加筋土结构中筋材拉拔力的分布规律研究

分析了加筋材料在拉拔试验条件下,筋材所受到的拉力、剪应力、应变之间的关系,利用筋土界面间存在的抗剪刚度系数G,建立起了与材料拉伸模量E_r和G有关的拉拔影响系数α,从而推导出拉力沿筋材分布的公式和各点筋土的相对位移公式。通过与已有的试验数据相对比,证实该公式的可行性。分析了拉力在筋材上的传播规律和α对筋材拉拔力分布的影响,表明用α能综合反映压应力、摩阻力、土体性质等多种因素对筋材拉力的影响。在加筋土结构中,筋材位移不是很大时,采用该公式能较好地估算筋材各处的拉力。     

Novel experimental techniques to assess the time-dependent deformations of geosynthetics under soil confinement

A new experimental approach to assess the impact of soil confinement on the long-term behavior of geosynthetics is presented in this paper.The experimental technique described herein includes a novel laboratory apparatus and the use of different types of tests that allow generation of experimental data suitable for evaluation of the time-dependent behavior of geosynthetics under soil confinement.The soil-geosynthetic interaction equipment involves a rigid box capable of accommodating a cubic soil mass under plane strain conditions.A geosynthetic specimen placed horizontally at the mid-height of the soil mass is subjected to sustained vertical pressures that,in turn,induce reinforcement axial loads applied from the soil to the geosynthetic.Unlike previously reported studies on geosynthetic behavior under soil confinement,the equipment was found to be particularly versatile.With minor setup modifications,not only interaction tests but also in-isolation geosynthetic stress relaxation tests and soil-only tests under a constant strain rate can be conducted using the same device.Also,the time histories of the reinforcement loads and corresponding strains are generated throughout the test.Results from typical tests conducted using sand and a polypropylene woven geotextile are presented to illustrate the proposed experimental approach.The testing procedure was found to provide adequate measurements during tests,including good repeatability of test results.The soilegeosynthetic interaction tests were found to lead to increasing geotextile strains with time and decreasing reinforcement tension with time.The test results highlighted the importance of measuring not only the time history of displacements but also that of reinforcement loads during testing.The approach of using different types of tests to analyze the soilegeosynthetic interaction behavior is an innovation that provides relevant insight into the impact of soil confinement on the time-dependent deformations of geosynthetics.     

基于DIC技术和无网格法的裂尖应变场分析方法

针对数字图像相关(DIC)技术难以获得精准的裂纹尖端应变场问题,提出一种基于DIC技术和伽辽金无网格法(EFG)的混合方法来分析裂尖应变场.该方法基于DIC技术导出场节点建立无网格模型,采用EFG法结合衍射法表示裂纹不连续性,进而计算全场应变值.以Q235qE钢材制成的紧凑拉伸(CT)试样为例开展了准静态循环拉伸试验,...     

New approach to junction efficiency analysis of hexagonal geogrid using digital image correlation method

Geosynthetics are commonly used in many civil engineering applications. At the same time, intensive development of these materials is being carried out. Therefore, it becomes more and more important to correctly determine the mechanical parameters of geosynthetics in laboratory tests. This is especially important for more complicated hexagonal geogrids. This article presents the results of the laboratory research carried out to evaluate the junction efficiency of hexagonal geogrid under static load by analyzing deformations of geogrid junctions and ribs. A new approach to determination the efficiency is given by the newly defined strain junction efficiency coefficient based on the true principal strains. In the laboratory tests the digital image correlation (DIC) method was used. This method allowed for the determination of displacements and strains of geogrid specimens in any direction and at any point. The results of the conducted research and analysis indicate that the proposed innovative junction effectiveness assessment method enables a better presentation of the geogrid performance at different levels of tensile load. In addition to the parameters given in the technical approval for this material, the proposed new strain junction efficiency coefficient can be an effective parameter for evaluating hexagonal geogrid performance at different strain levels.     

