Tasks and methods of drawing up “The Program of Modernization of the Power Industry of Russia for the Period through the Year 2020”

The structure of tasks, stages, and methods of drawing up “The Program of Modernization of the Power Industry for the Period through the Year 2020” as part of the state program “Energy Efficiency and Development of the Energy Industry” have been determined.     

The Program for the Development of Chinese New and Renewable Energy (1996-2010) Worked Out

The State Science and Technology Commission, State Economic and Trade Commission, and State Planning Commission of China have jointly worked out the Program for the Development of Chinese New and Renewable Energy recently.     

Development of hydropower resources on the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River

China covers a vast territory with many rivers and richhydropower potential.China's exploitable hydropowercapacity amounts to 378 GW which corresponds to an annual powergeneration of 1920 TWh.This makes China the leading country inthe world as far as hydropower resources are concerned.At the end of 1990,the country's hydro capacity developedwas 36.0 GW,accounting for 26.1% of the country's total,with anannual electricity production of 126.4 TWh,accounting for almost20.34% of the country's total.By the end of this century,China's hydropower capacity willreach 75-80 GW,constituting 19.8-21.1% of the country's     

Challenging the system: The role of community choice aggregation in California’s transition to a renewable energy future

There has been a rapid adoption of Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) programs in California. CCAs allow communities to choose their electricity supply through a locally-controlled public agency, disrupting the electric power sector as part of an energy transition. An analysis of how stakeholders in Sonoma and San Diego counties have pursued the implementation of CCAs is conducted through interviews. The findings demonstrate how macro-level pressures created opportunities for niche policies to be developed and challenge the utility-centered electricity model.     

Revisiting “the Genius of the Marketplace”: Cures for the Western Electricity and Natural Gas Crises

California's restructuring stripped utilities of responsibility for retail customers' electricity resource portfolios, leaving most of the state exposed to intense spot market volatility. Subsequent experience reinforces the need for all states to redefine a regulated portfolio management function.     

The Principles and Methods of Power Development Planning in the Market Economic Situation of China

WiththemarketeconomybeingdevelopedinChina,thesystemreformofpowersectorisalsocarryingtoanewstage.Thetrendtowardsadiversityofenergytypesgivespeoplemoreopportunitiesandfreedomtochoosedifferentformsofenergyalternatives.Sincetherapiddevelopmentofpowergenerationcapacityinrecentyears,powermarketisprogressivelychangingfromseller'smarkettobuyer'smarket,andpowersupplywilldependondemand.Therefore,thestrategices,waysofthinkingandmethodsofpowerdevelopmentplanningmustconformtotherequirementsofnewsituation,t…     

Development of and experience using the Del’Tek computerized automation system for furnishing thermal power facilities with automated process control systems

Basic principles of constructing the Russian Del’Tek computerized automation system intended for development of modern process control systems for thermal power engineering facilities are considered. Informational-computation systems and full-scale process control systems built around the Del’Tek computerized automation system, as well as test results and experience gained from their operation, are described.     

Power Demand Forecast and Development Strategy for the Period of 2005-2030

Learning from lessons of underestimating the economic growth and misunderstanding electric elasticity factor in the power forecast conducted a few years ago, in addition to broadly referring to the situations of power economic growth of developed countries when they were in industrial developing stage, this report is presented with higher realistic reference value and academic value, and has attracted common attention of decision-makers and researchers in Chinese power industry.     

Introduction to Puerto Rico’s energy transformation: An analysis of key documents and plans towards the reconstruction of the electric system

Puerto Rico’s electric system transformation depends on the execution of the current energy policy. However, key documents, such as the PREPA Fiscal Plan, do not detail how these transformations are going to be financed, and no analysis is provided for expected economic impacts that should arise from increasing electricity tariff rates to electricity consumers. This paper analyzes the three main documents developed as part of the planning for the Puerto Rico electric system transformation and reconstruction, including potential flaws and its effect on the electric utility. It also links to further studies and analyses developed toward the effect of such plans on Puerto Rico’s economy and on the electric utility.     

Solving the problems concerned with modernization of power unit monitoring and control systems using the distributed facilities and technologies available in the sargon computerized automation system. Part 1: Tools of PTC “sargon” for distributed systems

The first part of this article describes the tools intended to construct distributed automated process control systems for the main thermal power equipment of power stations that are available in the SARGON computerized automation system.     

