高效率快热阴极组件技术

部分微波管的特殊使用条件要求阴极具有快速启动能力,即要求阴极组件加电后在十几秒甚至更短的时间内达到一定的发射电流。同时,还要求快热阴极组件具有良好的耐振动、冲击能力。本文介绍了高效率快热阴极组件的设计原则,并给出了一种多注速调管用快热多注阴极的设计实例,该阴极组件已经成功应用于某多注速调管,并具有良好的快热性能。     

A Metal-Like Conductive Elastomer with a Hierarchical Wrinkled Structure

For the development of wearable electronics, the replacement of rigid, metallic components with fully elastomeric materials is crucial. However, current elastomeric electrodes suffer from low electrical conductivity and poor electrical stability. Herein, a metal-like conductive elastomer with exceptional electrical performance and stability is presented, which is used to fabricate fully elastomeric electronics. The key feature of this material is its wrinkled structure, which is induced by in situ cooperation of solvent swelling and densely packed nanoparticle assembly. Specifically, layer-by-layer assembly of metal nanoparticles and small-molecule linkers on elastomers generates the hierarchical wrinkled elastomer. The elastomer demonstrates remarkable electrical conductivity (170 000 and 11 000 S cm⁻¹ at 0% and 100% strain, respectively), outperforming previously reported elastomeric electrodes based on nanomaterials. Furthermore, a fully elastomeric triboelectric nanogenerator based on wrinkled elastomeric electrode exhibits excellent electric power generation performance due to the compressible, large contact area of the wrinkled surface during periodic contact and separation.     

用于空间行波管的高效率覆膜阴极组件的研究

首先设计并研制出符合空间行波管要求的高效覆膜阴极组件，采用高温钨-钴焊料，将阴极焊接在阴极筒上，增加了阴极的耐冲击性能，阴极组件采用两层热屏，第一层热屏采用热传导率低的金属钛，提高了阴极组件的热效率，其加热效率比常用的钽金属提高10％以上，在950℃工作温度下，其发射电流密度可达3．75A／cm^2。     

Layer‐by‐Layer Assembled Oxide Nanoparticle Electrodes with High Transparency,Electrical Conductivity,and Electrochemical Activity by Reducing Organic Linker‐Induced Oxygen Vacancies

Solution‐processable transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanoparticle (NP)–based electrodes are limited by their low electrical conductivity, which originates from the low level of oxygen vacancies within NPs and the contact resistance between neighboring NPs. Additionally, these electrodes suffer from the troublesome trade‐off between electrical conductivity and optical transmittance and the restricted shape of substrates (i.e., only flat substrates). An oxygen‐vacancy‐controlled indium tin oxide (ITO) NP‐based electrode is introduced using carbon‐free molecular linkers with strong chemically reducing properties. Specifically, ITO NPs are layer‐by‐layer assembled with extremely small hydrazine monohydrate linkers composed of two amine groups, followed by thermal annealing. This approach markedly improves the electrical conductivity of ITO NP‐based electrodes by significantly increasing the level of oxygen vacancies and decreasing the interparticle distance (i.e., contact resistance) without sacrificing optical transmittance. The prepared electrodes surpass the optical/electrical performance of TCO NP‐based electrodes reported to date. Additionally, the nanostructured ITO NP films can be applied to more complex geometric substrates beyond flat substrates, and furthermore exhibit a prominent electrochemical activity. This approach can provide an important basis for developing a wide range of highly functional transparent conducting electrodes.     

Pt‐Free Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years as potential cost‐effective alternatives to silicon‐based and thin‐film solar cells. Within typical DSSCs, the counter electrode (CE) is vital to collect electrons from the external circuit and catalyze the I₃^? reduction in the electrolyte. Careful design of the CEs can improve the catalytic activity and chemical stability associated with the liquid redox electrolyte used in most cells. In this Progress Report, advances made by our groups in the development of CEs for DSSCs are reviewed, highlighting important contributions that promise low‐cost, efficient, and robust DSSC systems. Specifically, we focus on the design of novel Pt‐free CE catalytic materials, including design ideas, fabrication approaches, characterization techniques, first‐principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations, ab‐initio Car‐Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations, and stability evaluations, that serve as practical alternatives to conventional noble metal Pt electrodes. We stress the merits and demerits of well‐designed Pt‐free CEs, such as carbon materials, conductive polymers, transition metal compounds (TMCs) and their corresponding hybrids. Also, the prospects and challenges of alternative Pt catalysts for their applications in new‐type DSSCs and other catalytic fields are discussed.     

