新型耐高温聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及性能研究

以耐高温的杂萘联苯聚芳醚超滤膜为基膜,通过哌嗪(PIP)与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)的界面聚合反应制备了复合纳滤膜.研究了界面聚合条件对膜性能的影响;利用扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分析了膜表面形貌,并用统计法计算了膜表面粗糙度;考察了操作条件对膜性能的影响,及膜对染料和无机盐的分离性能.结果表明,所制备的复合膜具有良好的热稳定性,在1.0MPa,80℃下对Na2SO4的截留率保持在96%以上,而通量高达400L/(m2·h).在1.0MPa,60℃下复合膜对低分子染料的截留率较高,且通量达到180～210L/(m2·h),对NaCl的截留率低于20%.     

渗透汽化分离芳烃/烷烃的聚芳醚腈酮复合膜的制备

采用耐高温的杂萘联苯聚芳醚腈酮(PPENK)超滤膜为底膜,聚(乙二醇)甲基丙烯酸酯(PEO500OHMA)为单体,通过常压介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子同步辐照接枝技术,成功制备了芳烃/烷烃渗透汽化分离复合膜.以甲苯/正庚烷为模型体系,考察了单体浓度对复合膜的芳烃/烷烃渗透汽化分离性能的影响规律,并利用分子模拟技术初步探索了其内在机制.结果表明,单体浓度为0.45 mol/L时,PPENK复合膜的甲苯/正庚烷分离系数和渗透通量分别为5.6和2.66 kg/(m~2·h).随单体浓度增大,所制备PPENK复合膜的甲苯/正庚烷分离系数先增大后减小,与溶液中单体的扩散系数的变化趋势一致.这或许说明扩散是制备"孔填充"复合膜需要调控的参数.     

无机添加剂对磺化杂环共聚醚砜复合膜性能的影响

以磺化联苯型杂萘联苯共聚醚砜(SPPBES)为涂层材料,分别加入LiCl、NaCl、KCl作为无机添加剂配制浸涂稀溶液,在联苯型杂萘联苯共聚醚砜(PPBES)超滤底膜上,采用涂覆方法制备磺化杂萘联苯共聚醚砜复合纳滤膜(SPPBES-LiCl、SPPBESNaCl和SPPBES-KCl)。考察了无机添加剂对复合膜的分离性能的影响,复合膜对不同无机盐的脱盐率顺序均为Na_2SO_4NaClMg SO_4MgCl_2,表现出荷负电纳滤膜的分离特征,以LiCl为添加剂所制备的SPPBES-LiCl复合纳滤膜的脱盐率最高,通量最小。研究了复合膜的耐热性能和耐氧化性能,当操作温度从20℃升至95℃时,SPPBES-LiCl复合膜的通量由46 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)增加到130 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),而脱除率下降约3%,相比于SPPBES-NaCl和SPPBES-KCl,SPPBES-LiCl复合膜分离性能随操作温度升高变化最小。在0.2 g·L~(-1)的NaCl O溶液中浸泡8 d,SPPBES-LiCl复合膜通量增大2%左右,而SPPBES-NaCl与SPPBES-KCl的通量增幅小于8%;相比于SPPBES-NaCl和SPPBES-KCl膜,SPPBES-LiCl复合膜具有更好的耐氧化稳定性。此外,3种磺化杂萘联苯共聚醚砜复合纳滤膜均表现出了较好的耐酸碱稳定性。     

含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构高性能工程塑料研究进展

介绍了含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构聚芳醚砜酮、聚芳醚腈砜酮以及同时还含芳基均三嗪环结构聚芳醚三大系列新型高性能工程塑料的合成与性能及其在高性能树脂基复合材料、绝缘漆、漆包线、功能涂料以及耐高温功能膜等领域的研究进展。从分子结构设计出发,研制成功具有扭曲、非平面结构特点的含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构新型单体,进而与双卤单体经亲核取代逐步聚合反应合成了多系列含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构新型聚芳醚类高性能工程塑料,既耐高温又可溶解,解决了传统高性能工程塑料不能兼具耐高温可溶解的技术难题。其玻璃化转变温度达250～375℃,5%热失重起始温度均高于500℃;可溶解于N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺以及氯仿等几种有机溶剂;综合性能优异,尤其是在高温下依然保持优异的综合性能;可多种方式加工,不仅可采用模压、挤出、注射等热成型加工,还可采用溶液方式加工应用;广泛应用于航空航天、核能、电子电气等高技术领域和国民经济众多行业部门。     

