超疏水表面太阳能加热金-水纳米流体液滴蒸发特性

实验研究了超疏水表面上太阳能加热金纳米流体液滴蒸发特性。用高速摄像机和红外摄像机同步触发记录了2 μl不同浓度金纳米流体液滴在超疏水表面的蒸发过程。通过一系列实验，观察对比不同浓度金纳米流体液滴蒸发过程中体积、接触角、接触直径、液滴表面温度以及蒸发速率等动态特性。结合水蒸气扩散模型以及红外温度图分析液滴在超疏水表面上的蒸发过程中蒸发通量变化以及表面温度变化等特性。发现不同浓度纳米流体液滴蒸发速率基本一致；超疏水表面上液滴蒸发以常接触角模式为主，后期呈现混合模式蒸发；液滴蒸发过程中，液滴上半部分蒸发通量大，致使液滴表面温度较低。     

Capillary pumping between droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces

The famous two-balloon experiment involves two identical balloons filled up with air and connected via a hollow tube, and upon onsetting the experiment one of the balloons shrinks and the other expands. Here, we present the liquid version of that experiment. We use superhydrophobic (SHP) substrates to form spherical droplets and connect them with a capillary channel. Different droplet sizes, substrates of different hydrophobicities, and various channel pathways are investigated, and morphometric parameters of the droplets are measured through image processing. In the case of SHP substrates, the pumping is from the smaller droplet to the larger one, similar to the two-balloon experiment. However, if one or both of the droplets are positioned on a normal substrate the curvature radius will indicate the direction of pumping. We interpret the results by considering the Laplace pressures and the surface tension applied by the channel at the connecting points.     

氧化铝纳米流体液滴瞬态蒸发速率的演化特性分析

以氧化铝纳米流体液滴为研究对象,本文建立了基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）法的液滴蒸发瞬态模型,对液滴蒸发过程中蒸汽浓度、纳米颗粒浓度、温度等进行多物理场耦合,并考虑了Marangoni流对液滴蒸发的影响,同时研究还结合蒸发实验可视化结果,分析了氧化铝纳米流体液滴的瞬态蒸发速率随时间的演化规律,讨论了颗粒体积分数和基板温度对蒸发模式的影响。结果表明,在液滴蒸发过程开始时,纳米流体液滴保持定接触半径蒸发模式,气液界面面积逐渐减小,瞬态蒸发速率也呈逐渐减小的趋势;当颗粒体积分数增大至26%时,瞬态蒸发速率曲线达到驻点;蒸发接近完全时,由于Marangoni流影响了内部流场、强化了内部传热,且液滴在已沉积在基板上的颗粒表面形成液膜,瞬态蒸发速率迅速增大。     

Effect of inter-particle interactions on evaporation of droplets in a linear array

Effects of interparticle interactions on evaporation have been examined on droplets in a linear array generated by a modified vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG). The size as well as the spacing between the droplets was varied by modulating the frequency of the generator, and the liquid flow rate through the orifice. Ethanol and methanol droplets of differing initial sizes and spacings were studied, and the instantaneous evaporation rates as well as droplet temperatures were measured using a resonance-based light scattering technique. The results show that at a fixed dimensionless spacing between the droplets (i.e., the ratio of the spacing to the droplet radius, l/a), the size and temperature versus time data are highly reproducible. The measured evaporation rates were normalized by the evaporation rates of an isolated droplet under identical conditions to obtain the interaction parameter (η) as a function of the dimensionless spacing between the droplets. The value of η was observed to decrease with a decrease in l/a as predicted by the theoretical models, and as expected, found to be the same for ethanol and methanol droplets.     

恒热流条件下亲疏水表面液滴蒸发特性

以恒热流方式结合高速摄影技术同步观察记录3 μl的小液滴在不同亲疏水表面的蒸发过程。通过一系列的对比实验观察记录了不同亲疏水表面液滴蒸发时接触角、接触直径、蒸发时间等的动态特性。从实验分析中可以看出亲水表面液滴蒸发速率比疏水表面上液滴蒸发速率快,并且随着热通量的增大,液滴蒸发速率增大。在恒热流条件下亲疏水表面液滴蒸发以CCR模式为主,在蒸发后期呈现混合蒸发模式,全程未出现CCA模式。     

转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔喷嘴雾化特性的模拟

利用离散相模型对转炉一次除尘新OG系统高效喷淋塔内喷嘴的雾化特性进行模拟,分析了喷射角度、喷射压力、喷射流量及喷嘴水平间距等因素对雾化场索太尔平均直径(SMD)和蒸发效率的影响. 结果表明,在一定范围内随喷射角度增加,液滴在雾化场中的覆盖面增大,液滴驻留时间变长,蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,喷射角度大于60o时,SMD值减小缓慢. 随喷射压力增大,液滴蒸发效率增加,雾化场SMD减小,压力大于1.0 MPa时对SMD的影响较小. 随喷射流量增加,液滴蒸发效率减小,雾化场SMD增加,流量小于0.15 kg/s时,SMD增加幅度偏小. 两喷嘴水平间距越大,液滴分布面积越大,但对雾化场SMD影响较小. 在一定条件下,喷嘴间距约为800 mm时,截面速度分布较均匀.     