High Performance,Tunable Electrically Small Antennas through Mechanically Guided 3D Assembly

To address demands for increased data transmission rates, electrically small antennas (ESAs) that simultaneously offer large frequency bandwidths and small physical sizes are of growing interest. 3D layouts are particularly important in this context and among various 3D ESAs, systems that adopt hemispherical shapes are very promising, because they can occupy the entire Chu‐sphere and offer outstanding electrical performance. Researchers have developed a few different approaches to fabricate high‐quality hemispherical ESAs, but most have static layouts and fixed operating frequencies. Here, a mechanically guided 3D assembly approach is introduced for the design and fabrication of deformable hemispherical ESAs that can offer tunable, dynamic properties to adapt to changes in environmental conditions. The strategy exploits controlled compressive buckling of strategically patterned 2D precursor structures, as a low‐cost and high‐yield scheme that can exploit conventional, planar processing technologies and commercially available platforms. Combined numerical simulations and experimental measurements show outstanding performance characteristics in terms of the quality factor and radiation efficiency. Application of external tensile strains to elastomeric substrates for these systems allows them to be reshaped and reversibly tuned through a wide range of center frequencies. Mechanical testing under different loading conditions demonstrates the ability of these ESAs to accommodate large deformations.     

Monolithic and Flexible ZnS/SnO2 Ultraviolet Photodetectors with Lateral Graphene Electrodes

A continuing trend of miniaturized and flexible electronics/optoelectronic calls for novel device architectures made by compatible fabrication techniques. However, traditional layer‐to‐layer structures cannot satisfy such a need. Herein, a novel monolithic optoelectronic device fabricated by a mask‐free laser direct writing method is demonstrated in which in situ laser induced graphene‐like materials are employed as lateral electrodes for flexible ZnS/SnO₂ ultraviolet photodetectors. Specifically, a ZnS/SnO₂ thin film comprised of heterogeneous ZnS/SnO₂ nanoparticles is first coated on polyimide (PI) sheets by a solution process. Then, CO₂ laser irradiation ablates designed areas of the ZnS/SnO₂ thin film and converts the underneath PI into highly conductive graphene as the lateral electrodes for the monolithic photodetectors. This in situ growth method provides good interfaces between the graphene electrodes and the semiconducting ZnS/SnO₂ resulting in high optoelectronic performance. The lateral electrode structure reduces total thickness of the devices, thus minimizing the strain and improving flexibility of the photodetectors. The demonstrated lithography‐free monolithic fabrication is a simple and cost‐effective method, showing a great potential for developement into roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of flexible electronics.     

Stretchable Thin‐Film Electrodes for Flexible Electronics with High Deformability and Stretchability

Flexible and stretchable electronics represent today's cutting‐edge electronic technologies. As the most‐fundamental component of electronics, the thin‐film electrode remains the research frontier due to its key role in the successful development of flexible and stretchable electronic devices. Stretchability, however, is generally more challenging to achieve than flexibility. Stretchable electronic devices demand, above all else, that the thin‐film electrodes have the capacity to absorb a large level of strain (>>1%) without obvious changes in their electrical performance. This article reviews the progress in strategies for obtaining highly stretchable thin‐film electrodes. Applications of stretchable thin‐film electrodes fabricated via these strategies are described. Some perspectives and challenges in this field are also put forward.     

小型果蔬装配式冷库工作时间系数与能效评价分析

本文对果蔬装配式冷库稳定运行阶段进行实验研究,测试冷库在不同环境温度下的开、停机时间,建立冷库稳定运行阶段开、停机时间和工作时间系数数学模型,运用MATLAB编程计算装配式冷库在不同夹心板厚度和不同制冷系统配置下的工作时间系数。结果表明:开、停机时间数学模型经修正后,开机时间最大误差由11.6%减小到2.78%,停机时间的计算值最大误差由7.91%减小到1.46%,大大提高了开、停机时间计算精度。工作时间系数模型计算值与实验值最大误差在3.47%以内,果蔬装配式冷库稳定运行阶段工作时间系数数学模型具备工程应用精度。相同环境温度下,随制冷系统制冷量的增加,工作时间系数减小幅度越来越小,制冷剂流量界限选择0.012 kg/s较为合适。随库板厚度的增加,工作时间系数减小幅度越来越小,保温体一次投资也相应增加,从经济性角度考虑,对使用时间较短的临时性冷库,保温层厚度按推荐值100 mm即可,冷库使用时间较长时,保温层厚度在100 mm基础上可以适当增加。     

