天然气在渐变型多孔介质中的预混燃烧

设计了孔径沿程变化的渐变型多孔介质(GVPM)燃烧器，为了解天然气在其中的预混燃烧特性，对燃烧室气体、固体温度分布和CO、NO；污染物排放进行了测量．试验研究了渐变型多孔介质中燃烧的温度场分布、火焰移动、污染物排放、稳定性及多孔介质孔径结构对燃烧特性的影响规律．将研究结果与几种均匀型多孔介质(HPM)中的燃烧进行比较，发现渐变型多孔介质中的燃烧可以有更多的优点，包括均匀温度场分布、极低污染物排放、高火焰速度、高稳定性、宽燃烧极限和有很大的负荷调节范围等．     

渐变型多孔介质中预混燃烧温度分布试验

进行了预混天然气在等孔隙率渐近变孔径的多孔介质中的燃烧试验，用热电偶测量了燃烧室温度分布，并与单一孔径（d=1mm）的均匀多孔介质中燃烧结果进行了比较。结果表明，渐变型多孔介质燃烧器比均匀型多孔介质燃烧器具有更多的优点：燃烧室温度分布更加均匀，燃烧更加稳定，并能更好的适应当量比和流量／功率的变化，由于孔径的变化，多孔介质中气流扰动增加，有利于火焰的稳定，当量比和流速变化范围增大。     

惰性多孔介质中预混燃烧的研究进展

预混气体在惰性多孔介质中的燃烧具有燃烧速度快、燃烧效率高、温度分布均匀、贫燃极限宽、节约能源、污染物排放低等优点。介绍了惰性多孔介质中预混气体单向流动燃烧和往复流动燃烧的原理和特点,详述了火焰传播与驻定的机理,以及火焰传播中的不稳定现象,分析了影响火焰传播的因素,讨论了数值模拟中的物理模型、控制方程、边界条件、反应机理和求解方法,回顾了预混气体多孔介质燃烧技术的应用情况,分析指出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

多孔介质中预混火焰猝熄及自稳定性研究

分析了多孔介质中预混火焰的猝熄效应,试验测定了一系列工况下泡沫陶瓷的猝熄直径和自稳定范围,为多孔介质燃烧器的开发设计提供了依据。通过分析发现,猝熄直径受到多个参数的影响,包括：混合气体的流速u、预混气体的层流火焰传播速度SL、燃烧室空管Re、预混气体的导温系数a、当量比φ以及多孔介质固体温度Ts。通过对多孔介质中燃烧的自稳定性试验研究,发现了多孔介质燃烧器中火焰稳定极限(吹脱极限和回火极限)与多孔介质平均孔径和气流速度及燃烧当量比的关系。     

多孔介质特性参数对燃烧温度及压力影响的数值模拟研究

考查了两段式多孔介质内预混气燃烧的温度与压力分布情况。建立了甲烷／空气预混气体在多孔介质内燃烧的二维数学模型,运用FLUENT软件求解瞬态控制方程的方法计算出燃烧稳定后多孔介质内的温度、与压力分布,并考查了不同当量比、多孔介质辐射衰减系数和导热系数对温度和压力分布的影响。结果表明,甲烷／空气预混气体在多孔介质中燃烧,当量比越大温度峰值越高,压力梯度越大;小孔介质辐射衰减系数的改变对温度分布和压力分布没有明显的影响,而大孔介质辐射衰减系数对温度分布和压力分布有较大的影响;增加多孔介质的导热系数,会使固相与气相温度均有所升高,燃烧区域压力降低。     

多孔介质微燃烧器的试验研究

对微尺度下的氢气/空气预混气在多孔介质中进行预热燃烧时的燃烧特性进行了试验研究,在回热燃烧器中对不同ppi(每英寸长度上的孔洞数)的多孔介质进行对比试验,分别测试了氢气/空气预混气在预热下的燃烧效率与氢气流量、过量空气系数α以及多孔介质ppi之间的关系.结果表明,在多孔陶瓷的蓄热和混流作用下,燃烧速度和燃烧效率均得到了显著的提高,稳定燃烧界限也有一定的扩大.为进一步减小微尺度条件下的燃烧热量损失,提高燃烧效率,提供了试验依据.     

预混火焰热声振荡的高速摄像分析

对多孔介质稳焰机理以及预混火焰发生动力学失稳的原因进行了理论分析,并利用振动噪声分析仪和高速摄像仪研究了贫燃、贫氧预混火焰发生热声不稳定时燃烧室内的声压振荡特性及火焰热释放的脉动规律.当化学当量比Φ≥1.24时,贫氧预混火焰因连续点火源消失而发生动力学失稳;当Φ≤0.80时,贫燃预混火焰则因预混可燃气流速与火焰传播速度...     