太阳能加热液滴在亲疏水表面"黏-滑"蒸发

实验研究了亲水和疏水表面上太阳能加热去离子水及金纳米流体液滴三相接触线动力学。在亲水和疏水表面滴加2μL去离子水和纳米流体液滴,用一定功率太阳能模拟器照射液滴使其蒸发,期间采用高速摄像机实时记录液滴在不同表面上的蒸发过程。由MATLAB程序处理图像得到液滴在不同表面上蒸发过程中接触角和接触圆直径的动态变化过程。发现液滴接触线在不同亲疏水表面上存在不同运动特性。去离子水液滴在亲水表面上常接触面积模式和常接触角模式依次控制蒸发过程。去离子水液滴在疏水表面上都呈现出“黏-滑”蒸发特性,即液滴先以常接触面积模式蒸发,之后接触线快速滑动,接触线固定后再以常接触面积模式蒸发,依次往复。纳米流体液滴在亲水表面上主要以常接触面积蒸发模式为主,在疏水表面上同样呈现“黏-滑”蒸发特性。从液滴表面能角度出发,对液滴接触线“钉扎”和“去钉扎”过程进行详尽分析,得出基底润湿性和纳米颗粒沉积是影响液滴接触线在表面上运动的重要因素。     

Reply to the Comment by K. Jorgensen et al. to “Analysis of constant rate period of spray drying of slurry”

Previously developed model for spray drying of slurry droplets with high solid content (Liang, 2001) was revised to describe correctly a boundary condition on the outer surface of droplet on basis of the rate of liquid evaporation.     

电场作用下基面液滴蒸发与内部流动数值模拟

为探究电场强化基面液滴蒸发的原理,本文采用有限元方法,对外加电场作用下的固体基面上液滴的蒸发过程进行了数值模拟,对比了不同电导率液滴的蒸发过程,分析了电场、液滴蒸发速率和内部流动的影响及其成因,以及液滴在电场作用下的内部流动与液滴传热传质的关系,结果表明,电场力的作用能够显著强化液滴内部的流动,对液滴的传热传质具有促进作用。此外,本文分析了温度对电场下基面液滴蒸发及内部流动的影响,发现温度对电场、液滴内部流动及蒸发的强化作用也有着较为明显的影响：对于电导率较低的纯水液滴,当电场强度低于和高于临界值6kV/cm时,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响有所不同;对于电导率较高的盐酸液滴,温度对电场强化液滴内部流动和蒸发的影响随电场强度升高均较大。本文为发展高效静电喷雾冷却技术提供了研究基础。     

Validation of the Lagrangian Approach for Predicting Turbulent Dispersion and Evaporation of Droplets within a Spray

The accuracy of the Lagrangian approach for predicting droplet trajectories and evaporation rates within a simple spray has been addressed. The turbulent dispersion and overall evaporation rates of droplets are modeled reasonably well, although the downstream velocity decay of the larger droplets is underpredicted, which is attributed to a poor estimate of the radial fluctuating velocity of these droplets at the inlet boundary. Qualitative agreement is found between the predicted and experimental evolution of the droplet size distribution downstream of the nozzle. These results show that smaller droplets evaporate preferentially to larger droplets, because they disperse more quickly toward the edge of the jet, where the entrainment of fresh air from the surroundings produces a significant evaporative driving force. Droplet dispersion and evaporation rates are highly influenced by the rate of turbulence generation within the shear layer. This work demonstrates the potential of the Lagrangian approach for analyzing particle trajectories and drying within the more complex spray dryer system.     

Validation of the Lagrangian Approach for Predicting Turbulent Dispersion and Evaporation of Droplets within a Spray

The accuracy of the Lagrangian approach for predicting droplet trajectories and evaporation rates within a simple spray has been addressed. The turbulent dispersion and overall evaporation rates of droplets are modeled reasonably well, although the downstream velocity decay of the larger droplets is underpredicted, which is attributed to a poor estimate of the radial fluctuating velocity of these droplets at the inlet boundary. Qualitative agreement is found between the predicted and experimental evolution of the droplet size distribution downstream of the nozzle. These results show that smaller droplets evaporate preferentially to larger droplets, because they disperse more quickly toward the edge of the jet, where the entrainment of fresh air from the surroundings produces a significant evaporative driving force. Droplet dispersion and evaporation rates are highly influenced by the rate of turbulence generation within the shear layer. This work demonstrates the potential of the Lagrangian approach for analyzing particle trajectories and drying within the more complex spray dryer system.     

