乙炔选择性加氢催化剂研究进展

乙烯是石化工业中最重要的工业原料之一,然而乙烯产品中少量乙炔杂质的存在会直接影响乙烯的下一步应用。乙炔选择性催化加氢被认为是脱除乙炔杂质最有效的方法之一。本文综述了乙炔选择性加氢催化剂近年来的研究进展,介绍了乙炔选择加氢的反应机理,归纳总结了活性组分、助剂、载体以及结构对乙炔加氢催化剂性能的影响。鉴于Pd基催化剂仍然是工业应用的主流催化剂,文中综述了Pd基催化剂的研究现状和目前存在的一些挑战,同时提出了催化性能优化的建议。最后,就如何进一步提高乙炔选择性加氢催化剂性能的发展趋势进行了归纳,主要从单原子合金催化剂、催化剂微观调控以及电化学炔烃加氢方面进行论述,为未来提高乙炔加氢催化剂的性能提供了指导方向。     

Preparation and investigation of Pd doped Cu catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

A series of PdCu bimetallic catalysts with low Cu and Pd loadings and different Cu: Pd atomic ratios were prepared by conventionally sequential impregnation (CSI) and modified sequential impregnation (MSI) of Cu and Pd for selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Characterization indicates that the supported copper (II) nitrate in the PdCu bimetallic catalysts prepared by MSI can be directly reduced to Cu metal particles due to the hydrogen spillover from Pd to Cu(NO₃)₂ crystals. In addition, for the catalysts prepared by MSI, Pd atoms can form PdCu alloy on the surface of metal particles, however, for the catalysts prepared by CSI, Pd tends to migrate and exist below the surface layer of Cu. Reaction results indicate that compared with CSI, the MSI method enables samples to possess preferable stability as well as comparable reaction activity. This should be due to the MSI method in favor of the formation of PdCu alloy on the surface of metal particles. Moreover, even Pd loading is super low, <0.045 wt-% in this study, by through adjusting Cu loading to an appropriate value, attractive reactivity and selectivity still can be achieved.     

Selective hydrogenation of acetylene over Pd/CeO2

Five hundred ppm Pd/CeO₂ catalyst was prepared and evaluated in selective hydrogenation of acetylene in large excess of ethylene since ceria has been recently found to be a reasonable stand-alone catalyst for this reaction. Pd/CeO₂ catalyst could be activated in situ by the feed gas during reactions and the catalyst without reduction showed much better ethylene selectivity than the reduced one in the high temperature range due to the formation of oxygen vacancies by reduction. Excellent ethylene selectivity of ~100% was obtained in the whole reaction temperature range of 50°C–200°C for samples calcined at temperatures of 600°C and 800°C. This could be ascribed to the formation of Pd_xCe_1−xO_2−y or Pd-O-Ce surface species based on the X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, indicating the strong interaction between palladium and ceria.     

微量乙炔和乙烯加氢催化剂的研制

介绍了乙炔尾气中微量乙炔和乙烯加氢催化剂的研制过程。结果表明，研制的CH-101及CH-201型加氢催化剂能有效地脱除原料气中的乙炔及乙烯，具有活性好、净化度高等特点。     

钯基乙炔选择性加氢催化剂研究进展

催化选择加氢去除乙烯中微量乙炔是石化工业重要的反应过程,工业钯基催化剂选择性低、催化剂使用寿命较短。本文综述了近年来国内外乙炔选择性加氢钯基催化剂的研究进展。主要探讨了过渡金属、金属氧化物与非金属配体助剂能调变钯粒子空间结构,隔离分散钯粒子并与钯粒子产生电子效应;阐明了钯粒子尺寸与织构形貌的调控能改变钯的晶面结构,影响钯对乙烯的吸脱附和对氢气的活化与解离性能;评述了单一氧化物、复合金属氧化物、碳材料等载体为催化剂提供合适的表面酸碱性并加强了与活性中心之间的相互作用,稳定钯粒子抑制其发生迁移与团聚。提高乙烯选择性与催化剂稳定性是该研究的重点与难点,负载型钯基催化剂的发展方向是构建高分散钯粒子,并在反应过程中保持稳定。     

