浅析国内车用柴油的质量现状

为了解国内车用柴油的质量状况,我们对20多个省份近450个车用柴油产品进行了检测,并分析了几个关键指标如十六烷值、硫含量、润滑性、多环芳烃和颗粒物含量等。根据目前国内车用柴油质量的现状,提出建议。     

改善低硫柴油润滑性能研究概况

柴油低硫化是未来车用柴油发展的必然趋势,但是低硫柴油的润滑性问题逐渐突显。本文提出了改善低硫柴油的润滑性的几种途径,并详细介绍了柴油抗磨剂的研究概况。结合当前技术经济形式,开发复合型酯类柴油抗磨剂更具有现实意义和经济意义。     

用高频往复试验机测定柴油润滑性

柴油润滑性是车用柴油的一项重要质量指标,该分析项目采用的测定标准为IS012156-1。描述了该分析方法的具体实验过程,总结了分析过程的要点、难点。     

车用柴油馏程与其他项目的相关性分析

为了研究车用柴油馏程与其他试验项目的相关性,本研究选取两组非常规柴油样本进行测试,选取三组常规柴油样本作为参照。经过测试样品的馏程,将结果绘制成曲线进行比对,并对车用柴油依据标准进行全部项目的测试,对比所有试验结果,找到与馏程试验数据相关联的项目并进行数据分析。结果表明:馏程试验结果显示轻组分比例较高,会导致相关项目的试验结果出现非正常值,比如密度偏低,润滑性较差,运动黏度偏低,闪点偏低,十六烷值偏低等。     

对GB19147-2009《车用柴油》标准的思考与分析

柴油按用途分类为车用柴油与普通柴油,阐述二者用途及区别;新标准将硫含量、多环芳烃、润滑性、脂肪酸甲酯和密度检测项目及技术指标限值进行设定,通过数据论证表明标准与国外发达国家通用做法接轨,体现节能环保作用,达到减炭减排功效。本文对标准的不足提出了建议。     

EVA型降凝剂的应用及对柴油润滑性能的影响

为了满足当前的生产要求以及追求更好的生产灵活性和经济效益,惠州炼化对作为其主要产品之一的0#车用柴油调和方案做出了合理的调整。结果显示,EVA型降凝剂的调入能有效改善0#车用柴油的低温流动性能,降低了其凝点和冷滤点,但降凝剂的加入也对脂肪酸型抗磨剂的润滑性能产生一定的负协同效应,同时也对该效应产生机理进行简要阐述。采用新调和方案后的车用柴油产品完全能满足0#国Ⅳ柴油的质量标准要求,并最终为煤、柴油平衡乃至整个公司的物料平衡提供技术支持。     

煤基合成柴油润滑性评定方法的研究

采用国际通用的柴油润滑性评定方法 HFRR高频往复试验机法,通过对传统柴油、未加润滑性改进剂的煤基合成柴油及添加润滑性改进剂的煤基合成柴油分别进行润滑性试验,研究煤基合成柴油与传统柴油润滑性的差异,验证HFRR高频往复试验机法进行煤基合成柴油润滑性试验的适用性,研究了煤基合成柴油添加的润滑性改进剂组分对其润滑性的影响,建立了适合煤基合成柴油的润滑性检测方法。     

汽油掺入对车用柴油主要性能影响的研究

车用汽油、车用柴油均为石油制品,两者的组成、物理特性、燃烧特性各不相同。槽罐车运输汽油后再运输柴油,其中混入的汽油会对柴油的闪点、粘度、润滑性、十六烷值造成影响。通过向柴油中加入不同比例的汽油,研究加入汽油后柴油性能的变化,为加油站在汽柴油运输过程中的质量控制提供有力的支撑。     

低硫柴油润滑性的模拟评定方法研究

柴油深度脱硫导致柴油润滑性下降,为提高低硫柴油的润滑性,需在柴油中加入柴油润滑剂.利用四球磨损试验机建立了用来测量低硫柴油润滑性的试验方法,这个测量方法是具有简便、快速、费用低的特点,对不同质量的低硫柴油有较好的区分性和重复性.     

