三相强制浆料环流反应器的局部传质行为

提出了一种新型的强制外循环三相环流反应器结构,根据结构特点及流动状态的不同,将反应器分为6个不同的流动区域. 在f300 mm′1700 mm的实验装置内,采用氧气气提-空气解吸法,详细考察了内环表观气速0.006~0.19 m/s、外循环液速0.03, 0.05 m/s、固含率5%, 10%, 15%时不同流动区域的体积传质系数. 发现外循环液流影响区体积传质系数最大,最高可达0.754 s-1,外环环隙区最小,不超过0.043 s-1,环流反应器整体体积传质系数与气液分离区体积传质系数接近. 适当扩大内、外环截面积比有利于提高环流反应器的传质性能. 环流反应器整体体积传质系数随内环表观气速和外循环液速的增加而增加,随颗粒浓度的增加略有降低.     

三相连续环流反应器中氧的液相传质过程

在空气-水-玻璃珠三相连续操作环流反应器中,利用动态溶氧方法研究了表观气速(Ug=0.01~0.13 m/s)、进料浆速(USL=0.001~0.011 m/s)、浆相质量固含率(es=0~30%, w)和固相颗粒大小(dp=59, 200 mm)对环流反应器内氧的液相传质性能的影响. 结果表明,在考察范围内,环流反应器传质系数随表观气速增大而增大,受进料浆速变化的影响较小,随浆相固含率增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,但在高固含率下(es≥10%, w)的影响不显著;随固相颗粒粒径增大而减小. 同时得到了液相体积传质系数的经验关联式.     

三相下喷式环流反应器的传质性能

在三相非牛顿型流体体系中，对下喷式环流反应器传质特性进行了实验研究。讨论了表观气速、能量耗散速率、导流筒直径与反应器直径比、喷嘴直径、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离、固体装填量、羧甲基纤维素钠（ＣＭＣ）溶液浓度及其流变特性对它的影响。实验结果表明，容积传质系数随表观气速和能量耗散速率的增加有所增加，在实验条件下，发现最优的导流筒直径与反应器直径比在０．４～０．４５这一范围、固体装填量大约为３％（体积百分比）、导流筒下端距反应器底部的距离为０．０８ｍ左右。同时提出了容积传质系数的经验关联式。     

三相强制外循环环流反应器内的局部气泡行为

为适应新兴的工艺过程，提出一种带有强制外循环的中心气升式内环流反应器。根据结构特点及流动状态不同，将强制外循环环流反应器分为6个流动区域，即环流反应器底部区、气体分布器影响区、浆液进料影响区、导流筒上行区、气液分离区和环隙区。研究了不同流动区域内的局部气泡特性。发现不同流动区域内气泡直径沿径向的分布有较大差异，倒锥形底部结构显著影响了环流气泡的数量与直径。推导出了不同流动区域内平均气泡直径的理论模型，模型结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

喷射式气-液反应器传质特性的研究

为改善鼓泡塔的传质性能,气体和液体以喷射形式进料,这是喷射式气-液反应器的显著特征。本文对这种反应器的传质特性进行了实验测定和计算,着重考察了喷射对全塔传质效果的影响。研究结果表明,反应器内明显地存在着两个不同的区域,即喷射区和主体区。而且,喷射区的传质作用十分强烈,其传质系数K_Lα比一般鼓泡塔或搅拌釜高出1～2个数量级。     

环隙气升式气固环流反应器内流体力学特性的理论分析

环流反应器的研究与应用一直局限于气液与气液固体系,将环流反应器移植到气固体系是一个具有独创性的探索。针对工业化中气固环流反应器的缺陷,提出了一种新型的环隙气升式气固环流反应器。并对床层空隙率、颗粒流动速度进行了实验研究与理论分析。建立了环隙区床层空隙率模型,发现环隙区床层空隙率随着环隙区表观气速的增加而增加;环隙区靠近导流筒外壁一侧颗粒流动速度明显大于靠近反应器内壁一侧,导流筒区颗粒流动速度沿径向的分布受气体分布器结构影响较大;环隙区颗粒流动速度基本不随轴向位置的变化而变化,导流筒区颗粒的流动属于密相输送,颗粒环流所受到的阻力主要集中在底部区域,其次为气固分离区,底部区域阻力大小由床层流化质量和导流筒下端距反应器底部的间隙所决定;建立了颗粒环流速度模型,发现环流速度随环隙区表观气速的增加而增加。     