添加Ni对Cu基催化剂乙炔选择性加氢性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu/Al_2O_3及Cu-Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂,将其应用于乙炔选择性加氢反应。结果表明,与Cu/Al_2O_3催化剂相比,Cu-Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的加氢活性及乙烯选择性(当反应出口尾气中乙炔物质的量分数减少到0.003%时)明显提高。通过对Cu与Ni的浸渍顺序考察发现,先浸渍Ni制得的Cu-Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂活性有所下降,但乙烯选择性提高;通过对Ni含量的考察发现,当Ni质量分数为2%时,催化剂性能最佳。     

负载型纳米金催化剂在乙炔选择性加氢反应中的研究进展

介绍了乙炔选择性加氢制乙烯催化剂的研究和开发进展。针对负载型纳米金催化剂的发展趋势及其对乙炔加氢反应产物中乙烯的独特选择性,重点对比单金属纳米金催化剂及合金型催化剂的催化性能差异,发现合金型纳米金催化剂具有较高的乙炔转化率和稳定性。影响催化性能的主要因素有纳米粒子的大小及活性组分之间的相互协同作用。分析积炭的形成以及导致催化剂失活的原理。展望低温条件下具有高转化率与高稳定性的合金型纳米金催化剂的应用前景。     

烯烃选择性加氢脱炔催化剂SMT-342的研究及工业应用

针对聚烯烃生产过程中烯烃聚合前的脱炔烃净化,大连凯特利催化工程技术有限公司开发了加氢脱炔催化剂SMT-342。考察床层高径比、空速、压力等因素对SMT-342脱炔催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,在高径比2.56、反应压力0.5 MPa、空速5 000 h^(-1)条件下,出口反应气中乙炔体积分数小于1×10^(-6)。1 056 h稳定性测试表明该催化剂可以稳定、有效脱除烯烃中的炔烃,满足烯烃聚合工艺指标。SMT-342脱炔催化剂已在多种工业化装置上使用,现场运行数据表明该催化剂完全满足乙烯精馏分离前乙炔脱除要求。     

乙炔选择性加氢：催化剂结构敏感性分析及调控

Pd催化乙炔选择性加氢是石脑油蒸汽裂解和煤基电石乙炔路径制备聚合级乙烯的关键。传统的Pd基催化剂使用成本较高且选择性和稳定性较差。本文综述了近年来乙炔选择性加氢催化剂结构敏感性及其调控方面的相关研究进展,重点介绍了包括活性金属粒径、纳米颗粒形貌和电子结构等对乙炔选择性加氢反应性能的重要作用,进而阐明了催化剂结构调控的目标与方向。进一步归纳总结了针对该反应特性的催化剂结构定向调控的研究进展,主要包括合金和金属间化合物催化剂、单原子及其合金催化剂的设计。通过合理地调控催化剂结构,优化关键物种的吸脱附和反应动力学行为,能够显著提高乙炔加氢催化剂的选择性及稳定性。在未来的研究中,如何针对该反应特性,构筑高效、稳定和低成本的催化剂将会是该体系催化剂研究的重点与难点。     

载体对不饱和醛/酮中C=O选择性加氢催化剂性能的影响

研究载体活性炭对沉淀法制备的Pd/C催化剂催化活性的影响,在不饱和醛/酮加氢反应中通过考察载体粒度和试剂改性等条件对催化剂催化活性以及C=O选择性的影响。结果表明,将粒度(100~200)目的活性炭在80℃的10%HNO_3溶液中浸泡120 min,洗涤干燥后得到活性炭载体制备的Pd/C催化剂具有较高的活性和C=O选择性,不饱和醛转化率达95.2%,不饱和醇选择性达96.3%。     

Enantioselective hydrogenation of N-acetyl dehydrophenylalanine methyl ester using cinchonine-modified Pd/TiO2 catalysts

The enantioselective hydrogenation of N-acetyl dehydrophenylalanine methyl ester (NADPME) to N-acetyl phenylalanine methyl ester is investigated using cinchonine-modified Pd/TiO₂ catalysts. The catalysts were prepared using deposition–reduction and wet impregnation methods and were evaluated for reaction using methanol as solvent with various cinchonine/NADPME molar ratios. Enantioselectivity was sensitive to this ratio and comparison with Pd/γ-Al₂O₃ showed that the Pd/TiO₂ gave marginally higher enantioselectivity when tested under comparable conditions. The effect of Pd loading and dispersion was investigated and the maximum enantiomeric excess observed was dependent on the dispersion; the role of the Pd particle size is discussed in the context of cinchonine adsorption. The reactions were carried out in solvents (methanol and dimethyl formamide) and mixed solvents (methanol–water and dimethyl formamide–water); the enantiomeric excess was significantly enhanced using dimethyl formamide. The addition of water does not have a significant effect for the Pd/TiO₂ catalysts. In this paper we report the highest enantiomeric excess for the hydrogenation of a prochiral ester using an immobilised catalyst.     

