Preparation and enhanced electrochemical properties of Ag/polypyrrole composites electrode materials

Ag/polypyrrole (PPy) composites were synthesized with different dispersants via interface polymerization method. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the results showed that the dispersant had strong effect on the morphology of the obtained composites. The structure of the products was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The specific capacitance and impedence of Ag/PPy composites electrode was evaluated through charge/discharge measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. Electrochemical performances indicated that Ag/PPy composite electrode used polyvinyl alcohol as dispersant exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 635.5 F/g at a current density of 2.45 mA/g, which provided potential application as supercapacitor materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Fabrication of carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole/carbon nanotubes/melamine foam for supercapacitor

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been loaded on the melamine foam (MF) to form the composite (CNTs/MF) by dip‐dry process, then polypyrrole (PPy) is coated on CNTs/MF (PPy/CNTs/MF) through chemical oxidation polymerization by using FeCl₃·6H₂O adsorbed on CNTs/MF as oxidant to polymerize the pyrrole vapor. Finally, CNTs are coated on the surface of PPy/CNTs/MF to increase the conductivity of the composite (CNTs/PPy/CNTs/MF) by dip‐dry process again. The composites have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical method. The results show that the structure of the composites has obvious influence on their capacitive properties. According to the galvanostatic charge/discharge test, the specific capacitance of CNTs/PPy/CNTs/MF is about 184 F g^?1 based on the total mass of the composite and 262 F g^?1 based on the mass of PPy (70.2 wt % in the composite) at the current density of 0.4 A g^?1, which is higher than that of PPy/CNTs/MF (120 F g^?1 based on the total mass of the composite and 167 F g^?1 based on the mass of the PPy). Furthermore, the capacitor assembled by CNTs/PPy/CNTs/MF shows excellent cyclic stability. The capacitance of the cell assembled by CNTs/PPy/CNTs/MF retains 96.3% over 450 scan cycles at scan rate of 20 mV s^?1, which is larger than that assembled by CNTs/PPy/MF (72.5%). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39779.     

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole/graphene/nonwoven fabric composites used as electrodes of electrochemical capacitor

The reduced graphene oxide/nonwoven fabric (rGO/NWF) composites have been fabricated through heating the NWF coated with the mixture of GO and HONH₂·HCl at 130°C, during which the GO is chemically reduced to rGO. Then the composites of polypyrrole (PPy)/rGO/NWF have been prepared through chemically polymerizing pyrrole vapor by using the FeCl₃·6H₂O adsorbed on rGO/NWF substrate as oxidant. Finally, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used as conductive enhancer to modify PPy/rGO/NWF through dip‐dry process to obtain MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF. The prepared composites have been characterized and their capacitive properties have been evaluated in 1.0M KCl electrolyte by using two‐electrode symmetric capacitor test. The results reveal that MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF possesses a maximum specific capacitance (C_sc) of about 319 F g^?1 while PPy/rGO/NWF has a C_sc of about 277.8 F g^?1 at the scan rate of 1 mV s^?1 and that optimum MWCNTs/PPy/rGO/NWF retains 94.5% of initial C_sc after 1000 cycles at scan rate of 80 mV s^?1 which is higher than PPy/rGO/NWF (83.4%). Further analysis reveals that the addition of MWCNTs can increase the charger accumulation at the outer and inner of the composites, which is favorable to improve the stability and the rapid charge‐discharge capacity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 41023.     

Enhanced performance by polyaniline/tailored carbon nanotubes composite as supercapacitor electrode material

Polyaniline/tailored carbon nanotubes composite (PANI/TCN) synthesized via situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of tailored carbon nanotubes (TCN) is reported as electrode material for supercapacitors. The morphology, structure, and thermostability of the composite were characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrochemical property of the resulting material was systematically studied using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge. The results show that the short rod‐like PANI dispersed well in the TCN with three‐dimensional network structure. The as‐prepared composite shows high specific capacitance and good cycling stability. A specific capacitance of 373.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 0.5 A g^?1 was achieved, which is much higher than that of pure PANI (324 F g^?1). Meanwhile, the composite retains 61.7% capacity after 1000 cycles at a scan rate of 50 mV s^?1. The enhanced specific capacitance and capacity retention indicates the potential of composite as a promising supercapacitor electrode material. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131, 39971.     