气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器的液相返混特性

在气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中,采用电解质脉冲示踪法对液相停留时间分布进行测量,考察不同操作条件以及液相进料位置对液相返混的影响。实验结果表明,随着射流速度u_j或表观气速u_g的增加,液相返混程度先减小后增大;当气速较低且u_j较大时,底部进料的液相返混程度大于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度;而在气速较低且u_j较小以及气速较高条件下,底部进料的液相返混程度小于喷嘴进料的液相返混程度。研究结果可为气液逆流喷射式外环流反应器中液相进料位置的选取及液相返混程度的调控提供指导。     

三级环流反应器中气液流动与传质规律

针对级间安装导流筒的三级环流反应器的气液流动与传质过程开展实验研究。通过冷模实验获得不同表观气速下(0.015～0.1m/s)以及安装不同级间内构件时环流反应器内的气含率、混合时间、停留时间以及体积氧传质系数。结果表明,随着表观气速的增加,反应器各级内的气含率增加,混合时间减少,平均停留时间减小,同时氧传质系数增加。通过对反应器内气液流型的变化的观察,进一步分析了级间内构件对三级环流反应器性能的影响,发现内构件上截面较宽时(3^#内构件),反应器的混合效果更好,而内构件的上截面较小时(1^#内构件),反应器可以更好地抑制返混。     

气升式三相内环流生物反应器内流体力学和传质性能的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了气升式三相内环流反应器在非牛顿流体中的流体动力学特性和传质性能.考察了表观气速、导流筒与反应器截面积之比、固体粒子加入量及CMC溶液浓度等操作条件对气升式三相内环流生物反应器中导流筒与环隙内液体循环速度、气含率、固含率及气-液体积传质系数等流动与传质特性参数的影响.     

搅拌反应器内相际传质行为 1.反应器操作特性研究

系统地研究了搅拌反应器中通气量、搅拌速率等操作因素及悬浮体系中不同形态颗粒对氧气－水体系功率准数Ｋ和容积传质系数ＫＬａ的影响规律。实验结果表明：搅拌与气流对体系的环流方式呈相反的作用机制,并存在临界搅拌速率;传质系数在搅拌反应器的不同持液位置存在差异,最大值出现在桨叶区及上循环区与自由液面的中间高度;颗粒形态对传质的影响在于其对体系流变性能的改变作用。     

MASS TRANSFER AND HYDRODYNAMICS IN AN AIRLIFT REACTOR WITH VISCOUS NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID

In an internal loop airlift reactor of 55L working volume,the gas-liquid volumetric oxygenmass transfer coefficient k_Lα,gas holdup ε_G and liquid circulation time t_c were measured with the sol-ution of carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)to simulate the performance of a reactor with highly viscousbroth.Electric conductivity and oxygen probes were used to measure the local gas holdup,liquidcirculation time and oxygen mass transfer coefficient in the individual sections of the reactor(riser,downcomer and the gas-liquid separating section at the top of the reactor)and the total reactor,respectively.The values of k_Lα for the riser,downcomer and separation sections of the reactor were alsoestimated and compared with that for the total reactor.The results show that,both k_Lα and ε_G in-crease but t_c decreases with increasing gas velocity.Correlations and comparisons with works reportedin the literature are also presented.Data show that the methods developed for k_Lα measurements inthe individual section and     

The effect of the draft tube geometry on mixing in a reactor with an internal circulation loop – A CFD simulation