多孔介质中预混火焰燃烧速率的预示

本文提出了一种预估多孔介质中预混火焰燃烧速率的方法。在构成气，固两相合一模型的基础上，用光学厚极限条件下的扩散近似法简化其中的热辐射项，从而由基本能量方程导出计算火焰传播速度的迭代关系式，其中包含综合多孔介质传导和辐射的等效导热系数。然后应用此数值迭代法，分别计算出在多孔泡沫陶瓷中层流预混火焰及无多孔介质存在的自由火焰的燃烧速率。     

惰性多孔介质内天然气预混燃烧的数学模拟评述

天然气在惰性多孔介质内的预混燃烧是一个包含燃烧、辐射、对流及导热的复杂过程，从数学模拟的角度，比较了几种不同的甲烷-空气化学反应模型，研究了多孔介质内辐射传递方程的不同求解方法，并且分析了多孔介质的导热系数、对流换热系数等对燃烧器性能的影响。     

多孔介质内层流预混燃烧的数值模拟

燃气与固体构架之间强烈的换热,使多孔介质内的燃烧与自由流中的燃烧有很大不同．模拟了甲烷／空气预混气在多孔介质内的一维层流燃烧过程,详细考察了多孔介质构架中的辐射换热和气固之间对流换热,并使用了详细化学反应机理,其计算结果能够较好地预测多孔介质内的各种燃烧特性．     

Enhancement of on-chip combustion via nanoporous silicon microchannels

Due to its high energy density and MEMS compatible fabrication methods, on-chip porous silicon shows considerable promise as an energetic material. Rapid combustion events have been demonstrated with flame propagation speeds eclipsing 3 km/s, but much is still unknown about the controlling parameters of porous silicon combustion. Recent studies show that implementation of microstructure within a nanoporous silicon film greatly increases reaction rate of a relatively slow burning system. The present work utilizes porous silicon microchannels to enhance an already rapidly-reacting system. Reactions in channeled porous silicon regions of this system propagated at speeds up to 1.2 km/s faster than similar neat porous silicon films. The fastest propagation speed was 3660 m/s, the highest reported flame speed for comparable nanoenergetic systems to date. We provide evidence that the enhancement of flame propagation rates by channeled porous silicon is mechanistically different from the convectively controlled burning of neat porous silicon. This evidence suggests the presence of acoustically aided reactions for porous silicon channel combustion where the channels more readily ignite compared to neat porous silicon. We predict this allows for propagation of the reaction by intense sound waves within the porous medium.     

Laminar mass burning and entrainment velocities and flame instabilities of i-octane,ethanol and hydrous ethanol/air aerosols

The paper reports experiments employing the cloud chamber technique for creating fuel aerosols, in studies of premixed laminar flames. Spherical explosion flames were initiated at different times after the start of expansion of the original gaseous mixture to lower pressure. Flame speeds were measured close to atmospheric pressure, over a range of equivalence ratios of iso-octane, ethanol and hydrous ethanol with air. A methodology was developed for deriving mass burning velocities and entrainment velocities, as well as mass burning fluxes, from the measurements of aerosol number densities, droplet sizes and flame speeds. It was vital to estimate whether droplet evaporation was completed in the flame preheat zone. This was done by calculating the spatial progress of droplet evaporation for the different aerosols from values of the evaporation rate constants of the different fuels.     

Combustion and heat transfer in model two-dimensional porous burners

A two-dimensional model of two simple porous burner geometries is developed to analyze the influence of multidimensionality on flames within pore scale structures. The first geometry simulates a honeycomb burner, in which a ceramic is penetrated by many small, straight, nonconnecting passages. The second geometry consists of many small parallel plates aligned with the flow direction. The Monte Carlo method is employed to calculate the viewfactors for radiation heat exchange in the second geometry. This model compares well with experiments on burning rates, operating ranges, and radiation output. Heat losses from the burner are found to reduce the burning rate. The flame is shown to be highly two-dimensional, and limitations of one-dimensional models are discussed. The effects of the material properties on the peak burning rate in these model porous media are examined. Variations in the flame on length scales smaller than the pore size are also present and are discussed and quantified.     

On the structure, stabilization, and dual response of flat-burner flames

A comprehensive computational and experimental study has been conducted on the structure and stabilization dynamics of the classical planar flame over a flat, porous burner. The specific issue addressed is the apparent dual response nature of the flat-burner flames in that previous studies have shown the existence of two flame speeds for either a given heat loss rate or a given flame standoff distance. The present study demonstrates that the flame response is actually unique when the flame burning rate is considered to be the independent variable, that the turning point behavior of the flame response is a manifestation of system nonmonotonicity rather than extinction, and that the flat-burner flame does not appear to possess distinct extinction states. Results obtained from computational simulation of the flame structure with detailed transport and chemistry agree well with the experimental temperature and major species profiles determined through laser Raman spectroscopy.     

