相变塑性钢的低周疲劳性能和裂纹扩展速率

通过对新型低碳低硅相变塑性钢(TRIP钢)的低周疲劳和裂纹扩展试验,得到试验TRIP钢循环应变硬化系数n’为0.1891,循环强度系数K’为1551MPa;疲劳强度指数b为-0.1123,疲劳强度系数fσ’为1266MPa;疲劳延性指数c为-0.5918,疲劳延性系数fε’为0.3374。裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth为229MPa(mm)1/2,具有良好的疲劳性能。用试验得到的疲劳特性参数进行了相关零件的结构和疲劳仿真分析,指导汽车零件的设计。预测认为轻量化结构设计是合理的,轻量化后零件的疲劳台架试验结果也验证了预测的正确。     

不同应力比和腐蚀环境条件下X80钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

在空气和不同浓度H₂S环境中对X80管线钢进行了应力比为0.1和0.3的低频腐蚀疲劳试验,以获得疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN与应力强度因子幅值ΔK之间的Paris表达式,研究X80钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果表明：腐蚀环境能加速X80钢的裂纹扩展,当H₂S浓度为100 mg/L时,含H₂S环境中裂纹扩展速率是空气中的2.9倍;随着H₂S浓度的增大,裂纹扩展速率呈指数增大;随着应力比的增大,平均应力增大,裂纹闭合效应减小,裂纹尖端完全张开,材料与腐蚀介质接触面积增大,导致裂纹扩展速率增大。     

高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的温度效应和过载迟滞效应

通过在18,35和55℃蒸馏水中疲劳裂纹扩展试验,证明了超高强度钢30CrMnSiNi2A腐蚀疲劳具有强烈的温度效应,得到了ΔK值和温度对裂纹扩展速率影响的复合表达式。由于扩展速率数据拟合得到的表观激活能值(36.7kJ/mol)十分接近于氢在γ-Fe中的扩散激活能值,支持了氢助裂纹扩展的观点。对大气中疲劳裂纹扩展具有重要价值的过载迟滞效应,在腐蚀疲劳时显著地减小,在0.1Hz的低频率下尤其明显。     

基于两步七点拟合ADB610钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展

在应力比为0.1、恒幅加载载荷下,对低碳贝氏体ADB610钢手工电弧焊焊接接头母材区、热影响区和焊缝区采用CT(紧凑拉伸)试样进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究。采用两步七点递增多项式拟合方法计算疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN),并计算应力强度因子范围(ΔK),分别将母材区、热影响区和焊缝区每个试样的(da/dN)和(ΔK)数据进行了回归拟合,得到了以Paris公式表达的ADB610钢母材区、热影响区、焊缝区(da/dN)与(ΔK)的关系式。并将这三区域中多个试样Paris公式中的参数取均值,得到三区域均值裂纹扩展速率表达式。结果表明,在裂纹扩展的初期和中期,母材区的裂纹扩展速率最快,焊缝区的裂纹扩展速率最慢;在裂纹扩展末期,三区域的裂纹扩展快慢相当。     

AZ91HP镁合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为与断裂机理

试验分析了AZ91HP镁合金在压铸态(F)、固溶状态(T₄)和固溶-时效状态(T₆)的裂纹扩展行为,并探讨了压铸态镁合金疲劳断口组织特征与裂纹扩展机制。结果表明:压铸态AZ91HP-F疲劳裂纹扩展行为与ΔK值的大小有关,ΔK值越小,断口越平滑,ΔK值越大,断口越粗糙;裂纹扩展过程存在塑性诱发裂纹闭合效应,这一效应使得裂纹扩展的K_op值增加,ΔK_eff值减小,并使疲劳裂纹扩展速率与合金塑性有关,由于AZ91HP的塑性依T₆、F、T₄状态依次增加,导致裂纹扩展速率依次降低。     

桥梁钢Q345焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

对桥梁用钢Q345焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展性能进行了试验研究。测得对接接头的硬度分布,结果表明,焊接接头焊缝中心处的硬度值较低,在热影响区的重结晶区存在硬度最高点,而在部分重结晶区存在硬度最低点,硬度最低点为对接接头的薄弱区。通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试,得到其对接接头不同区域的疲劳裂纹扩展a-N曲线以及lg(da/dN)-lgΔK曲线。分析对比对接接头各区域的疲劳裂纹扩展速率lg(da/dN)-lgΔK曲线可知,在同一应力水平下,对接接头不同部位的疲劳裂纹扩展速率不同,热影响区的扩展速率较快,母材次之,焊缝金属最慢。并通过疲劳断口和焊接接头的显微组织,分析了其疲劳裂纹扩展速率不同的原因。     

9Cr与CrMoV异种焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值研究

裂纹扩展抗力是材料的内在属性,Paris的重要贡献是将ΔK引入疲劳裂纹扩展的研究,表明疲劳裂纹扩散的控制参数是应力强度因子ΔK。本试验异种焊接接头采用钨极氩弧焊(TIG)进行打底焊接,而后采用埋弧自动焊进行多层多道焊接,焊后进行相应的回火处理,之后随炉自然冷却。实验材料为9Cr钢母材、Cr Mo V母材和两侧的热影响区及焊缝区。按照降K法进行测试,应力比分别设定为0.5、0.7、0.9,在近门槛值区域进行多次测量,通过线性回归法拟合出直线方程,由此计算出疲劳扩展门槛值,可反映该焊接条件下9Cr与Cr Mo V异种材料接头的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

低碳低硅600 MPa级TRIP-SH钢的疲劳性能研究

通过低硅TRIP-SH钢的低周疲劳试验、高频疲劳试验,获得了该钢的低周疲劳ε-N曲线、高频疲劳的σ-N曲线及裂纹扩展速度da/dN表达式.结果表明,该钢低周疲劳循环应变硬化指数n'=0.1887,循环强度系数K'=1547 MPa,高频疲劳的疲劳极限σ0.1为405 MPa,裂纹扩展门槛值ΔKth为229 MPa · mm0.5.较高的疲劳强度和裂纹扩展门槛值表明TRIP-SH钢具备良好的疲劳性能.     

应力比对TC4-DT钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响

对TC4-DT钛合金在不同应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究,绘制出疲劳裂纹扩展速率和应力强度因子幅值ΔK之间的关系曲线,用SEM对断口形貌进行了观测。实验结果表明,随着应力比增加,裂纹扩展速率增加;应力比降低,da/dN曲线向高ΔK方向移动。预裂区主要是以微区解理断裂机制为主,稳态扩展区主要是以疲劳条带扩展机制为主,同时也存在微区解理断裂机制,快速扩展区的断口形貌呈韧窝型静载断裂特征。     

Q960E热影响粗晶区疲劳寿命与ΔKth值的关系分析

基于模拟焊接热循环试验及疲劳裂纹扩展试验,对动载结构用高强钢Q960E热影响粗晶区进行了多种应力幅值作用下的疲劳寿命研究.通过得到Paris方程建立了不同焊接热模拟工艺下疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值（ΔK_th）随不同交变载荷下疲劳寿命值的近似线性关系.利用场发射扫描电镜中背散射衍射功能（EBSD）对疲劳裂纹扩展试样中的裂纹尖端进行了晶体学取向分析及扩展机制讨论.结果表明,在应力幅值ΔP固化后,疲劳寿命N随ΔK_th的增大而增加,其延寿微观机理在于组织中的亚结构取向存在差异,所形成的大角度晶界（≥15°）可有效迫使裂纹转向,从而提高材料的疲劳寿命.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.