The influence of geosynthetic reinforcement on the mechanical behaviour of soil-pipe systems

Buried pipes may transport substances that can be harmful to people and the environment. These structures may be subjected to damages caused by soil movements and external interference, such as surcharges and excavations. Different applications of geosynthetics have demonstrated that they can be used to protect buried pipes and to minimize the consequences of pipe burst. This paper discusses results of large scale laboratory tests on a flexible pipe buried in unreinforced and geosynthetic reinforced soils subjected to surface surcharges. The pipes were buried in a cohesionless soil and different types of reinforcements were tested, with a wide range of tensile stiffness values. The results obtained show that the arrangement of the reinforcement enveloping the pipe reduced significantly pipe displacements and deflections. The efficiency of the reinforcement depended on its type and physical and mechanical properties. The open geogrid tested showed less reinforcement efficiency due to the passage of soil particles through its aperture during the tests. A theoretical solution available for pipes in unreinforced soils was extended to the reinforced situation with good agreement between predictions and measurements and showed that the presence of the reinforcement is equivalent to the pipe being buried in a significantly stiffer unreinforced soil.     

新型可视土工拉拔试验仪的研发与应用

研制了一台新型可视自动采集数据的土工拉拔试验装置,可用于多种土工材料和填料作用下的拉拔试验。该装置改进了加载系统和反力系统,实现了拉拔界面的可视与数据采集的自动化,并可量测土工材料不同嵌固长度处的位移,获取土工材料变形值,探索筋土作用过程中筋材受力机理及界面土体位移变化规律。使用新研制的试验装置开展了以砾类粗粒土为填料的格栅拉拔试验,结果表明:上覆荷载增大,土中格栅的应变变小,土体与格栅的界面摩擦和嵌固作用越显著;筋土界面处土体颗粒存在平移及转动两种运动模式,且界面处土体形成稳定的位移集中带。     

Landfill side slope lining system performance: A comparison of field measurements and numerical modelling analyses

Low permeability engineered landfill barriers often consist of a combination of geosynthetics and mineral layers. Even though numerical modelling software is applied during the landfill design process, a lack of data about mechanical performance of landfill barriers is available to validate and calibrate those models. Instrumentation has been installed on a landfill site to monitor multilayer landfill lining system physical performance. The lining system comprises of a compacted clay layer overlaid by high density polyethylene geomembrane, geotextile and sand. Data recorded on the site includes: geosynthetic displacements (extensometers), strains (fibre optics, Demec strain gauges, extensometers) and stresses imposed on the liner (pressure cells). In addition, temperature readings were collected by a logger installed at the surface of the geomembrane, at the clay surface using pressure cell thermistors and air temperature using a thermometer. This paper presents readings collected throughout a period of three years and compares this measured performance with the corresponding numerical modelling of the lining system for stages during construction. Numerical modelling predictions of lining system behaviour during construction are comparable with the measurements when the geosynthetics are covered soon after placement, however, where the geosynthetics are left exposed to the sun for an extended period of time, in situ behaviour of the geosynthetics cannot be replicated by the numerical analysis. This study highlights the significant influence of the effect of temperature on geosynthetics displacements. A simple thermal analysis of the exposed geosynthetics is used to support the explanation for observed behaviour.     

几种常用应变测试方法的比较

通过对圆钢进行拉伸试验,采用电阻式应变片、振弦传感器、数显千分表和引伸计四种常用应变测量仪器对试件应变同时进行采集,通过对测试结果与理论值的比较,总结分析了它们的工作特点以及适用范围,以期为测量方法的合理选择奠定基础。     

Study of the behavior of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls subjected to differential settlements