Polypyrrole–multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites as immobilizing matrices of ascorbate oxidase for the facile fabrication of an amperometric vitamin C biosensor

An amperometric vitamin C biosensor was facilely fabricated by the immobilization of ascorbate oxidase (AO) on polypyrrole (PPy)–multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites with a one‐step electrodeposition technique in a 0.05M phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5). The cyclic voltammetry, IR spectral analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy measurements indicated that AO was successfully immobilized on the PPy–MWCNT composites. The optimization of the biosensor parameters, including the working potential, pH, and temperature, was investigated in detail. The proposed biosensor showed a linear range of 5 × 10^?5 to 2 × 10^?2 M with a detection limit of 0.3 μM, a sensitivity of 25.9 mA mM^?1 cm^?2, and a current response time less than 20 s under the optimized conditions. The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant together with the apparent activation energy indicated that the proposed biosensor exhibited a high bioaffinity and a good enzyme activity. In addition, the biosensor also showed good operational and storage stabilities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Dulse‐derived porous carbon–polyaniline nanocomposite electrode for high‐performance supercapacitors

Dulse‐derived porous carbon (DDPC)–polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites were fabricated by a method based on the in situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline on DDPC. The characterization of the material showed that the nano‐PANI was grown on the surface of DDPC in the form of nanosticks or nanoparticles. The DDPC–PANI nanocomposites were further used as electrode materials for energy‐storage applications. Meanwhile, the effect of the amount of aniline on the electrochemical performance of DDPC–PANI was also investigated. The results show that a maximum specific capacitance of 458 F/g was achieved for the DDPC–PANI nanocomposites; this was higher than that of the DDPC electrode (218 F/g), and the PANI electrode (318 F/g). The specific capacitance of DDPC–PANI remained 66.0% of the initial value after 5000 cycles; this was higher than that of PANI (50.5%). Finally, a device of DDPC–PANI–activated carbon (AC) was assembled with DDPC–PANI as a positive electrode, which exhibited a high energy density of 9.02 W h/kg, which was higher than that of PANI–AC device. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45776.     

导电聚合物复合材料作为超级电容器电极材料

本文综述了基于导电聚合物的复合材料(导电聚合物/碳材料、导电聚合物/金属氧化物材料、导电聚合物/碳材料l金属氧化物材料)作为电极材料在超级电容器中的应用进展,指出将导电聚合物与碳材料或金属氧化物复合,双电层电容与法拉第准电容结合,有机材料与无机材料结合,是超级电容器电极材料研究的重要发展方向.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of graphene oxide/nanosulfur/polypyrrole ternary nanocomposite hydrogel for supercapacitors

A method for synthesizing Graphene oxide (GO)/nano‐sulfur/polypyrrole (PPy) ternary nanocomposite hydrogel is depicted. The higher surface area of GO, PPy porous structure and their excellent conductivity are utilized, and the GO hydrogel can be made easily. The products are characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and electrochemical workstation. The results demonstrated that GO/nano‐S/PPy ternary nanocomposite hydrogel is successfully synthesized. The electrochemical properties are investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, and cycling life in a three‐electrode system in 1M Li₂SO₄ electrolyte solution. The GO/nano‐S/PPy ternary nanocomposite hydrogel exhibit a high specific capacitance of 892.5 F g^?1 at scan rates of 5 mV s^?1 and the capacitance retain about 81.2% (594.8 F g^?1) of initial capacitance (732.5 F g^?1) after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g^?1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40814.     

Preparation and electrochemical performance of modified Ti3C2Tx/polypyrrole composites

MXenes with a large surface area have been widely studied to improve the pseudocapacitance of electrode materials by combining conductive polymer materials. In this article, a superficial strategy to enhance the electrochemical properties by in situ polymerization of a pyrrole monomer between the Ti₃C₂T_x layers modified with 1,5-naphthalene disulfonic acid (NA) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was investigated. It is found that polypyrrole (PPy) and Ti₃C₂T_x can be combined through strong interactions between each other, and the specific capacitance of the modified Ti₃C₂T_x/PPy composite was increased to a maximum value of 437 F g⁻¹, which was more than thrice higher than that of pure PPy. The composite also exhibited good cycling performance (76% capacitance retention after 1000 cycles). Moreover, owing to the synergistic effect between the PPy and Ti₃C₂T_x layers, the composite provided better electron or ion transfer and surface redox processes than that of pure PPy, which indicated that this composite can be used as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47003.     

Preparation and characterization of composites of polyaniline nanorods and multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated with polyaniline

Composites of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) coated with PANI were prepared by in situ polymerization with perchloric acid as a dopant. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the coexisting composites of PANI nanorods and MWNTs coated with PANI were formed at low MWNT contents. The interaction between MWNTs and PANI was proved by Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectra. The electrical conductivity of a dedoped PANI/MWNT composite with a 16.3 wt % concentration of MWNTs reached 3.0 × 10^?3 S/cm, which was 6 orders of magnitude higher than that of dedoped PANInanorods. The results also showed that coexisting composites of PANI nanorods and MWNTs coated with PANI had high electrochemical activity and good cyclic stability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composites for amperometric glucose biosensors