The main topic of this paper is to describe the effect of geometrical parameters on mixing time in a reactor with an internal circulation loop. The design of the draft tube inside the reactor is an important geometric parameter and has a big influence on two phase hydrodynamics as well as on mass transfer in the reactor. In the first section, the validation of the selected mathematical model is carried out. The results of experimental measurements (liquid velocity and gas hold-up) obtained on the laboratory scale reactor are compared with the CFD simulations. The CFD simulation (bubbly flow and mass transfer models) was made using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a. The results of the numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the second section, the study of mixing in the reactor is described with the new geometry of the draft tube. The standard experimental techniques for testing mixing processes are quite problematic because common tracers (soluble salts) have significant influence on two phase hydrodynamics inside the reactor. Though, an alternative nontrivial method had to be used. The split of the draft tube into two or three section has a significant effect on mixing (mass transfer) in the reactor.     

下压式多段混合搅拌槽的实验研究

用饱和NaCl溶液作示踪剂,计算机动态数据采集,研究了0.65L下压式多段混合搅拌槽(DPSTMM)流通截面放大25倍、体积放大100倍后轴向扩散、混合时间准数以及单位体积能耗等的变化。对放大后的DPSTMM,在煤油/辛醇(体积比10:1)-醋酸-水体系中,应用串级萃取原理分析了实验测定的总效率,计算出了不同混合段数时的总传质系数K_(od)α。结果表明DPSTMM具有良好的流体力学性能和传质性能。     

Influences of top clearance and liquid throughput on the performances of an external loop airlift slurry reactor integrated mixing and separation

A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry reactor due to its prominent advantages such as achieving continuous separation of clear liquid from slurry and cyclic utilization of solid particles without any extra energy, energy-saving, and intrinsic safety design. The principal operating parameters, including gas separator volume, handling capacity, and superficial gas velocity, are systematically investigated here to promote the capabilities of mixing, mass transfer, and yield in the pilot external loop airlift slurry reactor. The influences of top clearance and throughput of the clear liquid on flow regime and gas holdup in the riser, liquid circulating velocity, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient with a typical high solid holdup and free of particles are examined experimentally. It was found that increasing the gas separator volume could promote the liquid circulating velocity by about 14.0% at most. Increasing the handling capacity of the clear liquid from 0.9 m~3·h~(-1) to 3.0 m~3·h~(-1) not only could increase the output without any adverse consequences, but also could enhance the liquid circulating velocity as much as 97.3%. Typical operating conditions investigated here can provide some necessary data and guidelines for this new external loop airlift slurry reactor to upgrade its performances.     

旋流气升式环流反应器的气含率轴向分布

为强化环隙气升式环流反应器(AALR)的流动、混合与传质性能, 提出了旋流气升式环流反应器(HALR)。在8.8L的HALR中, 以空气-水和空气-水-K树脂为实验物系, 在表观气速为0.47～2.31cm/s的范围内, 研究了表观气速、导流筒底边与反应器底面的间隙(简称底部间隙)、上升区轴向高度及固体装载量等因素对气含率的影响规律, 并与 AALR 进行了对比。结果表明:对于空气-水组成的两相物系来说, 在表观气速较小时, 旋流片对上升气泡有聚并作用;在表观气速较大时, 旋流片对气泡主要起破碎作用;气含率随着轴向高度的增加而增加, 增加的幅度随表观气速的增加而增加。对于三相物系, 表观气速较大时, 气含率随着固体装载量的增大而增大, 比两相物系气含率高;表观气速较小时, 两相物系的气含率略高于三相物系的。根据实验结果, 提出并拟合出了上升区局部气含率与轴向高度的预测模型:ε_g=(3.00×10^-4h+0.0276)U_g^0.615, 模型的预测值与实验值吻合较好, 平均相对误差为12%。     