Evaporation of pure liquid droplets: Comparison of droplet evaporation in an acoustic field versus glass-filament

The rate of heat and mass transfer to droplets in sprays is a critical issue in the design of many industrial spray systems. Applications like fuel injection in internal combustion engines or spray drying stimulate interest in studying the processes related to the evaporation of droplets. In this study an acoustic levitator and the glass filament method are used to observe single droplets during evaporation. The introduction of a droplet into the acoustic field leads to the formation of two steady toroidal vortices close to the droplet surface, known as outer acoustic streaming. The results of this study illustrate how this “outer acoustic streaming” affects the heat and mass transfer. The elimination of these vortices has been achieved through applying a ventilating air flow. Particle Image Velocimetry has been used to characterize the flow field and the interfacial transfer. Furthermore, the resulting evaporation rates have been verified by comparing them with existing model predictions. A comparison of these results to those obtained with the glass-filament method revealed good agreement when the air flow was increased to a limit where the inner acoustic streaming is eliminated, i.e. when forced convection was the primary mechanism in determining the evaporation rate of the liquid droplet. For other air-flow regimes no direct comparisons between results obtained with the two techniques were permissable, as confirmed by the differing Sherwood numbers obtained in the experiments.     

乙醇溶液液滴降压蒸发过程传热传质特性

针对单个乙醇溶液液滴在降压环境下蒸发的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型基于液相的能量守恒和 传质扩散理论,利用经典拓展模型计算液滴的质量蒸发率,并引入活度系数考虑液滴表面的蒸气分压。采用液 滴悬挂法进行实验,分别记录了乙醇溶液液滴和乙酸溶液液滴在降压蒸发过程中的液滴内温度变化。将实验数 据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴内部温度分布以及浓度分布随时间的变化。 结果表明:快速降压阶段空气流动较快,加之乙醇工质易挥发,液滴表面温度下降迅速,液滴内部温差和乙醇 浓度梯度较大;压力稳定后,空气流速为零,液滴内部温差和乙醇浓度梯度逐渐减小。由于液滴内部的热扩散 速率大于传质扩散系数,内部温度随时间的变化比浓度随时间的变化更快。     

Evaporation of liquids on chemically patterned surfaces

We studied evaporation rates of volatile liquids deposited onto chemically patterned surfaces by means of experiments and numerical simulations. We quantified the influence of the droplet geometry, in particular circular, triangular, rectangular and square shapes, as well as the influence of contact angles. We considered the two cases of vaporization both in stagnant atmospheres as well as in the presence of well-defined laminar airflows. While lateral air-convection enhances evaporation, it causes a dependence of the evaporation rate on the pattern orientation with respect to the airflow. Neighboring droplets and rivulets tend to mutually reduce their evaporation rate relative to isolated patterns.     

超亲水多孔表面的小液滴发射行为及动力学特性

构建了4类不同的超亲水微/纳多孔结构,通过低速液滴撞击实验研究了多孔介质的结构参数如微/纳尺度特征、孔隙率以及表面粗糙度等对液滴行为和动力学特性的影响。结果表明：多孔表面液滴的早期扩散符合惯性扩散的幂函数规律,并且纳米级结构孔隙率的变化对幂函数关系无显著影响,微米级结构C和α的值随孔隙率增大而降低,粗糙度的提高能够导致C值增大。发现了两种新颖的小液滴发射模式,分别称为第1阶段断裂和第2阶段断裂。纳米级多孔结构发生第1阶段断裂的原因在于较快的惯性扩散速度和较长的惯性时间;第2阶段断裂发生于微米级多孔结构,原因在于渗透的强化导致液滴高度的快速下降以及惯性时间的缩短。     

Experimental investigation of the evaporation behavior of urea-water-solution droplets exposed to a hot air stream

The behavior of droplets of urea-water-solution (UWS) evaporating under the influence of a hot stream of air was investigated experimentally, under temperatures ranging from 100°C to 400°C. The droplets were suspended on a glass microfiber to minimize the influence of heat conduction, through the fiber, on the evaporation rate of the droplet. The flow rate of air, under all experimental conditions, was measured and these data were used to estimate the average velocity of air around the droplet. Experiments were also conducted on droplets of pure water and the results were compared. The initial mass fraction of urea, in the solution, did not appear to have a significant effect on the evaporation constant, but it did affect a few essential aspects of the evaporation behavior. The evaporation of water droplets was in accordance with the d² law at all temperatures, whereas the evaporation of UWS droplets was ambient-temperature dependent.     