This article reports an amperometric glucose biosensor based on a new type of nanocomposite of polypyrrole (PPY) with p-phenyl sulfonate-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs-PhSO₃⁻). An environmentally friendly functionalization procedure of the SWCNTs in the presence of substituted aniline and an oxidative species was adopted. The nanocomposite-modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities towards the reduction or oxidation of H₂O₂. This feature allowed us to use it as bioplatform on which glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized by entrapment in an electropolymerized PPY/SWCNTs-PhSO₃⁻ film for the construction of the glucose biosensor. The amperometric detection of glucose was assayed by applying a constant electrode potential value necessary to oxidize or reduce the enzymatically produced H₂O₂ with minimal interference from the possible coexisting electroactive compounds. With the introduction of a thin film of Prussian blue (PB) at the substrate electrode surface, the PPY/GOx/SWCNTs-PhSO₃⁻/PB system shows synergy between the PB and functionalized SWCNTs which amplifies greatly the electrode sensitivity when operated at low potentials. The biosensor showed good analytical performances in terms of low detection (0.01 mM), high sensitivity (approximately 6 μA mM⁻¹ cm⁻²), and wide linear range (0.02 to 6 mM). In addition, the effects of applied potential, the electroactive interference, and the stability of the biosensor were discussed. The facile procedure of immobilizing GOx used in the present work can promote the development of other oxidase-based biosensors which could have a practical application in clinical, food, and environmental analysis.     

Laccase‐catalyzed synthesis of polypyrrole‐multiwalled carbon nanotube composites as energy storage materials for capacitors

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were coated with polypyrrole (PPy) using in situ enzymatic polymerization of pyrrole catalyzed by a laccase (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) from Trametes versicolor. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the MWNTs were uniformly coated with very thin layers of PPy without any indication of globular polymer aggregate formations. The enzymatic synthesis of the MWNTs/PPy composites was quite simple being performed in a one‐pot aqueous solution (pH 4.0) under mild reaction conditions. The potential of the composites with respect to the development of energy storage devices was demonstrated by fabricating a two‐electrode coin cell capacitor (diameter 20 mm, thickness 1.6 mm) utilizing the composites as electrode materials. The capacitance of the cell was 28.0 F g^?1 for the electrode material as measured by a galvanostatic charge–discharge method. The energy density and power density were 2.55 and 805 W kg^?1, respectively, which were close to those of the capacitors classified as ultracapacitors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43307.     

Fabrication of Tiron‐doped polypyrrole/MWCNT composite electrodes with high mass loading and enhanced performance for supercapacitors

In this study, the aromatic sulfonate compound Tiron with high charge to mass ratio is used as an anionic dopant for synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy). The fabricated PPy is investigated for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) application. Testing results show that Tiron allows reduced PPy agglomeration, smaller particle size and improved charge storage properties of PPy. High capacitance and improved capacitive retention at high scan rates are achieved by the fabrication of PPy/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite electrode using safranin (SAF) as a co‐dispersant. The Tiron‐doped PPy electrode shows the highest capacitance of 7.8 F cm^?2 with a mass of 27 mg cm^?2. The Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT composite electrode shows good capacitance retention with a capacitance of 1.0 F cm^?2 at the scan rate of 100 mV s^?1. Symmetric supercapacitor cells are fabricated using PPy based active materials. An energy density of 0.36 mWh cm^?2 is achieved. The energy/power density and capacitance retention of the Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT ES is significantly improved in comparison with PPy‐based ES, prepared without Tiron or MWCNT. The Tiron‐doped PPy/MWCNT symmetric supercapacitor presents good cycling performance with 91.4% capacitance retention after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. The PPy/MWCNT composites, prepared using Tiron and SAF co‐dispersant, are promising electrodes for ES. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42376.     

Role of dual dopants in highly ordered crystalline polyaniline nanospheres: Electrode materials in supercapacitors

Aniline is oxidized by ammonium persulfate oxidant with a weak organic acid, 1,3‐(6,7)‐napthalene trisulfonic acid (NTSA), via an aqueous polymerization pathway to polyaniline (PANI) salt. The effects of the sodium lauryl sulfate surfactant, mineral acid [sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)], and a combination of surfactant with mineral acid in the aniline polymerization reaction are also carried. These salts were designated as PANI–NTSA–dodecyl hydrogen sulfate (DHS), PANI–NTSA–H₂SO₄, and PANI–NTSA–DHS–H₂SO₄, respectively. Interestingly, PANI–NTSA–DHS showed a highly ordered crystalline sample with a nanosphere morphology. These PANIs were used as electrode materials in supercapacitor applications. Among the four salts, the PANI–NTSA–DHS–H₂SO₄ material showed higher values of specific capacitance (520 F/g), energy (26 W h/kg), and power densities (200 W/kg) at 0.3 A/g. Moreover, 77% of the original capacitance was retained after 2000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 98–100%. PANI–NTSA–DHS–H₂SO₄ was obtained in excellent yield with an excellent conductivity (6.8 S/cm) and a thermal stability up to 235°C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42510.     

