钯催化剂在燃料电池阳极中的研究进展

钯(Pd)作为燃料电池阳极催化剂,具有重要的市场应用前景。从纯Pd催化剂,负载型Pd催化剂,Pd基合金催化剂3个方面综述了近年来Pd催化剂在燃料电池阳极中的研究进展,介绍了其结构形态、载体、掺杂元素等对Pd催化剂的催化性能的影响。     

海底微生物燃料电池阳极锰盐改性及产电性能研究

阳极是限制海底微生物燃料电池输出功率的关键因素,通过改性阳极,可望提高微生物燃料电池性能.本文利用MnSO4氧化还原介体修饰石墨阳极,研究了MnSO4含量对阳极和电池产电性能的影响.结果表明,锰离子可有效加速电子转移,当阳极MnSO4的含量为4%时,阳极性能最好,电池内阻最小,最大输出功率密度为51.64mW/m2,是...     

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂是影响该类电池性能的关键技术之一，从铂基合金催化剂，铂-金属大环化合物催化刑，导电聚合物为载体的复合催化剂，以及非贵金属催化剂四方面综述了直接甲醇燃料电池阳极催化剂的研究进展。     

甲酸燃料电池中Pd催化剂失活机理研究进展

催化剂是影响燃料电池性能及其产业化进程的关键技术之一。本文在简要介绍直接甲酸燃料电池电催化反应的基础上综述了其阳极Pd催化剂的失活机制的研究进展。     

液相进样直接甲醇燃料电池性能研究

采用商品PtRu黑和Pt黑催化剂制备成甲醇阳极和氧阴极,Nafion(R)-117为固体电解质膜,组装成活性面积为6.4516cm2的单电池,研究了单电池的极化与功率特性以及单电池在放电运转过程中各种操作条件,如甲醇进样浓度、阴极氧化剂种类和压力、操作温度、燃料和氧化剂的进样方向等对单电池性能的影响,并考察了单电池的放电性能.结果表明:单电池极化曲线由3个特征区构成,最大功率密度约为15mW/cm2;甲醇浓度对单电池性能的影响与单电池运行温度有关;较之纯氧,以空气作为氧化剂时单电池的性能有所降低,随着空气压力的增加单电池的性能有所提高;随着操作温度的升高单电池性能明显改善;阳极甲醇由下往上进样,同时阴极空气由上往下进样时单电池性能最好;单电池在放电过程中具有性能自恢复特征.     

微生物燃料电池阳极材料及结构研究现状

微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,MFC)阳极是细菌附着、电子传递、底物和产物传输的场所,是影响电池性能的关键因素之一。综述了应用于MFC中阳极材料,如不同结构碳材料的优劣、金属及金属氧化物的性能,也对阳极材料的表面改性方法进行了汇总。     

新型电解质及添加剂对镁空气电池界面调控研究进展

镁空气电池因其高能量密度和环境友好性而备受关注,但镁阳极/电解质界面存在不可逆的电解-沉积、阳极自腐蚀和氢气析出等问题,严重影响电池的稳定性、安全性、寿命和功率密度。电解质调控是改善阳极/电解质界面的性质进而提高镁空气电池的综合性能的重要手段,综述了最近用于镁空气电池的电解质添加剂及新型电解质的研究和开发进展。电解质添加剂涉及无机、有机和复合型三大类,它们可以抑制阳极腐蚀、增强离子电导率、提高阳极效率等;新型电解质主要包括新型水系电解质和凝胶电解质,前者可以削弱析氢等有害副反应,后者可以规避漏液且具有高离子导电率和较低漏电流等优点。未来开发更多新型电解质添加剂及新型电解质是提升镁空气电池性能和稳定性的有效途径。     