The limit equilibrium (LE) analysis has been used to design MSE walls. Presumably, the deflection of MSE walls can be limited to an acceptable range by ensuring sufficient factors of safety (FOSs) for both external and internal stabilities. However, unexpected ground movements, such as movements induced by excavations, volume changes of expansive soils, collapse of sinkholes, and consolidations of underlying soils, can induce excessive differential settlements that may influence both the stability and the serviceability of MSE walls. In this study, a numerical model, which was calibrated by triaxial tests and further by a specially-designed MSE wall tests, investigated the behavior of an MSE wall as well as the influence of various factors on the performance of the MSE wall when the wall facing settled relatively to the reinforced zone. The numerical results showed that the differential settlement would cause substantial vertical and horizontal movements for the MSE wall, as well as an increase in lateral earth pressure and geosynthetic reinforcement strain. The maximum horizontal movement and increase of the lateral earth pressure occurred at about 1.0 m above the toe. The differential settlement resulted in a critical plane that coincided with the plane of 45°+?/2. The maximum increase of the strain for each geogrid layer occurred in that plane, and the bottom layer had the greatest strain increase among all layers of reinforcement. The study further indicated that the surcharge, backfill friction angle, tensile stiffness of geogrid, reinforcement length and MSE wall height had noticeable influences on horizontal and vertical movements, and strain in geosynthetics. According to the results, the MSE wall that had a higher factor of safety would have less movements and geosynthetic strain increase. In contrast, only the friction angle, tensile stiffness and MSE wall height showed some degree of influence on the lateral earth pressure due to differential settlements.     

利用数字图像关联技术评价固体材料的应变

为了研究基于数字图像关联技术(DIC)在材料应变测试中的精确度及使用范围,采用接触式引伸计、电阻应变片和DIC三种测试技术,分别对不锈钢、SiC/SiC复合材料和石墨弹性模量及在拉伸过程中的应变进行测试与评价.结果表明,三种测试技术测得的每种材料的弹性模量基本一致;但DIC在固体材料应变评价中的精度足以和引伸计相比,并...     

Full-field strain evolution and characteristic stress levels of rocks containing a single pre-existing flaw under uniaxial compression

In this study, full-field strain evolution and characteristic stress levels of marble samples containing a single pre-existing flaw were comprehensively studied. The full-field strain was performed by digital image correlation (DIC) method, and the variations of characteristic stress levels with respect to inclination angle were discussed. To compare the experimental results, discrete element method was adopted, and the full-field stress evolution was reproduced to reappraise the localization zones. The results indicate that the presence of pre-existing flaws induces strain localization and degradation of mechanical properties for pre-cracked samples. When the strain localization firstly appeared surrounding pre-existing flaws, the axial stress levels at this moment increase with regard to inclination angle, leading to the increase of peak strength, crack initiation stress, crack damage stress, and normalized crack initiation stress. The normalized crack damage stress obtained by experiments shows flaw independency, and the results were verified by simulation results. Based on the full-field stress evolution, the tensile stress in x direction concentrates around pre-existing flaw and its location moves towards flaw tips with the increase of inclination angle. The compressive stress in y direction around pre-existing flaw is lower than other zones, revealing the upper and bottom surfaces of pre-existing flaw deform to each other. When the numerical models are subjected to same axial loading, the full-field stress around pre-existing flaw decrease as the inclination angle increases, which confirmed the results of full-field strain evolution and elucidated the pre-existing flaw with large inclination angle has less effect on degrading the mechanical properties.

     

土工合成材料加筋土应变软化特性及弹塑性分析

在土工合成材料加筋土应变软化特性试验研究的基础上,提出了适合该工程特性的三段式弹塑性计算模型,并对加筋土挡墙进行了弹塑性有限元分析,分析结果与模型试验结果基本吻合.     