Investigation of the preparation methodologies of Pd-Cu single atom alloy catalysts for selective hydrogenation of acetylene

Galvanic replacement, co-impregnation and sequential impregnation have been employed to prepare Pd-Cu bimetallic catalysts with less than 1 wt-% Cu and ca. 0.03 wt-% Pd for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene. High angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and H₂ chemisorption results confirmed that Pd-Cu single-atom alloy structures were constructed in all three bimetallic catalysts. Catalytic tests indicated that when the conversion of acetylene was above 99%, the selectivity of ethylene of these three single atom alloy catalysts was still more than 73%. Furthermore, the single atom alloy catalyst prepared by sequential incipient wetness impregnation was found to have the best stability among the three procedures used.     

不同Pd/Ag配比Pd-Ag/Al2O3催化乙炔加氢微观反应动力学分析

乙炔加氢是乙烯工业中的重要精制反应。以α-Al₂O₃作为载体,采用分步等量浸渍法制备了不同Pd/Ag配比的加氢催化剂,使用N₂物理吸附、XRD、ICP、XPS、TEM和CO化学吸附等手段表征催化剂的结构和组成,根据正交实验设计方案进行动力学实验,建立了微观反应动力学模型,并根据动力学模拟结果和动力学参数值的变化分析了Ag助剂含量对乙炔加氢反应动力学的影响。研究结果表明,以Pd-Ag催化剂上碳二加氢的DFT计算结果为基础参数来源,经过吸脱附步骤活化能的优化,微观反应动力学模型可以很好地模拟不同Pd/Ag配比催化剂上的乙炔加氢反应动力学结果;在所研究范围内,各催化剂上加氢反应的表面最丰物种皆为C₂H₄^*,速率控制步骤为乙烯基加氢,不会随着Ag含量的不同发生变化;但是Ag含量的增加显著降低了氢气脱附活化能,提高了乙烯的选择性,这可能与Ag含量的提高增加了催化剂表面Ag和Pd之间的电子转移现象有关。     

Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮合成甲基异丁基酮

以HZSM-5为载体,采用浸渍法制备系列Pd/HZSM-5催化剂,在高压连续流动固定床反应器中考察Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化加氢丙酮一步法合成甲基异丁基酮性能,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,当HZSM-5载体上Pd负载质量分数为0.5%时,在反应温度140 ℃、氢压1 MPa、空速0.48 h^-1和氢酮物质的量比为1条件下,Pd/HZSM-5催化剂催化活性较高,丙酮转化率为45.91%,甲基异丁基酮选择性为94.33%。采用XRD、H₂-TPD、SEM、EDS和TGA等对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,负载质量分数0.5%的Pd在HZSM-5分子筛表面分散均匀,且0.5%Pd/HZSM-5催化剂具有较高氢吸附能力,失活的主要原因为催化剂表面积炭,采用流化床反应器取代传统的固定床反应器可以很好的解决催化剂积炭问题。     

Formation of C4 species in the deactivation of a Pd/SiO2 catalyst during the selective hydrogenation of acetylene

The deactivation characteristics of Pd/SiO₂ in the selective hydrogenation of acetylene were correlated with changes in the amount of the C4 species produced. The amounts of butenes produced changed in parallel with the catalyst activity, indicating that the rate limiting step for butene production was the same as that for acetylene hydrogenation. On the other hand, the amount of 1,3-butadiene produced changed, showing a maximum with catalyst deactivation because 1,3-butadiene is an intermediate in the sequential reaction process which involves both the production and consumption of 1,3-butadiene. This was verified by a simultaneous TG/reaction experiment showing that 1,3-butadiene was a precursor of green oil. The catalyst showed a self-regenerative behavior in its activity and the amounts of C4 species produced during the early stage of deactivation because two opposite factors, which contributed to either the lowering or the promotion of activity, were involved in the process. A specific type of polymer species, produced during the initial period of deactivation, is proposed to be responsible for the promotion of catalyst activity.     