含醚键双二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚腈砜的合成与性能

文中以含醚键双二氮杂萘酮结构化合物4,4’-双(氧基(1,4-苯撑))-双二氮杂萘-1(2H)酮-二苯醚(OBDHPZ)为类双酚单体,与4,4’-二氟二苯砜(DFS)和2,6’-二氟苯腈(DFBN)进行高温溶液缩聚反应,通过调节聚合物分子主链中砜基和氰基等的含量,合成了一系列不同腈砜比的含醚键双二氮杂萘酮联苯结构聚芳醚腈砜树脂(PBPENS),其N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液在25℃的特性黏度为0.63～0.90 dL/g。通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和广角X射线衍射仪表征了所合成聚芳醚腈砜的结构;通过差示扫描量热仪和热失重分析仪分析了该类聚芳醚腈砜的热性能,聚合物的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)在322～325℃,5%热失重温度(T_d5%)在485～500℃。该类聚合物在常温时可溶解于NMP、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、氯仿等极性非质子有机溶剂;采用溶液浇筑法制备了含醚键双二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚腈砜薄膜,薄膜的拉伸强度可以达到56～65 MPa。     

钒电池用含吡啶基杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮隔膜的研制

以含二甲基杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮为原料,通过控制溴化条件,得到了含溴甲基杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮,与吡啶反应得到可溶解的含吡啶基杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮(Py-PPEK),通过溶液浇铸法制得了含吡啶基阴离子交换膜。考察了离子交换容量(IEC)对Py-PPEK膜基本性能及电池性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着IEC的增加,Py-PPEK膜的吸水率和溶胀率增加,钒离子渗透系数和面电阻减小,钒电池的电流效率、电压效率和能量效率提高。在电流密度为40 mA/cm~2时,Py-PPEK30(IEC=0.41 mmol/g)膜的电流效率达到95.5%,优于Nafion115膜。     

新型聚芳醚酰胺超滤膜的结构与性能研究

以杂萘联苯聚芳醚酰胺(PPEA)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂通过相转化法制备超滤膜.研究了PPEA浓度、添加剂种类和用量对膜结构和性能的影响.结果表明,PPEA浓度提高,膜孔结构由宽的指状孔向海绵孔转变,膜表层致密化,膜的水通量降低而截留率提高;添加剂乙二醇甲醚(EG-ME)含量增加,膜孔结构趋于疏松,通量上升,截留率先有增加后下降;添加剂乙醚则使膜表面更致密.EGME含量10%时,膜的通量达到480L/(m2·h)左右,对聚乙二醇(PEG)10000截留率约93%;乙醚含量10%时,对PEG6000的截留率达到100%,而通量降低至56L/(mg·h)左右.     

含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚砜酮超滤膜的研制

以新型耐高温特种工程塑料———含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)为膜材料、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮为溶剂配制铸膜液,采用相转化法在平板刮膜机上制备PPESK超滤膜,考察了PPESK含量、PPESK的特性黏数、添加剂含量和膜厚度等对超滤膜性能的影响.在0.1MPa的操作压力下,所制得PPESK超滤膜的纯水通量可高达约148L/(m2·h),对聚乙二醇10000的截留率高于93%.     

新型可溶性聚芳醚腈酮的合成及其在绝缘漆领域的应用

以4种含杂萘联苯结构的类双酚单体分别与2,6-二氯苯腈、4,4-二氟酮进行亲核缩聚反应,制备了一系列新型含杂萘联苯结构的聚芳醚腈酮树脂.研究了不同类双酚单体结构对聚合物性能的影响.所制备聚合物均具有较高的分子量,特性粘度在0.50dL/g以上,可溶解于N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP),N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),氯仿等极性非质子型有机溶剂中.聚合物的结构以FT-IR进行表征;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)研究了聚合物的耐热性能,结果表明,该类聚芳醚腈酮树脂具有优异的耐热性能,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在255～277℃之间,10%热失重温度(Td)在498℃以上.由该系列聚芳醚腈酮材料制成的绝缘漆具有良好的电绝缘性能,较高的机械强度,良好的柔韧性和附着力.     

氮杂环高性能树脂研究进展

含有全芳环扭曲、非平面结构氮杂环高性能树脂兼具耐高温可溶解特性,综合性能优异,解决了传统高性能工程塑料不能兼具耐高温可溶解的技术难题,加工方式多样,应用领域广泛。总结出"全芳环非共平面扭曲的分子链结构可赋予聚合物既耐高温又可溶解的优异综合性能"的分子设计思想。研制成功含二氮杂萘酮联苯结构的新型聚芳醚砜、聚芳醚酮、聚芳醚腈、聚芳酰胺、聚苯并咪唑、聚(1,3,5-三芳基均三嗪)等系列高性能树脂。本文将重点介绍含二氮杂萘酮结构聚(1,3,5-三芳基均三嗪)、聚苯并咪唑以及可注射成型四元共聚芳醚砜酮等合成、结构与性能,以及其应用技术的研究开发最新进展。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...