基于层次分析法的水库区泥石流危险性评价研究

泥石流危险性评价是水库区工程地质内部评价的重要内容。本文以四川省雅砻江孟底沟水电站库区为背景,基于层次分析法,选取地层岩性、不良地质体密度、高程高差、降雨因子等11个影响因子,建立基于栅格单元的泥石流危险性评价体系图。在GIS平台上利用其强大数据处理功能,把泥石流危险评价由定性评价直观地展现为对泥石流危险性的定量评价。将泥石流危险性划分为四个等级,分别为轻度危险区、中度危险区、较高危险区和高度危险区。     

G217线独山子至乔尔玛段泥石流灾害特征及防治

新疆独山子-库车公路沿线被誉为新疆地质灾害"仓库",其中G217线独山子至乔尔玛段公路沿线泥石流灾害极其发育,泥石流的发生已严重制约了该段公路的正常运营及行车安全。通过对该段公路沿线泥石流的实地调查及资料收集,深入分析和研究了该段公路沿线泥石流发育特征及危险性,提出了防治措施建议,以期为泥石流灾害防治、减灾提供依据。     

基于层次分析法的绵茂公路泥石流危险性评价

选取绵茂公路典型的徐家坝泥石流沟为例,运用层次分析法对其危险性进行建模和评价分析,主要从历史危险和潜在危险2个方面去考虑其危险性。依据该模型,得出的结果为历史危险性和潜在危险性各占比重为0.5,这与地质人员现场调查的结果一致。因此,该方法可以推广到绵茂公路其他泥石流沟的危险度评价中,为绵茂公路泥石流风险评估提供科学依据。     

新疆马尔洋地区泥石流遥感信息提取及危险性评价

遥感和地理信息技术已成为泥石流、滑坡等地质灾害快速调查和危险性评价的关键技术。文章以新疆西昆仑山脉西段马尔洋地区为研究区,在充分收集、研究前人资料和有效利用其他信息源的基础上,基于ETM⁺遥感影像和DEM数据,通过地形起伏度、沟谷密度、沟谷线和坡度等地形特征和植被覆盖度的计算,判读了研究区的泥石流灾害点信息。在此基础上,选取了合适的泥石流灾害危险性评价指标,利用层次分析法确定了各个评价因子的权重,对研究区泥石流危险性做了评价。评价的结果为一般危险性占23.20%,中度危险性占29.82%,而高度及极度危险性占47.98%,表明该地区为泥石流高度危险性易发育区。     

四川省某泥石流特征及危险度评价

从泥石流特征、发育条件及活动趋势等对某区泥石流灾害进行分析,并采用刘希林和唐川等学者于1996年提出的单沟泥石流危险度评价方法对该区泥石流的危险度作了定性定量评价。结果表明,危险度H为0.47,属中度危险。最后提出了相应的防治措施和建议。     

基于组合权重法的输电线路水土流失次生灾害危险性评价

输变电线路工程往往具有跨区域广、沿线地形地质条件极为复杂、各种自然灾害频发、灾害风险高等特点。本文首先通过对山东淄博市输变电工程沿线的水土流失次生灾害调查,分析研究了沿线灾害发育的规律及特征,其灾害发育主要受地形地貌、地层岩性、降雨控制。随后选择了高程、坡度、坡向、地貌类型、降雨、断层距离、土地利用类型、水系密度、岩性、道路距离、矿区距离共11个因子作为评价指标,融合层次分析法和信息量法对研究区的灾害危险性进行了评价,成功率曲线AUC为0.76,显示评价精度较高。评价结果表明：沿线杆塔位于极低危险区3151个,位于低危险区1696个,位于中危险区2622个,位于高危险区1011个,位于极高危险区71个。同时危险性区划图可以为输变电工程的选线、灾害防治等提供科学依据,具有重要的应用价值。     

"5·12"汶川地震崩塌滑坡危险性评价——以都汶公路沿线为例

选择地震极重灾区(都汶公路沿线)作为研究区域,利用遥感影像解译和野外调查数据,采用信息量方法,分析地震崩塌滑坡对影响因子的敏感性,结合GIS技术评价地震崩塌滑坡的危险性.研究表明,都汶公路沿线最利于地震崩塌滑坡的条件为:(1) 坡度:大于35°;(2) 坡向:E,ES和S坡向;(3) 坡面粗糙度:大于1.15;(4) 距断层距离:5～20 km;(5) 土地利用类型:林地、灌木林地和疏林地;(6) 地层岩性:元古代闪长岩、元古代斜长花岗岩、元古界玄武岩、安山岩、石炭系灰岩、泥灰岩和志留系灰绿色千枚岩及石灰岩,尤其是元古界玄武岩和安山岩.利用信息量综合因子叠加技术,对研究区域崩塌滑坡体进行危险性评价,并将其分为极高度危险区、高度危险区、中度危险区、轻度危险区以及基本无危险区.危险性评价结果表明:研究区域大部分处于中度危险区、高度危险区、极高度危险区,三者面积占总面积的70.34%,其中极高度危险区占到总面积的19.15%,范围较大,在公路修复和重新规划建设中应加强预防这些区域发生崩塌滑坡;基本无危险区范围较小,仅占总面积的11.81%;在分布特征上,极高度危险区和高度危险区主要分布在映秀至草坡河段上,草坡河至汶川段大部分处于轻度危险区及以下.研究结果可为震后公路恢复、重建及灾区重建提供科学指导与技术支持.     