Two‐Step Assembly of Thermoresponsive Gold Nanorods Coated with a Single Kind of Ligand

Gold nanorods (GNRs) coated with a single kind of ligand show thermoreponsive two‐step assembly to provide a hierarchical structure. The GNRs (33 nm in length × 14 nm in diameter) coated with a hexa(ethylene glycol) (HEG) derivative form side‐by‐side assemblies at 30 °C (T_A1) as a steady state through dehydration. By further heating to over 40 °C (T_A2), larger assemblies, which are composed of the side‐by‐side assembled units, are formed as hierarchical structures. The dehydration temperature of the HEG derivative varies depending on the free volume of the HEG unit, which corresponds to the curvature of the GNRs. Upon heating, dehydration first occurs from the ligands on the side portions with a lower curvature, and then from the ligands on the edge portions with a higher curvature. The different sized GNRs (33 × 8 and 54 × 15 nm) also show two‐step assembly. Both the T_A1 and T_A2 are dependent on the diameter of the GNRs, but independent of their length. This result supports that the dehydration is dependent on the free volume, which corresponds to the curvature. Anisotropic assembly focusing on differences in curvature provides new guidelines for the fabrication of hierarchical structures.     

Charge Trapping-Based Electricity Generator (CTEG): An Ultrarobust and High Efficiency Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting from Water Droplets

Strategies toward harvesting energy from water movements are proposed in recent years. Reverse electrowetting allows high efficiency energy generation, but requires external electric field. Triboelectric nanogenerators, as passive energy harvesting devices, are limited by the unstable and low density of tribo-charges. Here, a charge trapping-based electricity generator (CTEG) is proposed for passive energy harvesting from water droplets with high efficiency. The hydrophobic fluoropolymer films utilized in CTEG are pre-charged by a homogeneous electrowetting-assisted charge injection (h-EWCI) method, allowing an ultrahigh negative charge density of 1.8 mC m⁻². By utilizing a dedicated designed circuit to connect the bottom electrode and top electrode of a Pt wire, instantaneous currents beyond 2 mA, power density above 160 W m⁻², and energy harvesting efficiency over 11% are achieved from continuously falling water droplets. CTEG devices show excellent robustness for energy harvesting from water drops, without appreciable degradation for intermittent testing during 100 days. These results exceed previously reported values by far. The approach is not only applicable for energy harvesting from water droplets or wave-like oscillatory fluid motion, but also opens up avenues toward other applications requiring passive electric responses, such as diverse sensors and wearable devices.     

Assembling 2D MXenes into Highly Stable Pseudocapacitive Electrodes with High Power and Energy Densities

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) that store charge based on the pseudocapacitive mechanism combine high energy densities with high power densities and rate capabilities. 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) have been recently introduced as high‐rate pseudocapacitive materials with ultrahigh areal and volumetric capacitances. So far, 20 different MXene compositions have been synthesized and many more are theoretically predicted. However, since most MXenes are chemically unstable in their 2D forms, to date only one MXene composition, Ti₃C₂T_x, has shown stable pseudocapacitive charge storage. Here, a cation‐driven assembly process is demonstrated to fabricate highly stable and flexible multilayered films of V₂CT_x and Ti₂CT_x MXenes from their chemically unstable delaminated single‐layer flakes. The electrochemical performance of electrodes fabricated using assembled V₂CT_x flakes surpasses Ti₃C₂T_x in various aqueous electrolytes. These electrodes show specific capacitances as high as 1315 F cm^?3 and retain ≈77% of their initial capacitance after one million charge/discharge cycles, an unprecedented performance for pseudocapacitive materials. This work opens a new venue for future development of high‐performance supercapacitor electrodes using a variety of 2D materials as building blocks.