Full‐physics simulations of spray‐particle interaction in a bubbling fluidized bed

Numerical simulations of a gas‐particle‐droplet system were performed using an Euler‐Lagrange approach. Models accounting for (1) the interaction between droplets and particles, (2) evaporation from the droplet spray, as well as (3) evaporation of liquid from the surface of non‐porous particles were considered. The implemented models were verified for a packed bed, as well as other standard flow configurations. The developed models were then applied for the simulation of flow, as well as heat and mass transfer in a fluidized bed with droplet injection. The relative importance of droplet evaporation vs. evaporation from the particle surface was quantified. It was proved that spray evaporation competes with droplet deposition and evaporation from the particle surface. Moreover, we show that adopting a suitable surface coverage model is vital when attempting to make accurate predictions of the particle's liquid content. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2569–2587, 2017     

Distinctive combustion stages of single heavy oil droplet under microgravity

This report presents an investigation on the combustion of single droplets comprised of heavy oil and oil mixtures blending diesel light oil (LO) and a heavy oil residue (HOR). The tests were conducted in a microgravity facility that offered 10 s of free-fall time. Fine wire thermocouples supported the droplets, resulting in a measurement of droplet temperature history. Additional data were the droplet and flame size history. The results identified four distinctive burning stages between ignition and extinction for heavy oil (C class) and HOR-LO blends. They are, in succession, the start-up, inner evaporation, thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) and polymerization stages. The start-up stage denoted an initial transient period, where the LO components burned from the droplet surface and the droplet temperature increased rapidly. The latter three stages featured pronounced droplet swellings and contractions caused by fuel evaporation and decomposition inside the droplet. An evaporation temperature demarcated the start-up stage from the inner evaporation stage, and this temperature corresponded to a plateau in the temperature history of the droplet. Two additional temperatures, termed the decomposition and polymerization temperatures, indicated the ends of the evaporation and decomposition stages. These temperatures were similarly identified by plateaus or inflection points in the time-temperature diagram. The evaporation temperature gradually decreased with increasing the initial LO mass fraction in the droplet, whereas the other two temperatures were almost independent of the oil composition. All three temperatures increased with decreasing initial droplet diameter, but the dependence was very slight. Based on the results, the combustion of heavy oil droplets appears to be dominated by a distillation-like vaporization mechanism, because of the rapid mass transport within the droplets caused by the disruptive burning.     

Surface temperature of acoustically levitated water microdroplets measured using infra-red thermography

A 58 kHz acoustic levitator was fitted with an infra-red thermography camera to examine the drying behaviour of water microdroplets at various drying-air temperatures. The evaporation rate was greater with larger initial droplet size at otherwise identical drying-air temperature (T_da). Measurement of droplet aspect ratio indicate that this is caused by differing acoustic field strengths. The measured droplet surface temperature in dry air showed no dependence on initial droplet size, but deviated from the wet bulb and also from the droplet temperature predicted by acoustic levitation theory. The degree of deviation of drying rate from that predicted by the d²-law using the wet bulb was dependent on T_da. Use of measured droplet surface temperature instead of the wet bulb gave, however, good agreement with the d²-law in dry air. No substantial effects of acoustic field streaming on drying rate could therefore be seen, even at the sound pressure levels of 106-165 dB used. Interpretation of evaporation rates of acoustically-levitated droplets requires therefore the measured droplet surface temperature.     

尿素水溶液液滴的蒸发特性

在石英管式炉上通过挂滴法来观察单个尿素水溶液（urea-aqueous-solution,UAS）液滴的具体蒸发过程,比较了不同环境温度以及不同初始直径大小下液滴的蒸发特性。结果表明,尿素溶液液滴在100～1300 ℃的温度范围内呈现出了不同的蒸发行为。在较高的温度下,液滴的蒸发行为较为复杂,如气泡的产生、液滴的变形以及发生微爆的现象;但是,随着环境温度的降低,这些现象就变得非常微弱甚至消失。同时,还定量分析了稳态蒸发常数与温度、液滴初始直径之间的变化关系,发现在初始直径为2.5 mm、温度在100～600 ℃之间变化的情况下,稳态蒸发常数从0.02075 mm2/s增加到了0.23953 mm2/s,增大了10倍左右。此外,还对气流流速为0.25～1.25 m/s范围内的液滴蒸发特性作了实验研究。当液滴周围有强迫气流存在时,液滴与气体间的换热方式由导热转变为对流换热,从而增强了液滴表面的传热传质能力,促进了液滴的蒸发。