Experimental study of CO2 hydrate formation in porous media with different particle sizes

To investigate the effect of the particle size of porous media on CO₂ hydrate formation, the formation experiments of CO₂ hydrate in porous media with three particle sizes were performed. Three kinds of porous media with mean particle diameters of 2.30 μm (clay level), 5.54 μm (silty sand level), and 229.90 μm (fine sand level) were used in the experiments. In the experiments, the formation temperature range was 277.15–281.15 K and the initial formation pressure range was 3.4–4.8 MPa. The final gas consumption increases with the increase in the initial pressure and the decrease in the formation temperature. The hydrate formation at the initial formation pressure of 4.8 MPa in 229.90 μm porous media is much slower than that at the lower formation pressure and displays multistage. In the experiments with different formation temperatures, the gas consumption rate at the temperature of 279.15 K is the lowest. In 2.30 and 5.54 μm porous media, the hydrate formation rates are similar and faster than those in 229.90 μm porous media. The particle size of the porous media does not affect the final gas consumption. The gas consumption rate per mol of water and the final water conversion increase with the decrease in the water content. The induction time in 5.54 μm porous media is longer than that in 2.30 and 229.90 μm porous media, and the presence of NaCl significantly increases the induction time and decreases the final conversion of water to hydrate.     

多孔介质中CO2-CH4水合物置换的影响因素及强化机理研究进展

天然气水合物因其储量巨大、清洁无污染而成为未来最具潜力的清洁能源之一,CO₂置换法可实现天然气水合物的安全开采和温室气体的地层封存。然而,多孔介质中CO₂-CH₄水合物的置换过程存在反应周期长、速率慢、效率低等特点,已成为制约天然气水合物高效开采的瓶颈问题。本文全面综述了多孔介质体系中CO₂-CH₄水合物的置换特性,分析了CO₂-CH₄水合物的置换机理及其动力学过程。在此基础上,详述了不同因素对多孔介质中CO₂-CH₄水合物置换效率的影响规律及强化机理,包括热刺激、置换压力、小分子气体、化学添加剂等的作用机理及其规律。最后指出了多孔介质体系中CO₂-CH₄水合物置换过程强化技术存在的不足和未来的发展方向。对多孔介质体系中CO₂-CH₄水合物置换过程的强化机理及其动力学机制的认识仍需进一步研究。     

Using NMR displacement measurements to probe CO2 entrapment in porous media

Carbon dioxide sequestration in aquifers is seen as a potential climate change mitigation technique. One physical mechanism by which this could occur is capillary trapping of discrete pore‐scale CO₂ bubbles (referred to as ganglia) in the pore space. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to quantify the spatial distribution and pore environment of such CO₂ entrapment in a model porous medium (random glass bead packing). 3D images revealed a relatively macroscopically homogeneous CO₂ entrapment, even though the image resolution is insufficient to resolve individual CO₂ ganglia. Quantification of the pore environment of the CO₂ ganglia was achieved using NMR displacement propagators (displacement probability distributions), acquired both before and after CO₂ entrapment. Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations were used to facilitate interpretation of the propagator statistics by considering various pore environments in which CO₂ could become trapped. Comparison with the experimental data suggests that CO₂ is preferentially entrapped in comparatively larger pores. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011     

凹凸棒石体系下CO2水合物生成动力学实验

油气生产、储运及CO₂管道输送的过程中易生成CO₂水合物,添加抑制剂是预防CO₂水合物生成的有效手段。为解决CO₂水合物堵塞问题,本文采用超声波处理后的凹凸棒石作为抑制剂,利用可视化高压反应釜实验装置,在初始条件3 MPa和2℃下,研究了添加浓度为0、0.05mg/mL、0.30mg/mL、0.50mg/mL、0.75mg/mL、1.00mg/mL和1.50 mg/mL的凹凸棒石对CO₂水合物生成动力学的影响。用压力变化法测定了水合物生成诱导时间,用动力学模型计算了水合物生成量,并分析了凹凸棒石影响CO₂水合物生成的微观机理。实验结果表明凹凸棒石能延长CO₂水合物生成诱导时间,浓度为0.75mg/mL时作用效果最佳,较纯水体系CO₂水合物生成诱导时间延长了200%;凹凸棒石能减少CO₂水合物的生成量,浓度为1.5mg/mL时作用效果最佳,与纯水体系相比减少了12.8%。凹凸棒石抑制水合物生成的微观机理主要是由于其独特的选择吸附性以及对传质传热的阻碍。研究表明以凹凸棒石作为CO₂水合物抑制剂效果良好,能有效延长其诱导时间,兼具经济性和环境友好的特点。     

