properties of homopolymers and copolymers of pentafluorostyrene and methylacrylate and homopolymer blends

Polypentafluorostyrene (PPFS), polymethylacrylate (PMA), and poly(pentafluorostyrene-co-methylacrylate), poly(PFS-co-MA) were prepared and the wetting characteristics of polymer blends of PPFS and PMA were compared with that of poly(PFS-co-MA) via contact angle measurements. The critical surface tension of polypentafluorostyrene was found to be 22.6 dyne/cm, which is comparable to the value reported for polytrifluoroethylene (22 dyne/cm). The critical surface tension of poly(PFS-co-MA) is not linearly related to its composition. The polymer blends of PPFS and PMA exhibit significant surface enrichment of the fluoropolymer. The harmonic-mean method¹ was employed to determine surface tensions of these polymers and many known polymers. It is found that the method produces useful surface tension data provided the contact angle values are derived from testing liquids of dissimilar polarity.