生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂研究进展

随着燃油规范以及环境保护有关要求的不断更新,对车用柴油品质要求也逐步升级,低硫化将会成为未来车用柴油发展的必然趋势。然而,由于柴油中去除了具有抗磨功能的天然硫组分,导致柴油的润滑性能大幅降低,从而增加了零部件之间的磨损。因此,可通过添加抗磨剂,依靠其溶于柴油中在摩擦表面形成的定向吸附膜实现润滑的目的。相比于传统的抗磨剂,生物基柴油抗磨剂因具有非烃元素含量极低、可生物降解、能够满足不断发展的环保要求等特性,逐渐成为柴油抗磨剂的主要研究方向。酯化反应作为生物基柴油抗磨剂制备过程中的一种工艺,催化剂的选取对此影响较大。因此,本文对近年来生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂进行了总结、简述。     

柴油润滑性及润滑性添加剂的研究进展

柴油的低硫化成为发展的必然趋势,柴油出现了润滑性差的现象。综述了影响柴油润滑性的因素和磨损机理及低硫柴油的润滑性添加剂,认为酯类是极具应用前景的抗磨剂;并对柴油润滑性的研究方向提出了建议。     

A neural network approach to the prediction of diesel fuel lubricity

The continuous sulfur reduction in diesel fuel has resulted in poor fuel lubricity and engine pump failure, a fact that led to the development of a number of methods that measure the actual fuel lubricity level. However, lubricity measurement is costly and time consuming, and a number of predictive models have been developed in the past, based mainly on various fuel properties. In the present paper, a black box modeling approach is proposed, where the lubricity is approximated by a radial basis function (RBF) neural network that uses other fuel properties as inputs. The HFRR apparatus was used for lubricity measurements. In the present model, the variables used included the diesel fuel conductivity, density, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, sulfur content and 90% distillation point, which produced the smallest error in the validation data.     

Key properties and blending strategies of hydrotreated vegetable oil as biofuel for diesel engines

Hydrotreating catalysis is becoming a promising alternative to transesterification for the production of biofuels derived from vegetable oils. They have potential advantages with respect to both biodiesel fuels and petroleum-derived diesel fuels in terms of production costs, engine emissions and adaptability to current engine designs, but they have also some limitations which may restrict their capability to replace diesel fuels. Those fuel properties considered the most restrictive ones were measured on different blends of HVO (selected among the variety of names given to these fuels) with a winter ultra low sulfur diesel fuel (in 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 75 vol.%) in order to propose some blending strategies to optimize engine performance and emissions, to protect the engine components and to keep the vehicle operability. The results obtained show that the main restrictions are imposed by lubricity and cetane number, and, in case of cold regions, also by cold flow properties. A compromise between lubricity and derived cetane number would lead to a recommendation for low or medium HVO concentrations, and blends with concentrations above 50% would not be recommended. Density and viscosity would not impose direct blending restrictions, although the reductions in density could provide some economic savings and some flexibility to refineries. The loss of heating value per unit volume (and consequently the expected increase in fuel consumption) would be lower than 3% in blends up to 50% in volume. Finally, the sooting tendency of the blends is sharply reduced, indicating lower engine PM emissions and reduced need for regeneration of diesel particulate filters.     

馏程与化学组成对柴油润滑性能的影响

考察了不同加工工艺生产的柴油样品的化学组成和馏程对柴油润滑性的影响与关系.结果表明,柴油润滑性高低顺序为催化柴油高于直馏柴油高于加氢精制柴油,柴油中极性组分含量越少,饱和烃含量越高,润滑性越差;随着柴油馏分沸点的提高,柴油抗磨性能逐渐提高,尤其是在300～325 ℃、325～350℃馏分时,加氩精制柴油的磨斑直径分别达...     