海底沉积物层CO2封存中水合物研究进展

海底沉积物层内CO2封存被认为是缓解全球气候变暖的有效途径,本文介绍了CO2封存时水合物自封机理、水合物形成条件和水合物稳定带范围,描述了水合物生成动力学研究现状,包括成核动力学、生长动力学以及水合物结晶过程驱动力,水合物的成核模型有成簇成核模型、成簇成核扩展模型、界面成核模型、Chen-Guo模型,水合物生长动力学模型有Englezos、Kvamme生长模型、指数增长模型、流体流动模型以及LB模型,水合驱动力有化学势差、温差、吉布斯自由能差、浓度差、压差或逸度差。总结了多孔介质渗透率和孔隙度随水合物成核和生长的演化关系,有KC模型、NR模型、平行毛细管束模型、渗透率下降模型和Morisdis相对渗透率模型,最后介绍了CO2水合实验情况,展望了CO2海底沉积物层内封存与水合物相关的科学问题。     

An analysis of liquid CO2 drop formation with and without hydrate formation in static mixers

The formation process of CO₂ drops in various types of Kenics Static Mixers was analyzed from the perspective of energy dissipation in the mixer, focusing on the formation of drop surfaces. Experimental studies on CO₂ drop formation were conducted under varying temperatures, pressure, and flow rates, with and without hydrate formation. Analysis of the CO₂ drop size and distribution at several locations within the static mixer was conducted, as of pressure drop in the mixer, to determine dissipation energies. In all the experimental conditions, by considering the surface energy for hydrate formation, the energy required for the formation of CO₂ drops correlated well with total energy dissipation by mixer flow, which is represented by a pressure drop along the mixer. This process has important applications to the formation of liquid CO₂ for ocean disposal as a countermeasure to global warming. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

Quantitative determination of pore-structure change and permeability estimation under hydrate phase transition by NMR

Quantitatively characterizing the seepage features is critical important for multi-fluid flow in gas hydrate accumulations; however, limited researches concern water permeability during hydrate phase transition. In this work, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement is employed to observe the in situ formation and dissociation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate in porous media. Results indicate that the relative free water and bound water consumption during hydrate phase transition can affect the seepage features of sediments. In addition, we investigate the growth habits of THF hydrate in quartz glass sand and find the growth pattern of the hydrate transforms from suspension to cementation when its saturation exceeds approximately 35%. The Tokyo model shows that the hydrate are heterogeneous distribution of pore-filling and likely to evolve in larger pores; The findings clearly show that NMR is an efficient and direct technique for investigating the seepage characteristics during hydrate phase transition as well as pore fluid distribution in sediments.     

CO2水合分离研究进展

CO2水合分离是一种新型的分离技术。根据CO2排放工艺,CO2水合分离可分为燃后分离和燃前分离。文章论述了CO2水合分离技术的基本原理以及工艺流程与节能降耗等方面的研究进展,指出了CO2水合分离的优缺点,并展望了CO2水合分离技术的研究方向。     

CO2水合物在管道中的生成及堵塞特性

为明确CO₂水合物在管道中的流动及堵塞特性,通过高压可视水合物环路研究了不同持液量下的水合物生成及堵塞特性,研究结果表明：水合物生成诱导时间随着持液量的增大出现非线性变化,呈V形,先减小后增大;管道持液量越大,水合物生成量越少,水合物发生堵塞时的临界体积分数降低,如在持液率86.6%下,堵塞时水合物体积分数为4.32%,持液率为66.7%时,堵塞时水合物体积分数为7.45%。通过可视管路发现当CO₂水合物大量生成后,管道中压降将突然增大,颗粒之间快速聚集生长,流速迅速降低,CO₂水合物快速充满管道使管道发生堵塞,水合物颗粒不断生长及在聚集层处的聚集导致流动阻力的增加是其产生堵塞的根本原因。研究结果可为CO₂水合物浆液流动保障提供技术支撑。     

二氧化碳置换法模拟开采天然气水合物的研究进展

目前实验室模拟开采天然气水合物(NGH)的最主要的方法为外激法,通过注热、降压等方式使水合物分解释放出甲烷(CH₄),外激法最大的问题在于水合物的分解容易造成地层结构变化,导致地质斜坡灾害。利用二氧化碳(CO₂)在水合物相中置换开采CH₄,由于置换过程发生在水合物相中,不改变水合物相结构,因此可以降低地质灾害风险。本文全面介绍了利用CO₂在水合物相从NGH中置换CH₄的研究进展,从置换可行性、动力学模型、模拟研究、实验研究等方面对当前的研究进行了综述,并为进一步发展置换法开采CH₄技术指出了方向。     

多孔介质中CO2-CH4水合物置换过程的强化方法研究进展

CO2置换天然气水合物中的CH4是一种非常有前途的天然气水合物开采方法,该法兼具能源安全开采和温室气体地层封存的双重优势。首先综述了多孔介质中CO2-CH4水合物置换的研究进展,分析了制约CO2置换法开采天然气水合物商业应用的关键瓶颈问题,即置换过程存在的反应周期长、速率慢和效率低等问题。针对此问题,主要详述了强化CO2-CH4水合物置换的强化方法研究进展,包括注入不同的CO2相态、小分子及混合气体的强化、结合传统开采法的联合强化以及其他强化方法的作用机理,讨论了各种强化方法尚待完善和改进的地方。最后提出了多孔介质中CO2-CH4水合物置换强化方法目前研究的不足和未来的研究方向。     

Investigation of the hydrate formation process in fine sediments by a binary CO2/N2 gas mixture

