High‐power‐factor single‐switch AC to DC converter for LED lighting

In this paper, we report a novel single‐switch AC to DC step‐down converter suitable for light emitting diodes. The proposed topology has a buck and a buck–boost converter. The circuit is designed to operate in the discontinuous conduction mode in order to improve the power factor. In this topology, a part of the input power is connected to the load directly. This feature of the proposed topology increases the efficiency of power conversion, improves the input power factor, produces less voltage stress on intermediate stages, and reduces the output voltage in the absence of a step‐down transformer. The theoretical analysis, design procedure, and performance of the proposed converter are verified by simulation and experiment. A 36 V, 60 W prototype has been built to demonstrate the merits of this circuit. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A single‐stage high power‐factor bridgeless AC‐LED driver for lighting applications

An alternating‐current light‐emitting diode (AC‐LED) driver is implemented between the grid and lamp to eliminate the disadvantages of a directly grid‐tied AC‐LED lamp. In order to highlight the benefits of AC‐LED technology, a single‐stage converter with few components is adopted. A high power‐factor single‐stage bridgeless AC/AC converter is proposed with higher efficiency, greater power factor, less harmonics to pass IEC 61000‐3‐2 class C, and better regulation of output current. The brightness and flicker frequency issues caused by a low‐frequency sinusoidal input are surpassed by the implementation of a high‐frequency square‐wave output current. In addition, the characteristics of the proposed circuit are discussed and analyzed in order to design the AC‐LED driver. Finally, some simulation and experimental results are shown to verify this proposed scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An electrolytic capacitor‐less LED driver with interleaving flyback topology

Here, we propose a single‐stage alternating current/direct current electrolytic capacitor‐less light‐emitting diode (LED) driver, which applies interleaving flyback topology to reduce the peak‐to‐average ratio of LED driving current. With this approach, the peak current through LEDs is reduced, so the lifetime requirement of LEDs can be satisfied for an electrolytic capacitor‐less LED driver. A new transformer with two interleaving auxiliary windings is applied to this driver. Based on this approach, compared with other electrolytic capacitor‐less LED drivers, an important advantage of this driver is that it can be easily created, without additional control circuits. We will explain the operation principle and control strategy of the proposed driver in detail and will use experimental results taken from a 24‐V 350‐mA prototype to demonstrate its performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Single‐stage single‐switch PFC converter for wide‐input extreme step‐down voltage applications

This paper presents a new single‐stage single‐switch high power factor correction AC/DC converter suitable for low‐power applications (< 150 W) with a universal input voltage range (90–265 V_rms). The proposed topology integrates a buck–boost input current shaper followed by a buck and a buck–boost converter, respectively. As a result, the proposed converter can operate with larger duty cycles compared with the existing single‐stage single‐switch topologies, hence, making them suitable for extreme step‐down voltage conversion applications. Several desirable features are gained when the three integrated converter cells operate in discontinuous conduction mode. These features include low semiconductor voltage stress, zero‐current switch at turn‐on, and simple control with a fast well‐regulated output voltage. A detailed circuit analysis is performed to derive the design equations. The theoretical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed approach are confirmed by experimental results obtained from a 100‐W/24‐V_dc laboratory prototype. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A single‐stage LED lamp driver with low DC bus voltage for general lighting applications

In this paper, we study the feasibility of a single‐stage lighting LED lamp driver with low DC bus voltage. The operating principles and design considerations for the LED lamp driver in this study are analyzed and discussed in detail. A laboratory prototype has been built and tested. Using the prototype, high efficiency, high‐power factor and LED current control were achieved using a wide AC input voltage range from 90 to 270 V. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved single‐stage Flyback PFC converter for high‐luminance lighting LED lamps

This paper presents a high‐performance LED lamp driver with an improved single‐stage Flyback configuration. A constant current control method is used to regulate the lamp current and brightness. A laboratory prototype has been built and tested. With the prototype, high efficiency, high power factor, and constant lamp current can be achieved under different pieces of LED series connection. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A universal‐input high‐power‐factor power supply without electrolytic capacitor for multiple lighting LED lamps

The AC–DC power supply for LED lighting application requires a long lifetime while maintaining high‐efficiency, high power factor and low cost. However, a typical design uses electrolytic capacitor as storage capacitor, which is not only bulky but also with short life span, thus hampering performance improvement of the entire LED lighting system. In this article, a SEPIC‐derived power factor correction topology is proposed as the first stage for driving multiple lighting LED lamps. Along with a relatively large voltage ripple allowable in a two‐stage design, the proposal of LED lamp driver is able to eliminate the electrolytic capacitor while maintaining high power factor and high efficiency. To further increase the efficiency of LED driver, we introduced and used the twin‐bus buck converter as the second‐stage current regulator with Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) dimming function. The basic operating principle and the deign consideration are discussed in detail. A 50‐W prototype has been built and tested to verify the proposal. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于新型无桥Boost PFC的通信电源AC/DC变换器设计