镁合金海水电池阳极材料电化学性能研究进展

镁及镁合金以其低密度、高电化学活性、高比容量等优点成为优异的海水电池阳极材料,自20世纪40年代以来备受关注.镁合金作海水电池阳极材料常用于Mg/C海水溶解氧电池及Mg/AgCl、Mg/PbCl或Mg/CuCl海水激活电池.目前常见的镁合金海水电池阳极材料体系为Mg-Al-Zn、Mg-Hg-Ga及Mg-Al-Pb系,此类材料能够满足大部分海下工作设备尤其是小功率用电设备的用电需求.然而,对海下大功率用电设备(如鱼雷等)而言,镁海水电池仍存在一些亟待解决的问题,如由于负差数效应、放电产物膜钝化、电压滞后及粒子脱附等问题导致电池阳极利用率低、放电活性下降.目前提高镁合金阳极材料放电性能的思路主要为合金化、改变加工工艺及微观组织特征三个方面.常见海水电池用镁合金阳极材料合金化元素Al、Zn、Hg、Ga、Pb、In、Sn等通过改变合金微观组织特征调控合金的电化学性能,取得了显著的成果;加工工艺(如均匀化热处理、挤压、轧制后退火等)通过均匀合金微观组织、细化晶粒尺寸、破碎粗大第二相粒子、减少塑性变形导致的晶内缺陷以减少析氢副反应、提高阳极利用率;微观组织如杂质及成分均匀性、第二相粒子、晶粒尺寸、织构及放电产物膜等对镁合金阳极放电性能的影响视其特征而定.本文归纳了近年来镁及镁合金作海水电池阳极材料时电化学性能提升方面的研究进展,分别从合金化、加工工艺及微观组织特征三个方面综述了镁合金电化学性能的影响因素及其作用机理,分析了镁合金海水电池阳极材料电化学性能存在的问题及其应用前景,以期为提高镁合金阳极材料放电性能及发展镁合金海水电池提供参考.     

海底沉积物层镁阳极化学燃料电池构建及性能研究

研究了一种新型电池结构:海底沉积层镁阳极燃料电池。测试了镁阳极在海底沉积物层的应用性能,研究了组装电池的功率输出,阴、阳极极化性能及长期放电特征。结果表明,电池开路电压1.947 V,电池最大功率密度44.33 mW/cm2,自腐蚀速率(放电电流密度)0.009 mA/cm2,电流密度较大,电位较负,在外接负载条件下长期工作性能稳定。     

GNP法制备固体氧化物燃料电池复合阳极材料CuxCo1-x-SDC的研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐法制备了CuxCo1-xO-SDC复合阳极材料。利用电化学工作站测试了其电化学性能,使用SEM、电导率、红外、差热-热重分析仪对CuxCo1-xO-SDC进行表征。研究结果表明,在Cu基阳极中加入一种具有高催化活性的金属钴,阳极表现出很好的催化活性,提高了电池的电化学性能。     

Hydrogen Storage Alloy and Carbon Nanotubes Mixed Catalyst in a Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell

In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were mixed with AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy (HSA), as catalyst for an anode in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC). As comparision, a series of traditional carbon materials, such as acetylene black, Vulcan XC-72R, and super activated carbon (SAC) were also employed. Electrochemical measurements showed that the electrocatalytic activity of HSA was improved greatly by CNTs. The current density of the DBFC employing the HSA/CNTs catalytic anode could reach 1550 mA·cm-2 (at -0.6 V vs the Hg/HgO electrode) and the maximum power density of 65 mW·cm-2 for this cell could be achieved at room temperature. Furthermore, the life time test lasting for 60 h showed that the cell displayed a good stability.     