氮化碳负载钯催化剂的制备及对SBS选择性催化加氢性能的研究

苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段共聚物(SBS)选择性催化加氢是保留链段中苯环不被加氢而C C双键选择性加氢,从而得到具有更优异性能的高附加值氢化产物SEBS。为了消除反应物大分子孔内扩散限制问题,采用胶体SiO₂亚微米球为模板,通过氰胺热缩合成功合成了三维有序超大孔氮化碳(3DOM g-C₃N₄),以其为载体采用化学还原负载法得到了具有超大孔结构的Pd/3DOM g-C₃N₄催化剂,并将其用于SBS的选择性催化加氢反应。结果表明,Pd/3DOM g-C₃N₄催化剂具有超大孔-大孔-介孔多级孔三维贯穿结构且Pd颗粒尺寸小、分散均匀,该催化剂在较为温和的反应条件下,即表现出极为优异的加氢活性和选择性。根据红外表征计算得到其对SBS的1,2-C C和1,4-C C总加氢度达到98%,而对苯环没有加氢,选择性为100%。其优异的催化性能主要归功于载体独特的超大孔-大孔-介孔多级孔三维贯穿结构可以有效消除大分子在孔隙中的扩散限制,从而提高了对活性位...     

选择性催化加氢合成3,4-二氯苯胺的Pd/C催化剂研究

研究了Pd/C催化剂表面金属钯平均粒径对3,4-二氯硝基苯催化加氢反应选择性的影响，发现金属钯平均粒径越大，脱氯副反应越不明显，加氢选择性越高。采用浓硝酸预处理的活性炭负载钯催化剂虽然能够增大表面金属钯平均粒径，粒径分布却较宽，不利于加氢选择性的提高。使用饱和EDTA·2Na溶液预处理活性炭后，在钯负载量降低的情况下，可以达到活性炭载体表面金属钯大粒径、狭窄的分布，实现了在不添加脱氯抑制剂的情况下高选择性合成3,4-二氯苯胺。     

A novel microfabricated Pd/SiO2 model catalyst for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene

The hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene was successfully demonstrated using a microfabricated catalyst. The reaction was carried out at atmospheric pressure and 100°C with a hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio of 125. Data from a thin film Pd/silica catalyst is also presented for comparison. The conversion for the microfabricated catalyst is more stable and slightly lower than that for the thin film catalyst; however, the geometric surface area of the thin film catalyst is 7.5 times greater than that of the microfabricated catalyst. The selectivity of the reaction products is greatly different between the two catalysts. The microfabricated catalyst has a much lower selectivity for 1-butene and favors the 2-butenes more so than does the thin film catalyst.     

硅藻土负载Co-Fe肉桂醛选择加氢催化剂的制备与表征

以肉桂醛选择性加氢制肉桂醇为探针反应,通过制备不同Fe含量的Co-Fe/硅藻土催化剂并进行催化性能评价。结合XRD、SEM和正电子寿命谱等进行表征,结果表明,Fe对Co₃O₄晶体的完整程度产生影响,导致晶体缺陷数增加。Fe引入使活性助分在载体硅藻土表面分散性更好,分散的单层性明显,负载在硅藻土上催化剂的晶粒粒径也有变小趋势。     

不同粒径Pd/Al2O3催化乙炔加氢反应微观动力学分析

采用等量浸渍法制备了α-Al₂O₃负载的系列Pd催化剂,运用BET、XRD、ICP-AES、CO化学吸附、TEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征;根据部分析因实验设计方案进行动力学实验,采用微观反应动力学方法模拟和分析了所获稳定期本征动力学实验结果。结果发现,制备所得催化剂Pd颗粒的平均粒径分别为1.6、3.4、5.5 nm,CO化学吸附所测定达到活性稳定期后的催化剂表面Pd原子数与Hardeveld模型计算的Pd（111）表面原子数一致;模拟结果表明该微观动力学模型可以很好地模拟不同粒径催化剂上的动力学结果,在所研究范围内表面最丰物种为C₂H₄^*和C₂H₃^*,通过微观与宏观动力学的特征判断3种催化剂上乙炔加氢的速率控制步骤为乙烯基加氢生成乙烯。