环流反应器的流动、混合与传递特性

由于环流反应器内存在定向循环,与鼓泡塔反应器相比,其混合性能大幅提升,已广泛应用于许多工业过程,如发酵、反应器结晶等工业过程,近年来成为国内外学者研究的热点。针对环流反应器内操作条件下的流动形态、流体力学（包括相含率分布、循环液速、混合时间以及离集指数等）及传质/传热特性,总结了其最新研究进展,分析了相含率尤其是固含率变化对反应器中关键参数如循环液速和化学反应速率的影响,展望了从机理上研究相互耦合的多相流动、传质/传热和化学反应规律,为进一步推动其工业应用提供参考。     

工业废油异构旋流三相分离装置去固结构及优化

工业废油脱水去固处理是其资源化工艺的重要环节,为高效地去除废油乳化液中的水和固体颗粒杂质,提出一种能够实现油-水-固相高效分离的异构旋流三相分离装置。装置结构及其参数是影响油-水-固三相分离效率的关键因素。于是,通过耦合多相流控制方程、群体平衡和稀疏颗粒条件下的颗粒追踪方程,忽略颗粒对整体质量守恒和动量守恒的影响,建立了异构旋流三相分离数值模型,通过模型考察了分离装置去固段结构对去固脱水效率的影响,并进一步优化了分离装置去固段的结构参数。计算与实验结果表明：装置去固段结构的变化会显著影响异构旋流三相分离装置的去固性能,对脱水率的影响不明显;最佳底流管、去固管和侧流管直径分别为6、15和6 mm时,装置侧流口的固体颗粒回收率和脱油率同时达到最高,可达87%以上,为设计研制高性能工业废油资源化装置提供理论和技术支撑。     

Modeling of Mass Transfer in an Internal Loop Airlift Reactor

A complete mass transfer model was established for an internal loop airlift reactor. All sections of the reactor, including bottom, riser, top, and downcomer, were taken into account. A numerical method was developed to solve the mass transfer model. The effectiveness of the model was validated by experimental measurements. Based on numerical results of the model, the dynamical mass transfer process in the reactor was analyzed in detail. Some mass transfer characteristics of the airlift reactor were revealed. The results indicated that the proposed model well predicted the mass transfer in the internal loop airlift reactor.     

Experimental Study on the Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Ultrasonic Loop Airlift Reactor

The promoting effect of ultrasonic wave on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the loop airlift reactor was studied. The gas holdup, liquid circulation velocity, mixing time and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient were examined and compared, with and without ultrasonic wave in the reactor. The experimental results show that ultrasound has almost no notable effect on the gas holdup, but has a tendency to decrease gradually the liquid circulation velocity and increase the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient; and the effect on the mixing time is relatively complex. At low superficial gas velocity, the low powered ultrasound promotes the radial mixing of fluid; with the ultrasonic power increasing, ultrasonic vibration obstructs the axial mixing of fluid. Moreover, the effect of ultrasonic wave on the mixing time gradually decreases with the increase in the superficial gas velocity. Therefore there exists an optimal ultrasonic power for hydrodynamics and mass transfer. Correlations were also proposed for the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the reactor.     

底隙设置挡板内循环流化床水力特性分析

针对流化床反应器中多相流体混合碰撞的复杂性、突变性的问题,以底隙设置十字形挡板反应器的水力特性改变为研究对象,采用电导法测定反应器内液体循环速度和混合时间等动力学数据及其变化,分析新型内构件的强化作用原理。研究结果发现,两相条件下,十字形挡板的设置使反应器的升流区及降流区的液体循环速度分别提高9.5%±1.0%和11.8%±1.0%,低流速时,液相混合时间变长,高流速时,混合时间反而短缩,变化范围在±5%,计算的摩擦阻力系数由4.13降低为2.75,证明了流体在反应器底部碰撞能量消耗的下降。通过全环路能量衡算得到液体循环速度模型计算参数的实验关联式,应用于三相条件,计算值与实验值误差在8%以内。表明在急剧湍流内循环流化床底部设置挡板所实现的流态有序、矢量归一的目标能有效改善反应器中流体的水力特性而使流体稳定,并进一步实现稳态运行条件下的节能。