纳米金属氧化物基锂离子电池负极材料研究进展

负极材料是锂离子电池的重要组成部分,目前商用锂离子电池的负极材料石墨的理论比容量仅为372 mAh/g,严重制约了锂离子电池的进一步发展。在众多的锂离子电池负极材料新体系中,金属氧化物具有理论比容量高、价格低廉、环境相容性好等优点,受到广泛关注,但是其存在导电性差、充放电体积变化大等缺点。研究发现,纳米化可以在保持金属氧化物优点的同时克服其缺点,因此成为金属氧化物基负极材料的研究热点。本文对近期纳米金属氧化物基锂离子电池负极材料研究的主要成果进行综述,着重关注几种具有代表性的金属氧化物及其复合物的纳米结构设计与性能优化,并为后续相关研究提出建议。     

Rapidly Constructing Sodium Fluoride-Rich Interface by Pressure and Diglyme-Induced Defluorination Reaction for Stable Sodium Metal Anode

Sodium (Na) metal is able to directly use as a battery anode but have a highly reductive ability of unavoidably occurring side reactions with organic electrolytes, resulting in interfacial instability as a primary factor in performance decay. Therefore, building stable Na metal anode is of utmost significance for both identifying the electrochemical performance of laboratory half-cells employed for quantifying samples and securing the success of room-temperature Na metal batteries. In this work, we propose an NaF-rich interface rapidly prepared by pressure and diglyme-induced defluorination reaction for stable Na metal anode. Once the electrolyte is dropped into the coin-type cells followed by a slight squeeze, the Na metal surface immediately forms a protective layer consisting of amorphous carbon and NaF, effectively inhibiting the dendrite growth and dead Na. The resultant Na metal anode exhibits a long-term cycling lifespan over 1800 h even under the area capacity of 3.0 mAh cm⁻². Furthermore, such a universal and facile method is readily applied in daily battery assembly regarding Na metal anode.     

锂/硫电池的研究现状、问题及挑战

锂/硫电池是以金属锂为负极、单质硫为正极而构筑的二次电池体系。锂/硫电池具有高的理论能量密度 (2600 Wh/kg), 成为最具发展潜力的高能化学电源体系。但这种基于溶解?沉积反应的锂/硫电池体系仍面临一些无法避免的问题, 包括金属锂负极的显著结构变化、硫正极材料存在的活性物质利用率低和循环性能差等缺点, 制约了锂/硫电池的发展。本文结合近年来关于锂/硫电池的突破进展, 简要阐述了锂/硫电池的研究现状、问题及面临的挑战。     

Commencing an Acidic Battery Based on a Copper Anode with Ultrafast Proton‐Regulated Kinetics and Superior Dendrite‐Free Property

Building aqueous acidic batteries is in its infancy. There are several sporadic attempts that show desirable electrochemical performance, especially rate stability and high power density. The direct use of a metal anode is regarded as the best protocol for fabricating metal‐based batteries. However, introducing an acid‐tolerant and electrochemically reversible metal anode into an acidic aqueous battery system remains a considerable challenge. In this work, copper (Cu) metal is used as a reversible metal anode to match acidic regimes with a nearly 100% deposition–dissolution efficiency. The reaction kinetics and mechanism of the Cu anode can be regulated by protons with 400% kinetic acceleration compared with a mild electrolyte. In addition, the anode exhibits a dendrite‐free morphology after cycling due to the surface roughening effect, which is different from the morphologies of widely used Zn‐ and Li‐metal anodes. When coupled with the Prussian blue analog as cathodes, the battery delivers ultrafast kinetics of 1830 W kg^?1 at 75 C, which is comparable to the power performance of supercapacitors. Long‐term cyclic stability is evaluated, where the capacity retention is 85.6% after 5000 cycles. Finally, flexible fiber‐shaped acidic Cu‐based batteries are demonstrated for potential wearable applications.     

非贵金属/碳氮复合材料电催化析氧反应的研究进展

析氧反应(OER)是一种复杂的四电子转移反应,其动力学缓慢、所需能量高,制约了电解水制氢等新型能源技术的发展.近年来,非贵金属复合材料因其优异的催化活性以及相比于贵金属基催化剂的成本优势而受到广泛关注.本文概述了这一研究领域的最新进展,首先简要介绍析氧反应的机理以及材料催化性能的评价方法,重点关注非贵金属/碳氮复合材料...     