某水电站库区泥石流易发性及危险性评价

对某水电站坝址区7条泥石流沟进行了泥石流易发程度判别,并进一步采用危险性指数和危险度2种方法对7条泥石流沟危险性进行了判别。分析得出:骆驼沟、水卡子沟、呷拉沟和巴旺沟的泥石流易发程度为轻度易发,邛山沟、木尔罗沟和燕耳岩沟的泥石流易发程度均为易发,其中以木尔罗沟为最易发,基于危险性指数评价得到的危险性与基于危险度评价得到的泥石流危险性等级略有不同,按危险度评判,骆驼沟和邛山沟泥石流危险性高,木尔罗沟、水卡子沟和燕耳岩沟泥石流危险性中等;呷拉沟和巴旺沟泥石流危险性低。     

地质灾害危险性综合评估——以广东省五华县为例

该文以遥感及GIS作为数据获取与分析处理的技术手段,以地质环境条件复杂程度,潜在地质灾害隐患点的分布、灾害点密度、灾害体规模、地质灾害危害程度等作为基本评价要素对五华县地质灾害危险性进行综合评估并分区,最终划定地质灾害危险程度高、中、低3个等级共12个亚区;即高危险区(ⅠA)有4个亚区,中危险区(ⅡB)有4个亚区,低危险区(ⅢC)有4个亚区。     

层次分析法模型下的王家沟泥石流危险性评价

大渡河流域是我国地质灾害威胁最为严重的区域之一,区内灾害以泥石流与滑坡为主。据统计,大渡河流域已发生过泥石流约360余处,占已发生地质灾害的1/3。文本通过对大渡河流域得妥乡泥石流沟的实地调查,从泥石流的地形地貌、物源条件、激发条件中选取相应的基础指标作为评价泥石流危险度的因子,运用层次分析法(AHP)建立库区泥石流危险度评价模型,对泥石流进行危险度评价分析(以王家沟泥石流为例)其危险度以中、低度为主,分析结果与实际勘查有较好的一致性。     

Hazard zoning of trunk highway slope disasters: a case study in northern Shaanxi,China

The fragile natural environment of the northern Shaanxi Province in China is susceptible to ambient conditions. Highway slope disasters and the frequent occurrence of highway hazards that different in type, possible outcomes, and scale by region cause severe adverse effects on the construction and operation of trunk highways in the province. Therefore, conducting hazard zoning of highway slope disasters is essential in order to mitigate and manage highway slope disasters and to analyze the distribution regularities of hazards in northern Shaanxi. In this study, a hazard assessment model based on the principle of disaster-causing factor superposition was established. Five hazard assessment indexes, namely terrain gradient, ravine density, annual average days with precipitation more than 25 mm, geotechnical types, and vegetation coverage, were selected to analyze the types of highway slope disasters and disaster-causing factors. The distribution of assessment indexes and the degree of the highway slope disaster hazard were presented using an assessment model and geographic information system (GIS). The hazard zoning of highway slope disasters in northern Shaanxi is classified into slight, moderate, and severe according to hazard characteristics and trunk highway network distribution. Results show that the hazard zoning of highway slope disasters in northern Shaanxi is consistent with the actual distribution.     

基于GIS区域边坡失稳灾害预测与评价

 滑坡和泥石流是边坡失稳后两种主要的运动方式,是山区重大的地质灾害。对既往滑坡和泥石流进行研究,以此作为基础来预测和评价本地区潜在的滑坡和泥石流灾害,是防灾减灾的一个重要措施。大多数泥石流是在强降雨的情况下,由滑坡滑入山谷河道而形成的。基于地理信息系统(GIS)和数值模型相结合的方法,采用两步骤方法预测和评价日本熊本县水俣市宝川区集地区的滑坡和泥石流灾害。首先分析该区域可能存在的新滑坡,然后假定这些滑坡在遇到强降雨时形成泥石流,利用数值模拟流动过程分析其在三维复杂地形下的泛滥过程,预测可能受害的房屋和路段。     

Debris flow hazard assessment by combining numerical simulation and land utilization

Debris flow has caused serious human casualties and economic losses in the main earthquake-hit areas affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. As one of the important and effective means of non-engineering disaster mitigation, debris flow hazard assessment is a key issue for the sustainable economic and social development of earthquake-hit areas. This article illustrates a new method to quantify the debris flow hazard by combining debris flow simulated results with different land utilization within the influence area. The Guo Juanyan gully in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan province, China, located in the meizoseismal area of the Wenchuan earthquake, was selected as the study area. The rainfall characteristics, including the rainfall pattern and the 10-min, 1-h, and 24-h critical rainfalls, were fully explored first. Then, the numerical simulation method was applied as a modeling tool to simulate debris flow influence area and final buried depth under rainfall with different return periods. The simulated results under a 100-year return period rainfall were validated based on field measurements. Finally, the debris flow hazard maps under different return periods were overlapped by combining the simulated results and the types of land utilization. The proposed method can enhance the accuracy of debris flow hazard assessment and can be widely used for debris flow mitigation, which has important application value.     