柴油抗磨剂对柴油质量影响研究

针对使用抗磨剂柴油出现的乳化、絮凝等质量问题,借助抗磨剂结构、作用和发展的分析,剖析了酸/酯型抗磨剂原料选择、酯化、后处理等生产工艺对抗磨剂使用性能的影响。表明脂肪酸型抗磨剂仅适用于低酸度柴油,脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂的适应面广,稳定性好;提出控制使用酸型抗磨剂的柴油总不溶物、灰分、10%蒸余物残炭及使用酯型柴油抗磨剂的非烃元素含量、柴油破乳性即可保障柴油质量稳定。     

Lubricity-Enhancing Low-Temperature Diesel Fuel Additives

Branched chain alkyl esters have lower crystallization temperatures than those with straight chain headgroups. We investigated the effect of branched chain headgroups on the cold flow properties and lubricity of alkyl esters. Commercial grade canola methyl ester was transformed into branched chain alkyl esters through a two or three-stage base-catalyzed transesterification reaction with 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Conversion rates between 85 and 95% were achieved. The alkyl esters exhibited improved cold flow properties. The pour points were reduced from −12 to −27 °C as a result of incorporating branched headgroups. Addition of 0.1 or 0.2% (v/v) 1-methoxy-2-propyl alkyl ester improved the lubricity of a commercial pre-production ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, as determined by increased lubricity number and reduced wear scar diameter. The inclusion of methyl-tert butyl ether or ethanolamides additives to ULSD containing alkyl esters had an antagonistic effect on lubricity. The branched-chain alkyl esters have the potential to be used as lubricity-enhancing and low-temperature fuel additives.     

Study on the lubrication properties of biodiesel as fuel lubricity enhancers

Unrefined biodiesels containing small quantities of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, and refined biodiesels not containing these glycerides were added to diesel fuel and the resulting lubricity was measured using the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method. The unrefined biodiesels showed higher lubricity properties than refined biodiesels. The chemical factors influencing the lubricity properties of biodiesels were investigated. Methyl esters and monoglycerides are the main compositions that determine the lubricity of biodiesels that meet international standards. Free fatty acids and diglycerides can also affect the lubricity of biodiesel, but not so much as monoglycerides. Triglycerides almost have no effects on the lubricity of biodiesel.     

The tribological behavior of alkyl ethers and alcohols in low sulfur automotive diesel

This paper presents the impact of alkyl ethers and alcohols on the lubricity of automotive diesel. Seven ethers and five alcohols were used as lubricating additives on two low sulfur diesel fuels, at the concentration range of 50-2000 ppm. Tribological experiments carried out on the high frequency reciprocating rig showed that six of seven ethers used provide satisfactory mean wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) of less than 0.46 mm, at the concentration levels of 750-1500 ppm. Among the ethers of the same molecular type, those having the oxygen in the middle of the molecule appeared to have marginally better lubrication performance for some concentration ranges. In the case of alcohols, the effective concentration was 750 ppm or higher. Overall, alcohols appear to be better lubricants than ethers at high concentrations, maybe due to their more pronounced polar nature.     

煤基燃料油品特性与煤制油产业发展分析

基于最新汽油、柴油和航煤质量标准,结合我国市场对成品油需求走向,本文探讨了煤直接液化油、煤间接液化油、加氢煤焦油、煤油共炼产品、甲醇制汽油（MTG汽油）和聚甲氧基二甲醚（DMM_n）等煤基油品的馏分结构与性质,分析了它们对煤制油产业发展的影响。文章指出国家绿色可持续发展需要低硫、低烯烃、低芳烃和高抗爆性能的交通运输燃料,需要降低柴汽比,增产航空煤油。煤基油品的硫氮等有害物质含量低、清洁性很好。除了MTG汽油外,煤基油品的柴汽比过高,需要与石油产品协同发展以满足我国未来的成品油市场需求。费托合成工艺能够直接生产优质柴油和航空喷气燃料油组分,是煤制油产业发展的主要技术路线;煤直接液化工艺所产汽煤柴油馏分性质均不理想,需要持续改进提高;煤油共炼工艺在成品油质量方面弥补了煤直接液化工艺的不足,可作为一条新的煤制油途径。煤焦油加氢可以生产出质量指标达到或接近国Ⅵ标准的车用柴油调和组分,是一条高效利用煤炭加工过程副产品的煤制油技术路线。MTG汽油和DMM_n是优质汽油和柴油组分,能改善炼油企业成品油的柴汽比结构和交通运输燃料产品质量,应加大低成本工艺技术研发、扩大产能。