聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯/聚砜中空纤维纳滤复合膜的研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)为表层材料,以对二氯苄为交联剂,聚砜(PSF)中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,通过界面聚合反应(季铵化反应)制备了荷正电中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了基膜、PDMAEMA、交联剂、溶剂、催化剂等和制膜工艺对复合纳滤膜截留性能的影响,从中总结出以聚电解质为交联预聚体制备复合纳滤膜的基本规律.首先用本体聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA,采用中空纤维超滤技术精制PDMAEMA水溶液.PDMAEMA水溶液具有浓度、外加盐和pH的响应性.其凝胶层也表现出相同的特点.研究了以聚砜(PSF)平板膜为基膜时,PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的制备条件.研究结果如下:此界面聚合反应在有机相中进行;较优的制备条件为:PDMAEMA浓度为2wt%,对二氯苄浓度为1%～1.5%(wt),应加入少量的NaHCO3来维持溶液的微碱性,室温下反应即可进行,反应时间为5h.另外,用辐照交联的方法制备了PDMAEMA平板型复合纳滤膜,所制备的纳滤膜对2g/LMgSO4的截留率为50%左右.中空纤维外压复合纳滤膜的制备实验包括以下内容:进行了中空纤维外压纳滤膜的基膜选择,研究了基膜对聚合物溶液的吸附行为;确定PDMAEMA涂层液的最佳浓度为0.75wt%;在PDMAEMA水溶液中加入0.148mol/L NaHCO3能提高纳滤膜对二价盐的截留率,但对通量的提高不大;往PDMAEMA水溶液中加入5%(v/v)乙醇能得到高通量、高脱盐率的中空纤维纳滤膜,对MgSO4的截留率≥98%,水通量可达19.5L/(m2·h)(内压膜),水通量≥20L/(m2·h)(外压膜);加入催化剂碘化钾(KI)使反应时间缩短为3.5h.荷正电的PDMAEMA中空纤维纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率顺序为:MgSO4＞MgCl2＞NaCl＞KCl＞KI,对阳离子的截留顺序为:Mg2 ＞Na ＞K ,对阴离子的截留顺序为:Cl-＞Br-＞I-.对蔗糖的截留率＞60%,对D-甘露糖的截留率为37.4%(外压膜)和32.2%(内压膜),并能有效软化自来水.对分子量大于300的小分子荷正电染料的截留率＞50%.纳滤操作条件影响纳滤膜对无机盐的截留性能.无机盐的浓度上升,纳滤膜的截留率和通量都略有下降;纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和水通量随着操作压力的增大而增加.PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜表现出温度敏感性和pH敏感性.制备了PDMAEMA中空纤维内压纳滤膜,确定PDMAEMA溶液的浓度为0.75wt%,内压纳滤膜对无机盐的截留率和通量的变化与压力的关系符合高斯曲线.实验测试了PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的耐溶剂性,所用溶剂为纯水,0.5mol/L HCl,0.5mol/L NaOH和30%H2O2(wt%).实验表明:PDMAEMA复合纳滤膜的杀菌性、耐碱性和耐氧化性较好,但不适于在酸性介质中保存和使用.     

壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇共混物/聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜的研究

以壳聚糖和聚乙烯醇共混物溶液为铸膜液,涂敷在聚丙烯腈超滤膜上,以戊二醛为交联剂,制备了荷正电壳聚糖-聚乙烯醇共混物/聚丙烯腈复合纳滤膜.探讨了交联时间、交联温度、交联剂浓度、铸膜液浓度等因素的影响,采用单因素实验确定了最佳制膜条件为:以1.5%(质量分数)的壳聚糖和聚乙烯醇共混液为铸膜液,50℃下干燥2h,在戊二醛与无水乙醇质量比为0.75∶50的体系中交联,在40℃水浴中交联4h,50℃下热处理15min.在温度为25℃,流速为30L/h,操作压力为1.0MPa时,对复合膜的性能进行了测试,分别探讨了操作压力和料液类型等因素与膜性能的关系.其纯水渗透系数为5.80L/(h·m2·MPa).对1000mg/L NaCl、MgCl2、MgSO4和Na2SO4的截留率分别为63.50%、94.30%、81.00%、32.70%,通量分别为3.10、3.65、2.40、2.70L/(h·m2).对不同类型无机盐的截留顺序为MgCl2＞MgSO4＞NaCl＞Na2SO4,呈现阳离子型复合纳滤膜的截留特征.流动电位曲线进一步说明了该复合膜荷正电性,其电压渗系数β为5.68mV/Pa.通过扫描电镜对膜的结构进行了表征,显示了该膜的复合结构.     

PDA夹层调控的荷正电纳滤膜的制备及在水处理中的应用

当前商用纳滤膜在溶液中多显示荷负电，而根据道南效应，荷正电纳滤膜在分离废水中的荷正电物质时更具优势。本工作在掺杂金属有机骨架(MOF)的混合基质基膜上构建聚多巴胺(PDA)中间层，再通过聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的交联反应制备了荷正电聚酰胺复合纳滤膜。对多巴胺(DA)沉积浓度和时间及TMC有机相的添加条件进行优化；对比了PDA中间层添加前后两种复合纳滤膜对1 g/L的MgCl₂、NaCl、MgSO₄、Na₂SO₄溶液的渗透截留情况；重点考察了改性膜对含Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺和Pb²⁺的重金属溶液及五种阴阳离子染料的处理情况，最后评估了膜的耐污染性能。结果表明，将2 g/L的DA在超滤支撑层上沉积90 min, PEI水相浓度为1.2%、浸没时间为7 min、TMC有机相浓度为0.5%、交联时间为120 s时，所制备的改性膜的综合性能最佳，膜的接触角为51.5°,表面粗糙度下降，等电点在pH为9左右，在溶液中显示荷正电。改...     

聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯中空纤维复合纳滤膜的制备与性能表征

以聚甲基丙烯酸-N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDM)作为交联预聚物,利用双苄基试剂在聚砜中空纤维超滤膜表面进行季铵化反应(界面聚合),制得荷正电复合中空纤维复合纳滤膜.研究了PDM浓度、外加碱、溶剂、交联剂和交联温度等制备条件的影响.所制备的中空纤维纳滤膜对2g/L MgSO4的截留率≥98%,通量19.5L/(m2·h),界面聚合时间为3.5h.     

聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯复合纳滤膜的制备

以AIBN为引发剂,采用本体聚合的方法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA),并采用中空纤维超滤膜技术滤除PDMAEMA水溶液中的低聚物和未反应的单体.以聚砜(PSf)超滤膜为基膜,以所精制的PDMAEMA为水相涂层液,以对二氯苄的正庚烷溶液为有机交联剂,利用界面聚合的方法制备了PDMAEMA/PSf荷正电复合纳滤膜.实验重点研究了PSf基膜和单体浓度、水相pH值及浸涂时间、水相沥干时间、交联反应时间等条件对所制备纳滤膜分离性能的影响,确定了较优的制膜条件.所制备的荷正电纳滤膜对1g/LMgSO4水溶液(0.8MPa,30℃)的截留率为86.7%,水通量为8.4L/(m2.h).     

荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)平板膜为基膜,对其进行亲水改性后,以支化聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)和均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为主要单体,通过界面聚合制备了荷正电聚四氟乙烯复合纳滤膜。采用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和固体表面Zata电位分析仪研究了复合纳滤膜的表面化学结构、微观形貌和荷电特性,结果表明,在亲水PTFE基膜表面形成了致密的多层结构,复合纳滤膜在pH为中性的条件下呈现荷正电。通过优化制备条件,复合纳滤膜对MgCl_2溶液的截留率达到95.7%,水通量为13.47 L/(m~2·h)(测试液浓度1000 mg/L,操作压力0.4 MPa)。此外,测试复合纳滤膜对不同盐溶液的截留率大小顺序为MgCl_2(95.7%)MgSO_4(90.7%)Na_2SO_4(77.5%)NaCl(58.1%),对聚乙二醇(PEG)的截留相对分子质量为402。研究表明制备的复合纳滤膜在硬水软化领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

荷电纳滤膜对化机浆混合废水的纳滤效果

在制备一种荷正电纳滤膜的基础上研究了制备过程影响成膜性能的几个因素，并探讨了该纳滤膜对化机浆混合废水的纳滤效果。研究发现，与一般聚丙烯腈纳滤膜比较，荷正电聚丙烯腈纳滤膜更有利于提高化机浆混合废水色度，CODCr,BOD5的去除率和钠截留率。     

以碳酸氢铵为致孔剂的木质素磺酸铵耐溶剂复合纳滤膜的构筑及性能调控研究

以木磺铵为水相单体,与正己烷的均苯三甲酰氯溶液在乙二胺交联的聚醚酰亚胺膜表面发生界面聚合反应,制备了木磺铵耐溶剂复合纳滤膜.为提高膜通量,选择碳酸氢铵作为致孔剂.结果证明,通过调节碳酸氢铵的加入量可以提高木质素磺酸铵复合纳滤膜的通量.优化后的纳滤膜NF-2AL-1.5N分离10 mg/L考马斯亮蓝R250的二甲亚砜溶液,在48 h分离过程中,膜的渗透率保持在2.4 L/(m~2·h·MPa),截留率稳定在92%左右,说明所制备的复合纳滤膜在二甲基亚砜体系中具有稳定的耐溶剂性能.研究结果为提高耐溶剂纳滤膜分离性能提供了一条富有潜力的路径.     

壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜的研究进展

目前商业化的纳滤膜多为荷负电,然而在某些特定领域,荷负电膜因污染严重而不能胜任,因此荷正电纳滤膜的研究越来越受到关注和重视。壳聚糖是一种资源丰富、价格低廉的天然高分子化合物,具有良好的成膜性,并且壳聚糖分子链中具有大量氨基,它所形成的纳滤膜带有正电荷,如果能够利用这种材料制备荷正电纳滤膜,在工业上将具有重要意义。目前,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜得到了广泛研究。对复合法、界面聚合法、共混法、化学接枝法、等离子体法制备荷正电壳聚糖纳滤膜进行了综述。同时相关应用研究表明,壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜可以用于单多价离子分离、海水淡化预处理、降低废水硬度等领域,应用前景广阔。最后对壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜未来的发展趋势进行了展望,通过关键问题的突破,期待壳聚糖荷正电纳滤膜早日实现商业化。     

PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMIA)为膜材料，LiCl和水为添加剂，N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂，通过相转化法制备PMIA超滤基膜.以哌嗪(PIP)为水相单体，均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相单体，通过界面聚合法制备PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜.考察了单体浓度对复合纳滤膜渗透分离性能的影响，结果表明，当单体浓度增加时，复合纳滤膜的水通量下降，Na₂SO₄的截留率增大；水相单体PIP质量分数为0.5%,油相单体TMC质量分数为0.07%,反应时间为30 s,后处理温度为70℃,后处理时间为3 min时，所制备的PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜的水通量为508.9 L/(m²·h·MPa),Na₂SO₄截留率为98.24%,酰胺(PA)层厚度为40 nm,接触角为44°;PA/PMIA复合纳滤膜在有机溶剂和酸碱中浸泡30 d后，仍保持稳定的Na₂SO₄截留率.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.