针对电力系统传统通信电源设备功率因数低,电源谐波高的不足,提出一种新型的无桥Boost PFC电路结构。通过对电路拓扑结构的工作原理分析,应用平均电流控制策略,建立了相应的仿真模型。仿真结果表明,与传统的Boost PFC相比,无桥Boost PFC电路能够很好地提高功率因数,抑制电流谐波,且输入电流能很好地跟踪输入电压。最后设计了一台500 W的实验样机,实验结果验证了所提出电路的正确性和可行性。     

A novel single‐stage AC–DC converter with quasi‐resonant zero‐voltage‐switching for high power factor and high efficient applications

A new single‐stage‐isolated ac–dc converter that can guarantee both high efficiency and high power factor is proposed. It is based on a new dc–dc topology that has prominent conversion ratio similar to that of boost topology so that it is adequate to deal with the universal ac input. In addition, since it utilizes the transformer more than others based on the general flyback topology, the size of whole power system can be reduced due to the reduced transformer. Moreover, the voltage stresses on the secondary rectifiers can be clamped to the output voltage by adopting the capacitive output filter and clamp diode, and the turn‐off loss in the main switch can be reduced by utilizing the resonance. Furthermore, since this converter operates at the boundary conduction mode, the line input current can be shaped as the waveform of a line voltage automatically and the quasi‐resonant zero‐voltage switching can be obtained. Consequently, it features higher efficiency, lower voltage stress, and smaller sized transformer than other topologies. A 100 W prototype has been built and tested as the validation of the proposed topology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A single‐stage phase‐shifted full‐bridge AC/DC converter with variable frequency control

This letter presents a single‐stage soft‐switched full‐bridge AC/DC converter for low‐voltage/high‐current output applications. A phase‐shifted method with a variable frequency control is used to regulate the DC bus voltage and the output voltage of the single‐stage AC/DC converter. The proposed circuit topology and control scheme exhibit superior performances (i.e. high power factor, high‐efficiency, and ring‐free features). Correspondingly, a laboratory prototype, 500 W 5V/100A AC/DC converter, is implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed design. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DC voltage control and harmonic current suppression in a single‐phase PFC converter

This paper presents a DC voltage control scheme for a single‐phase PFC converter which can realize both the harmonic suppression of the input current and the fast dynamic response to the DC voltage. Instead of using a constant DC voltage reference, the controller calculates a fluctuating DC voltage reference, having the frequency at twice the source frequency. In the calculation of the DC voltage reference, the circuit parameters are used. Since the parameter errors may cause an error in the DC voltage reference, parameter identification is also described. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm has been verified experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 54–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10060     

Fast‐scale bifurcation in single‐stage PFC power supplies operating with DCM boost stage and CCM forward stage

This paper describes the fast‐scale bifurcation phenomena of a single‐stage single‐switch power‐factor‐correction (PFC) regulator comprising a boost stage operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and a forward stage operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The two stages combine into a single stage by sharing one main switch and one control loop. Using ‘exact’ cycle‐by‐cycle computer simulations, the effects of various circuit parameters on fast‐scale instabilities are studied. The results are qualitatively verified by experimental measurements. This work provides a clear picture of how the variation of certain practical parameters can render such a circuit fast‐scale unstable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Current sensorless control for half‐bridge based AC/DC PFC converter with consideration of conduction losses

The focus of this paper is on a simple half‐bridge converter that performs power factor correction (PFC) using current sensorless control. Current sensors increase cost, auxiliary power required, conduction losses, and volume of the PFC converter. Moreover, measurement of high frequency current is demanding, especially in cost‐sensitive applications. The PFC converter proposed combines simple half‐bridge topology and improved current sensorless‐control algorithm that takes into account conduction losses. These losses influence volt‐second balance in the input inductor and result in distorted grid current shape. Their effect is especially evident in half‐bridge converter, where input inductor operates with high voltage swing. The current sensorless control method proposed compensates this influence and allows achieving sinusoidal current shape. First, the phenomenon of current distortion was shown with numerical simulation in PSIM package. Experimental prototype rated for 350 W power was built to verify theoretical and simulation results. Experimental results are in good agreement with those obtained with simulation and theoretically. The PFC converter proposed features low cost of realization and can be used in consumer equipment for connection to the grid. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dimmable integrated CMOS LED driver based on a resonant DC/DC hybrid‐switched capacitor converter

This paper presents a 7.7 ‐ mm² on‐chip LED driver based on a DC/DC resonant hybrid‐switched capacitor converter operating in the MHz range with and without output capacitor. The converter operation allows continuously dimming the LED while keeping control on both peak and average current. Also, it features no flickering even in the absence of output capacitor and for light dimmed down to 10% of the nominal value. The capacitors and switches of the LED driver are integrated on a single IC die fabricated in a low‐cost 5 V 0.18‐μm bulk CMOS technology. This LED driver uses a small (0.7 mm²) inductor of 100 nH, which is 10 times smaller value than prior art integrated inductive LED drivers, still showing a competitive peak efficiency of 93% and achieving a power density of 0.26 W/mm² (0.34 W/mm³).     