多孔介质稳焰器对旋流火焰振荡燃烧特性影响的试验研究

为研究多孔介质稳焰器孔密度变化对贫预混旋流火焰振荡燃烧特性的影响,通过光电倍增管测量全局火焰热释放率,采用双麦克风方法测量旋流器入口速度脉动,获得不同孔密度多孔介质稳焰器火焰传递函数;并通过高速相机测量不同孔密度多孔介质稳焰器振荡火焰结构的变化。试验结果表明：多孔介质能够改变燃烧室声模态,有效抑制燃烧振荡,但孔密度对受迫燃烧火焰热释放率和压力脉动影响具有非线性;高频入口扰动对火焰响应特性影响较弱,火焰受迫响应呈现低通滤波特性;火焰传递函数增益峰值对应入口激励频率存在差异,但相位分布斜率基本一致;多孔介质导致火焰向稳焰器中心轴线聚拢,相干结构更加明显;宽频扰动范围内的火焰张角分布趋势与火焰传递函数增益曲线的分布趋势相反。     

Development of a turbulent burning velocity model based on flame stretch concept for SI engines

According to the US Energy Information Administration, fossil fuels will remain the main source of energy for transportation over the next decades and thus the combustion of these fuels remains an important concern.This research studied the flame propagation under engine in-cylinder conditions and developed a correlation for turbulent burning velocity based on the global flame stretch concept. To study the impact of engine operation on flame stretch, two speeds, two loads, and three fuel-air mixtures were investigated. The flame front was determined by processing images of the flame natural luminosity.A turbulent burning velocity model was developed using dimensional analysis. The model showed that the turbulent burning velocity decreased due to flame stretching. Higher engine speeds increased the turbulent burning velocity by increasing the turbulent intensity, yet a tradeoff between the flame stretch and the turbulent burning velocity due to higher engine speed was observed. In cases where the flame distortion was very high, the flame stretch may cancel out any benefits of a large enflamed area.Incorporating the flame stretch into the burning velocity model and coupling the developed model with GT-Power simulation software revealed that the stretch may result in a 35% reduction in turbulent burning velocity.     

Effect of particle size on combustion of aluminum particle dust in air

The combustion of aluminum particle dust in a laminar air flow is theoretically studied under fuel-lean conditions. A wide range of particle sizes at nano and micron scales is explored. The flame speed and temperature distribution are obtained by numerically solving the energy equation in the flame zone, with the particle burning rate modeled as a function of particle diameter and ambient temperature. The model allows for investigation into the effects of particle size, equivalence ratio, and chemical kinetics on the burning characteristics and flame structures of aluminum-particle/air mixtures. In addition, the flame behavior with ultra-fine particles in the sub-nanometer range is examined by asymptotically treating particles as large molecules. Calculated flame speeds show reasonable agreement with experimental data. As the particle diameter decreases from the micron to the nano range, the flame speed increases and the combustion transits from a diffusion-controlled to a kinetically controlled mode. For micron-sized and larger particles, the flame speed can be correlated with the particle size according to a d−m relationship, with m being 0.92. For nano-particles, a d^−0.52 or d^−0.13 dependence is obtained, depending on whether the d^1.0- or d^0.3-law of particle burning time is implemented in the flame model, respectively. No universal law of flame speed exists for the entire range of particle sizes.     

Inverse influence of initial diameter on droplet burning rate in cold and hot ambiences: a thermal action of flame in balance with heat loss

Isolated droplet burning were conducted in microgravity ambiences of different temperatures to test the initial diameter influence on droplet burning rate that shows a flame scale effect and represents an overall thermal action of flame in balance with heat loss. The coldest ambience examined was room air, which utilized a heater wire to ignite the droplet. All other ambiences hotter than 633 K were acquired through an electrically heated air chamber in a stainless steel can. An inverse influence of initial droplet diameter on burning rate was demonstrated for the cold and hot ambiences. That is, the burning rate respectively decreased and increased in the former and latter cases with raising the initial droplet diameter. The reversion between the two influences appeared gradual. In the hot ambiences the burning rate increase with increasing the initial droplet diameter was larger at higher temperatures. A “net heat” of flame that denotes the difference between “heat gain” by the droplet and “heat loss” to the flame surrounding was suggested responsible for the results. In low-temperature ambiences there is a negative net heat, and it turns gradually positive as the ambience temperature gets higher and the heat loss becomes less. Relating to luminous flame sizes and soot generation of differently sized droplets clarified that the flame radiation, both non-luminous and luminous, is determinative to the net heat in microgravity conditions. In addition, the work identified two peak values of soot generation during burning, which appeared respectively at the room temperature and at about 1000 K. The increase in ambience temperature made also bigger soot shells. The heat contribution of flame by both radiation and conduction was demonstrated hardly over 40% in the total heat required for droplet vaporization during burning in a hot ambience of 773 K.