Methoden zur Analyse des Bruchverhaltens hochfester Stahlfaserbetone

Methods for analyzing the fracture behavior of high‐strength steel fiber‐reinforced concretes High‐strength and ultra‐high strength fiber‐reinforced concretes are most suitable for applications with extreme mechanical loads. These extreme conditions require a ductile behavior under tensile loading, which is obtained solely by the addition of steel fibers and their working mechanism. Profound know ledge on the working mechanism of the steel fibers is necessary for optimizing this material. Usually, this knowledge is obtained by means of classical measuring techniques of destructive tests. Adopting measuring techniques from non‐destructive material testing helps to analyze and to identify the different stages of the fracture mechanism of high‐strength and ultra‐high strength fiber‐reinforced concretes in detail. The application of different non‐destructive measuring techniques is shown exemplary on tensile tests conducted on an ultra‐high strength fiber‐reinforced concrete and its applicability for analyzing the fracture behavior is discussed. The main focus is on the characterization of the relevant failure modes under tensile loading by the different measuring techniques and the comparison with classical measuring techniques (e. g. extensometer). The tensile tests have been analyzed by optical deformation measurements using digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE), and 3D computed tomography (CT).     

深部隧道框架式真三轴物理试验系统研制与应用

为了研究深部隧(巷)道围岩稳定性机理与支护控制技术,以千米埋深为基本条件,考虑三轴六面恒压加载和数字照相量测先进技术的应用,研制了一套结构紧凑、特色鲜明的真三轴框架式大型物理模拟试验系统。该系统由模型加载反力框架、以扁油缸与真空回油为特色的液压加载控制系统、自行研制的数字照相变形量测与围岩应力测试系统和开挖支护辅助装置4部分组成,可用于长1000 mm×宽1000 mm×厚1000 mm的深部隧(巷)道大型物理相似模型试验研究。最后给出在深部矿山巷道围岩变形受力观测分析与围岩分区破裂化现象再现试验的应用实例。应用结果表明,本套试验系统对于研究包括矿山巷道、TBM隧道在内的深部隧(巷)道工程开挖与支护过程中围岩变形与应力分布规律及其稳定控制作用机理都具有重要价值。     

土工合成材料双向拉伸多功能试验机的研制及初步应用

为揭示土工合成材料双向拉伸状态下的力学特性,自主研制了一台双向拉伸多功能试验机,能够进行瞬时和长期蠕变双向拉伸试验。瞬时拉伸采用电机控制,可以实现两个方向任意比例下应力和应变加载;蠕变拉伸采用法码加载,可同时进行3组大变形蠕变拉伸试验。经初步应用表明,该试验机能够进行复杂应力、应变路径下土工合成材料双向拉伸试验,为土工合成材料双向拉伸力学特性的研究提供了一种科学有效手段。     

应变硬化水泥基复合材料加固钢筋混凝土构件弯曲破坏分析方法研究

依据应变硬化水泥基复合材料单向拉伸试验结果,提出评价该类材料单向拉伸特性的考虑断裂能的三折线模型。提出采用虚拟材料的零跨拉伸模型反映应变硬化水泥基复合材料加固层紧邻既有钢筋混凝土构件裂缝处的细小裂缝扩展过程,得到应变硬化水泥基复合材料加固既有钢筋混凝土构件时加固层数值单元的单向拉伸平均应力-应变曲线,该曲线考虑紧邻混凝土梁某裂缝的加固层细小裂缝(置于同一单元内)对单元单向拉伸应力-应变曲线的影响,继而以该平均应力 应变曲线作为加固层单元的应变硬化水泥基复合材料单向拉伸本构关系。该方法可避免不同单元尺寸对数值分析结果的影响,因此,对该类材料加固既有钢筋混凝土构件可以采用较大尺寸的单元划分进行数值分析。     

土工合成材料力学耐久性规律研究

土工合成材料耐久性,即使用寿命一直是人们选择和应用土工合成材料所考虑的首要问题。用力学性能衰减规律评价其耐久性是最可靠的方法之一。通过室内外试验,尤其是对跟踪工程实例长达14 a 的试验结果以及国内外相关试验数据的分析,提出了土工合成材料力学耐久性的理论模型,并推算出土工合成材料在有40 cm 厚以上岩土严密保护的条件下,初始强度大于500N/5cm,使用年限至少可达50 a,大多数情况可超过100 a。并得出自然环境温度与土工合成材料耐久性密切相关的结论。     