To obtain the fundamental data of CO₂/N₂ gas mixture hydrate formation kinetics and CO₂ separation and sequestration mechanisms, the gas hydrate formation process by a binary CO₂/N₂ gas mixture (50:50) in fine sediments (150-250 μm) was investigated in a semibatch vessel at variable temperatures(273, 275, and 277 K)and pressures (5.8-7.8 MPa). During the gas hydrate reaction process, the changes in the gaseous phase composition were determined by gas chromatography. The results indicate that the gas hydrate formation process of the binary CO₂/N₂ gas mixture in fine sediments can be reduced to two stages. Firstly, the dissolved gas containing a large amount of CO₂ formed gas hydrates, and then gaseous N₂ participated in the gas hydrate formation. In the second stage, all the dissolved gas was consumed. Thus, both gaseous CO₂ and N₂ diffused into sediment. The first stage in different experiments lasted for 5-15 h, and >60% of the gas was consumed in this period. The gas consumption rate was greater in the first stage than in the second stage. After the completion of gas hydrate formation, the CO₂ content in the gas hydrate was more than that in the gas phase. This indicates that CO₂ formed hydrate easily than N₂ in the binary mixture. Higher operating pressures and lower temperatures increased the gas consumption rate of the binary gas mixture in gas hydrate formation.     

CO2置换开采天然气水合物研究进展

介绍了近年来CO2置换开采天然气水合物技术的研究进展;论述了CO2与天然气水合物中CH4置换反应在热力学上的可能性;认为正确理解置换反应机理、探索新的反应技术并提高反应速率是置换开采技术走向产业化的关键。     

多孔介质中水合物生成与分解二维实验研究

采用电容、压力、温度测试作为监测手段,自行研制了一套天然气水合物二维开采模拟系统,可用于水合物生成与分解过程中温度场、压力场、分布状态、分解前沿推进速度等动态特性的研究。水合物生成与分解实验表明,温度是影响水合物大量生成的主要因素;重复实验会加长生成时间,往往首次实验所耗总时间最短,说明水的记忆效应并不是对于所有实验系统存在的普遍现象;实验表现出来的特殊的压力变化曲线和规律还表明晶核形成对水合物晶体的生成并非绝对重要。理论分析和实验表明,电容法在测试单相水体相变过程中是有效的,水量是影响电容量变化的关键。在水合物生成过程中,随水合物饱和度的增加、水量的不断减少,电容量总体减小趋势明显。电容测试方法在水合物实验方面有一定的可行性,尤其对于研究多孔介质中水合物生成分解过程中各相的流动特性极有意义,但是要实现在水合物研究方面的有效利用还需要大量的切实的实验验证。     

温度对多孔介质中甲烷水合物生成过程的影响

采用自行设计的实验装置,分别进行了0℃以上(274.7 K)、0℃附近(272.8±0.5 K)和0℃以下(267.4 K)3种不同温度下,在20～40日石英砂中甲烷水合物的生成实验.结果表明甲烷水合物在0℃以上生成比较快;在0℃附近储气量大,水合物在整个砂层中的分布比较均匀.针对实验结果,本文提出了水合物在三种不同温度下的生成机理.     

冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物的生成动力学研究进展

青藏高原冻土区储存着大量的天然气水合物资源,CO₂置换开采冻土区的天然气水合物可实现天然气水合物的安全开采和温室气体CO₂的地层封存。冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物的生成动力学,是冻土区天然气水合物置换开采研究领域的难点和热点问题。本文全面综述了冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物的生成动力学研究进展,讨论了不同体系冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物的形成机理及其生成特性;详述了冰生成水合物机理及其冰粉/多孔介质体系中气体水合物的生成特性,分析了冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物生成动力学研究尚待完善和改进的地方。最后本文指出冰点以下多孔介质中水合物的生成过程是由传热、传质等多种因素所控制,揭示不同过程的主导因素及其影响规律是今后研究的重点方向。目前对冰点以下多孔介质中水合物的生成特性及机理的认识尚未成熟,仍需深入研究。     

纳米粒子对CO2水合物导热性能的影响

试验研究了不同种类（Al₂O₃、Cu、SiO₂）、不同质量分数（0.05%、0.1%、0.15%）及不同粒径（10、30、50 nm）的纳米粒子对CO₂水合物热导率的影响。结果表明温度为-5~5℃时,纯CO₂水合物热导率为0.553~0.5861 W·m^-1·K^-1,具有玻璃体的变化特性。分散剂SDBS的加入,可改善CO₂水合物-纳米粒子体系的导热性能。在相同的质量分数和粒径下,纳米Cu粒子对CO₂水合物热导率的增强作用最好,但综合考虑水合物生成特性和溶液悬浮稳定性,选用纳米Al₂O₃粒子较合适。Al₂O₃粒子粒径越小,水合物热导率越大,15 nm比50 nm纳米粒子体系中CO₂水合物热导率的增长率平均提高了12.7%。此外,CO₂水合物热导率随Al₂O₃粒子质量分数的增大而增大,质量分数由0.05%增加到0.15%时,水合物热导率的增长率由4.2%提高到8.2%。