Recent advances in metals and metal oxides as catalysts for vanadium redox flow battery:Properties,structures,and perspectives

Vanadium redox flow battery(VRFB)is a kind of battery with wide application prospect.Electrode mate-rial is one of the key components of VRFB,and its stability directly affects the performance of battery.Among all kinds of electrode materials,carbon-based material has the best comprehensive properties.However,carbon-based electrodes still have disadvantages such as poor hydrophilicity and low electro-chemical activity which need to be improved.One of the effective ways to improve the performance of electrode is to modify carbon-based material with metals and metal oxides.The metal catalysts have excellent electrical conductivity and high catalytic activity.The metal oxide catalysts have the advan-tages of low cost,wide variety and strong oxidizing properties.This work introduced the application of metal and metal oxide modified electrodes in VRFB in recent years,classified the catalysts,studied their catalytic performance and mechanism.The metal catalysts were reviewed from precious metals and base metals.The metal oxide catalysts were classified and discussed according to the similar proper-ties of the same group elements.This work compared different modification methods,summarized the research progress of metal and metal oxide modification,and proposes the future development direction of electrodes and catalysts.     

石墨烯及其复合材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究进展

石墨烯作为一种锂离子电池负极材料表现出优异的电化学性能。本文介绍了石墨烯负极材料、金属/石墨烯复合材料、金属氧化物/石墨烯复合材料和其他石墨烯复合材料的研究现状,阐述了石墨烯作为负极材料的优越性,展望了石墨烯及其复合复合材料在锂离子电池负极材料中的应用前景。     

Bending‐Tolerant Anodes for Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Bendable energy‐storage systems with high energy density are demanded for conformal electronics. Lithium‐metal batteries including lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen cells have much higher theoretical energy density than lithium‐ion batteries. Reckoned as the ideal anode, however, Li has many challenges when directly used, especially its tendency to form dendrite. Under bending conditions, the Li‐dendrite growth can be further aggravated due to bending‐induced local plastic deformation and Li‐filaments pulverization. Here, the Li‐metal anodes are made bending tolerant by integrating Li into bendable scaffolds such as reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) films. In the composites, the bending stress is largely dissipated by the scaffolds. The scaffolds have increased available surface for homogeneous Li plating and minimize volume fluctuation of Li electrodes during cycling. Significantly improved cycling performance under bending conditions is achieved. With the bending‐tolerant r‐GO/Li‐metal anode, bendable lithium–sulfur and lithium–oxygen batteries with long cycling stability are realized. A bendable integrated solar cell–battery system charged by light with stable output and a series connected bendable battery pack with higher voltage is also demonstrated. It is anticipated that this bending‐tolerant anode can be combined with further electrolytes and cathodes to develop new bendable energy systems.     

Dual‐Function,Tunable, Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for High‐Performance Li Metal–Sulfur Full Cell

Lithium metal–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are attracting broad interest because of their high capacity. However, the batteries experience the polysulfide shuttle effect in cathode and dendrite growth in the Li metal anode. Herein, a bifunctional and tunable mesoporous carbon sphere (MCS) that simultaneously boosts the performance of the sulfur cathode and the Li anode is designed. The MCS homogenizes the flux of Li ions and inhibits the growth of Li dendrites due to its honeycomb structure with high surface area and abundance of nitrogen sites. The Li@MCS cell exhibits a small overpotential of 29 mV and long cycling performance of 350 h under the current density of 1 mA cm^‐2. Upon covering one layer of amorphous carbon on the MCS (CMCS), an individual carbon cage is able to encapsulate sulfur inside and reduce the polysulfide shuttle, which improves the cycling stability of the Li–S battery. As a result, the S@CMCS has a maximum capacity of 411 mAh g^‐1 for 200 cycles at a current density of 3350 mA g^‐1. Based on the excellent performance, the full Li–S cell assembled with Li@MCS anode and S@CMCS cathode shows much higher capacity than a cell assembled with Li@Cu anode and S@CMCS cathode.