Strain distribution along geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlays under traffic loading

While there is significant field evidence of the benefits of geosynthetic-reinforced asphalt overlays, their use has focused on minimizing the development of reflective cracks. Yet, geogrids in asphalt overlays are also expected to develop reinforcement mechanisms that contribute to the pavement structural capacity. Specifically, the use of geosynthetics in asphalt overlays may also improve the mechanical behavior of paved roads by controlling permanent displacements and reducing strains in the pavement layers. While relevant advances have been made towards identifying the mechanisms in geosynthetic stabilization of base courses, such mechanisms may differ from those that develop in geosynthetic-reinforced asphalt overlays. This paper investigates the development and distribution of tensile strains along geogrids used to reinforce asphaltic layers. Experimental data was collected from large-scale paved road models subjected to the repeated loading imparted by wheel traffic. Specifically, the study examines both the elastic and permanent components of displacements induced in geogrids by using mechanical extensometers attached to the geogrids. The testing program includes a number of geosynthetic-reinforced paved road models, as well as a control (unreinforced) section that was also instrumented for comparison purposes. Asphalt strain gauges were used to measure strains within the asphalt concrete layer, providing an additional source of information that proved to be highly consistent with the results obtained from the extensometers. The experimental results showed a progressive mobilization of permanent geogrid strains that reached a final profile beyond which additional traffic loading did not result in additional straining. In comparison, higher strains developed in the unreinforced model, which showed a continuously increasing trend. Elastic tensile strains in the asphalt mixture and rutting under the wheel load were comparatively smaller when using geogrids. Overall, the results generated in this study indicate that the presence of geogrids in asphalt overlays results in a lateral restraining mechanism that influences on the mechanical behavior of flexible pavements.     

大型沉井施工过程的数字化摄影监测

以上海浦东污水治理二期 Ｓ Ｂ 泵站大型沉井为工程背景, 通过建立 Ｐ Ｈ Ｏ Ｔ Ｏ 数字化摄影测量解析系统, 首次将近景化摄影测量方法实用于大型沉井施工全过程的位移监测。在 Ａｕｔｏ Ｃ Ａ Ｄ 及 Ｍａｔｌａｂ５ ．０ 软件系统环境下实现位移、偏斜、下沉及沉井三维工况等信息的图文动态显示、输出及量测信息的多部门、多终端共享。监测结果为沉井施工现场所采用, 达到了防偏纠偏、及时改善后续工程施工方法、保证沉井稳定下沉的目的。为今后实施沉井施工过程自动化实时监测提供可鉴之处。     

Radial deformation and failure of stabilised soft clay under uniaxial compression

This study examined the performances of four newly developed binders in stabilising soft Finnish clay by considering both the mechanical behaviour and environmental effect (i.e., carbon footprint). Thirty-six compacted clay-binder mixtures were investigated via uniaxial compression tests, during which photogrammetric scans were performed at axial strains of 0, 1, 3, and 7.5%. The testing protocol enabled the characterisation of full-field radial deformations and fracture developments. Experimental results demonstrated that varying the amounts and types of industrial by-products used in the production of binders has substantial potential to reduce carbon footprints. In terms of radial deformations, their distributions were highly non-uniform at different heights and loading stages. Radial displacements increased continuously at axial strains smaller than 3% (corresponding to peak strength point), whereas such a continuity disappeared afterwards, and global failures appeared. Based on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, the observed failures were categorised into three modes: inclined shearing (IS), axial splitting (AS) and hybrid shearing-splitting (HSS). For the studied specimens, shearing was the most common mechanism leading to failure.