纳米Co3O4-碳纳米管复合电极的超级电容性能研究

采用湿法制备纳米Co_2O_4,并与碳纳米管掺杂,制备出纳米CO_3O_4-碳纳米管复合电极。纳米Co_3O_4与碳纳米管质量比为90：5。制备的复合电极表现出了良好的超级电容性能,复合电极单电极比电容达233．32F·g~(-1),与纯Co_3O_4电极相比,单电极比电容容提高20%。     

Electrochemical deposition of poly[N,N′‐ethylene–bis(salicylideneiminato)–nickel(II)] nanobelts as electrode materials for supercapacitors

N,N′‐ethylene–bis(salicylideneiminato)]–nickel(II) [Ni(salen)] was synthesized in situ onto the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes via a one‐step potentiostatic electrodeposition as one‐dimensional nanobelts. The synthetic process was free of any templates or additives. Potential played a key role in the formation of the poly[N,N′‐ethylene–bis(salicylideneiminato)]–nickel(II)] {poly[Ni(salen)]} nanobelts, and the electrical conductivities of the poly[Ni(salen)] decreased with increasing deposition time. The capacitance values of poly[Ni(salen)] were 272, 195, and 146 F/g at 0.05 mA/cm² for deposition times of 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. The capacitance of the sample with a particle structure was much lower than that of poly[Ni(salen)] with a nanobelt structure. The poly[Ni(salen)] nanobelts exhibited a better capacitive behavior than the poly[Ni(salen)] particles because the nanobelt structure made access for the charge and ion to the inner part of the electrode easier. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39561.     

Ultrathin polypyrrole films on self-assembled monolayers as an efficient ultramicroelectrode assay

In this work, we investigated the effect of electrodeposition of polypyrrole (PPy) films on two different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) modified gold electrode for the electrochemical construction of ultramicroelectrode (UME). In order to obtain SAM modified surfaces, 4-mercapto-1-butanol and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid were used. The effect of these two chains on pyrrole electropolymerization was compared. Electropolymerization of pyrrole on SAM modified Au electrode was carried out by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant potential electrolysis. To investigate the UME formation, the obtained surfaces were tested in Fe(CN)₆^3−/4− redox system. UMEs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The designed UME was applied as an immobilization matrix to entrap a redox protein, Hemoglobin (Hb), as a model. Direct electron transfer between this protein and the fabricated thiol modified PPy based UME was achieved, which is very challenging on bare electrode surfaces. With this study, a simple, low-cost and reproducible UME production way has been successfully accomplished and Hb modified UME is promising for different bioanalytical applications, for instance; cellular hydrogen peroxide or nitrite sensing.     

Easy synthesis of carbon nanotubes with polypyrrole nanotubes as the carbon precursor

An easy synthesis route for carbon nanotubes with polypyrrole nanotubes as a carbon precursor has been developed. Polypyrrole nanotubes were fabricated via a reactive self-degraded template method. Carbon nanotubes were further obtained by pyrolysis of the polypyrrole nanotube at 900 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant carbon nanotube structure was found to be amorphous carbon on the basis of XRD, Raman spectra and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies.     

Electrochemical inspection of polypyrrole/chitosan/zinc oxide hybrid composites

Polymer nanocomposite composed of polypyrrole, chitosan, and zinc oxide nanoparticles has been synthesized and it has been evaluated for various electrochemical aspects of the current electrochemical industry. The polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by the chemical oxidative polymerization reaction by employing ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. Composites of polypyrrole/chitosan (PPy/Chy) and polypyrrole/chitosan/ZnO (PCZ) composites were synthesized by the solution blending method. Detailed structural, morphological, thermal characterization of PPy, PPy/Chy, and PCZ were performed to characterize the specific features of the systems. The composites exhibit better thermal stability and high surface area and the addition of ZnO nanoparticle increase the crystallinity of the composite. Electrochemical characterization of the ITO electrodes modified with PPy, PPy/Chy, and PCZ were performed using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and amperometry techniques. The present study highlights the role of a bio-compatible material with high surface area and conductive constituent for designing of various high performing electronic noninvasive sensors, biosensors, and so forth.     

Synthesis,characterizations, and physical properties of carbon nanotubes coated by conducting polypyrrole

A new type of carbon nanotube (CNT) (diameter of <100 nm) coated by conducting polypyrrole (PPY) was synthesized by in situ polymerization on CNTs. The structure of the resulting complex nanotubes (CNT‐PPY) was characterized by elemental analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectra, and X‐ray diffraction. These indicated no significant chemical interaction between PPY and the CNT. The electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of the complex nanotubes were measured and showed the physical properties of the CNTs were modified by conducting PPY. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2605–2610, 1999