改进的单级功率因数校正AC/DC变换器拓扑的研究

单级功率因数校正(简称单级PFC)由于控制电路简单、成本低、功率密度高在中小功率场合得到了广泛的应用。但是单级PFC中存在一些问题,如储能电容电压随输入电压和负载的变化而变化,在输入高压或轻载时,电容电压可能达到上千伏,变换器的效率低,开关损耗大等缺点。介绍了几种改进的拓扑结构来解决这些问题。     

新型带充电泵PFC电路的AC/DC变换器

提出了一种新型带充电泵PFC电路的AC／DC变换器，分析了该变换器的工作原理，并讨论了该变换器的主要参数设计，最后给出28V／6A实验样机测试结果。结果表明，该变换器能实现高功率因数校正，电路简单实用。     

Non‐isolated single‐switch DC–DC converters with extended duty cycle for high step‐down voltage applications

Several new topologies of single‐switch non‐isolated DC–DC converters with wide conversion gain and reduced semiconductor voltage stress are proposed in this paper. Most of the proposed topologies are derived from the conventional inverse of SEPIC (Zeta) converter. The proposed topologies can operate with larger switch duty cycles compared with the existing single switch topologies, hence, making them well suitable for high step‐down voltage conversion applications. With extended duty cycle, the current stress in the active power switch is reduced, leading to a significant improvement of the system losses. Moreover, the active power switch in some of the proposed topologies is utilized much better compared to the conventional Zeta and quadratic‐buck converters. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and comparison of circuit performances with other step‐down converters are discussed regarding voltage and current stress and switch silicon utilization. Finally, simulation and experimental results for a design example of a 50 W/5 V at 42‐V input voltage operating at 50 kHz will be provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed converters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A power decoupling control method for an isolated single‐phase AC‐to‐DC converter based on a high‐frequency cycloconverter

This paper proposes a new power decoupling method for a high‐frequency cycloconverter which converts the single‐phase line‐frequency ac input to the high‐frequency ac output directly. The cycloconverter consists of two half‐bridge inverters, two input filter capacitors, and a series‐resonant circuit. The proposed power decoupling method stores the input power ripple at double the line frequency in the filter capacitors. Therefore, the proposed method achieves a unity power factor in ac input and a constant current amplitude in the high‐frequency output without any additional switching device or energy storage element. This paper theoretically discusses the principle and operating performance of the proposed power decoupling method, and the viability is confirmed by using an experimental isolated ac‐to‐dc converter based on the high‐frequency cycloconverter. As a result, the proposed power decoupling method effectively improved the displacement power factor in the line current to more than 0.99 and reduced the output voltage ripple to 4% without any electrolytic capacitor.     

A single‐stage LED streetlight driver with PFC and digital PWM dimming capability

This paper proposes a single‐stage light‐emitting diode (LED) driver that offers power‐factor correction and digital pulse–width modulation (PWM) dimming capability for streetlight applications. The presented LED streetlight driver integrates an alternating current–direct current (AC–DC) converter with coupled inductors and a half‐bridge‐type LLC DC–DC resonant converter into a single‐stage circuit topology. The sub‐circuit of the AC–DC converter with coupled inductors is designed to be operated in discontinuous‐conduction mode for achieving input‐current shaping. Zero‐voltage switching of two active power switches and zero‐current switching of two output‐rectifier diodes in the presented LED driver decrease the switching losses; thus, the circuit efficiency is increased. A prototype driver for powering a 144‐W‐rated LED streetlight module with input utility‐line voltages ranging from 100 to 120 V is implemented and tested. The proposed streetlight driver features cost‐effectiveness, high circuit efficiency, high power factor, low levels of input‐current harmonics, and a digital PWM dimming capability ranging from 20% to 100% output rated LED power, which is fulfilled by a micro‐controller. Satisfying experimental results, including dimming tests, verify the feasibility of the proposed LED streetlight driver. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A systematic approach to designing a wide‐current range,MOS capacitor‐based switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converter with an augmenting LDO

Switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters (SC DC‐DC) are analyzed for loss sources, voltage regulation integrity, start‐up latency, and ripple size, while the trade‐offs between these metrics are derived. These analyses are used to design a SC DC‐DC that achieves high efficiency in a wide load current range. Four‐way interleaving was employed to reduce the output ripple and efficiency loss due to this ripple. The design can be reconfigured to achieve gains of 1/3 and 2/5 for inputs ranging between 1.4 and 3.6 V to generate output voltage range of 0.4 to 1.27 V and can supply peak load current of 22 mA. It uses thin‐oxide MOS capacitors for their high density and achieves 75.4% peak efficiency with an input frequency of 100 MHz and a load capacitor of 10 nF. An augmenting LDO that only regulates during sudden load transients helps the converter respond fast to these transients. The chip was implemented using a 65‐nm standard CMOS process.