G212线陇南段泥石流发育成因及其时空分布特征分析

 首先通过前人研究以及野外调查,深入分析研究区所处的工程地质环境,包括地质构造、地层岩性、工程地质岩组、地形地貌、新构造运动、降雨、植被以及人类活动等。其次,在充分认识本区泥石流发生机制的基础上,通过对研究区典型泥石流沟的实地调查,结合工程地质环境,综合分析研究区泥石流分布的空间特征与时间特征。空间上集中分布于白龙江干流及其一级支流岷江和北峪河三个流域;时间上的分布特征体现在日时段、月时段及年代时段3个方面,其中月时段主要分布在7,8月份。研究结果对拟建国道212的选线,灾害抢险的制定、救灾和抗灾的途径和措施以及泥石流时空分布特征分析理论的发展等具有一定的指导与借鉴意义。     

The debris flows of Austria

The topographical, geological and hydrological conditions of the Eastern Alps determine the variability of possibilities for debris flow activities in Austria. For instance the loose masses like “Altschutt” by Stiny (1931)—these are in most cases moraines in high altitude—cause often debris flow disasters in the western federal states of Austria. The rainfall intesities reach world records along the southeastern ranges of the Alpes (600–670 mm in two and a half hour). Along the northern and southern border ranges occur also daily amounts of 200–250 mm. The volumes of deposits by disasters reach amounts of about hundred thousand or million cubicmeters. The geomorphological form of the debris cone or the alluvial fan allows to indicate the type of torrent and the degree of hazard impact. Using the geomorphological form along the course it is possible to calculate the velocity of the debris flow.     

四川省泸定县主要地质灾害区域危险性评价

在对泸定县崩塌、滑坡、泥石流地质灾害进行资料收集和野外调查的基础上,采用灰色关联分析法对地质灾害进行了以乡为单位的危险性评价,以探讨地质灾害危险性评价方法的应用。     

综合物探方法在泥石流调查中的应用

泥石流是地质灾害的主要类型之一,如何准确地探测泥石流层的厚度,对于判断泥石流的规模与地质灾害评价非常重要.本文简要叙述了探地雷达和直流电阻率测深法的探测原理,由于泥石流与基岩的物性有差别,因此应用以上两种物探方法探测泥石流理论上是可行的.通过探地雷达和直流电阻率测深法在泸定县泥石流区域的应用实例分析,证明了采用综合物探...     

Cathedral Mountain debris flows,Canada

Historic debris flow activity along the north side of Cathedral Mountain in the southern Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, began in 1925 and has increased in frequency up to 1985. A typical debris flow event involves approximately 100,000 m³ of material. Debris flow velocities and discharges above the head of the fan crossed by the Trans-Canada Highway and the C.P.R. mainline are 5.5 m/sec and 210 m³/sec. Most of the large debris flow events are associated with jökulhlaups from Cathedral Glacier. Jökulhlaup discharges of at least 10,000 and perhaps as much as 24,000 m³ of water mobilize these debris flows. Part of the water may have come from a small ephemeral lake on the south side of the glacier. The balance must have been stored within the glacier. The onset and acceleration of debris flow activity was apparently induced by the recession of Cathedral Glacier. Source areas of debris flow sediments have retreated upslope since initiation of debris flow activity. C.P.R. began pumping meltwater from the glacier in 1985 and no jökulhlaups or significant debris flows have occurred since. This preventive measure should either eliminate jökulhlaups or reduce their magnitudes should they occur. Without jökulhlaups, debris flow hazard in the area should be reduced both in frequency and in magnitude.     

川藏公路南线八宿—林芝段滚石灾害的工程地质调查与评价

对川藏公路南线八宿一林芝段沿线山地灾害的工程地质调查表明，滚石对公路的危害性非常突出，鉴于滚石事件自身的特点应将之作为一个专门的灾种给予高度的重视。通过对滚石灾害的影响因素分析，给出了相应的灾害评价方法，并对19个滚石灾害点进行了灾害评价。针对灾害的相对严重程度，对各段滚石区防护措施的设置提出了初步建议。     

创刊词——为积极开展岩土工程学的研究而努力

岩土工程学报终于和读者见面了,这是我国岩土工程学界值得高兴的事情。出版岩土工程学报的目的,就是为了充分发扬学术民主,开展学术交流,促进岩土工程这门科学技术的发展,从而使我国尽快改变目前的落后面貌,赶上国际先进水平。 建国初期或五十年代,我国在江淮平原修建了许多主体水利工程,例如,一系列水库,水闸等,这些工程不仅推动了我国经济建设飞速前进,而且也为我国岩土工程学的发展创造了有利条件。在这些工程中,我国科研人员和工程技术人员成功的运用了一些先进的施工方法和施工技术,同时也使岩土工程方面的试验研究工作取得了一定的进展。