Global Energy Interconnection:an innovative solution for implementing the Paris Agreement——the significance and pathway of integrating GEI into global climate governance

There has been great concern in the international community as to whether the Paris Agreement will effectively maintain the average global temperature increase below 2 °C from pre-industrial levels. When the nationally determined contributions(NDC) of the various state parties are added, it is clear that a gap remains. Thus, UNFCCC COP21 called upon all state parties and non-state actors to take additional actions to reduce emissions beyond NDCs in order to eliminate this gap. Against the background of energy consumption transformation and climate governance, Global Energy Interconnection(GEI), which features an innovative combination of advanced technologies such as clean energy, global connectivity, and ultra-high voltage transmission, offers a new option for global prosperity and growth with fewer emissions, lower economic costs, and a safer climate. However, it takes time for the international community to fully recognize, accept, and support GEI and the relevant organizations. Therefore, GEI organizations should take the initiative to reach out to the international climate governance system based on its characteristics of multiple tiers, circles, and poles enabling exchange of technology, funding, and projects in order to win widespread support for GEI and facilitate joint implementation. Only in this way will GEI bring further economic, social, and environmental benefits.     

Simulation of heat and mass transfer processes in the experimental section of the air-condensing unit of Scientific Production Company “Turbocon”

A mathematical model was developed to be used for numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer processes in the experimental section of the air condenser (ESAC) created in the Scientific Production Company (SPC) “Turbocon” and mounted on the territory of the All-Russia Thermal Engineering Institute. The simulations were performed using the author’s CFD code ANES. The verification of the models was carried out involving the experimental data obtained in the tests of ESAC. The operational capability of the proposed models to calculate the processes in steam–air mixture and cooling air and algorithms to take into account the maldistribution in the various rows of tube bundle was shown. Data on the influence of temperature and flow rate of the cooling air on the pressure in the upper header of ESAC, effective heat transfer coefficient, steam flow distribution by tube rows, and the dimensions of the ineffectively operating zones of tube bundle for two schemes of steam–air mixture flow (one-pass and two-pass ones) were presented. It was shown that the pressure behind the turbine (in the upper header) increases significantly at increase of the steam flow rate and reduction of the flow rate of cooling air and its temperature rise, and the maximum value of heat transfer coefficient is fully determined by the flow rate of cooling air. Furthermore, the steam flow rate corresponding to the maximum value of heat transfer coefficient substantially depends on the ambient temperature. The analysis of the effectiveness of the considered schemes of internal coolant flow was carried out, which showed that the two-pass scheme is more effective because it provides lower pressure in the upper header, despite the fact that its hydraulic resistance at fixed flow rate of steam–air mixture is considerably higher than at using the one-pass schema. This result is a consequence of the fact that, in the two-pass scheme, the condensation process involves the larger internal surface of tubes, results in lower values of Δt (the temperature difference between internal and external coolant) for a given heat load.     

Periodic steady-state solution of a synchronous generator based on a voltage-behind-reactance formulation and the Poincaré map method

A powerful blend based on a voltage-behind-reactance (VBR) model and the Poincaré map method, suitable to carry-out harmonic oriented analyses, is presented in this paper to compute the periodic steady-state solution of a synchronous generator. The VBR model, as originally conceived, is modified and instead a per-unit version, tailored to the acceleration procedure, is used. The acceleration of the convergence to the periodic steady-state is accomplished with a Newton method and the Poincaré map. A Numerical Differentiation approach allows the computation of the transition matrix involved in the acceleration procedure using a sequential perturbation of the state variables. The periodic steady-state solution of synchronous generators is reported for a set of operating conditions such as change of load, a three-phase fault and a single-phase fault. Furthermore, the harmonic analysis of a system comprising a RLC circuit with a varying degree of unbalance, fed from a synchronous generator is carried-out with the acceleration procedure. Important speedup factors up to 145 are reported for large turbine generators. The application of a Newton based acceleration procedure to a VBR synchronous machine model yields important benefits for the efficient computation of periodic steady-state solutions and it is particularly useful for test cases involving large rotary machines with an inherently large inertia.     

Low-temperature sintering and dielectric properties of the Bi(Nb1−x Ta x )O4 system

Low-temperature sintering and dielectric properties of the Bi(Nb_1?x Ta _x )O₄ (x?=?0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) system was investigated as a function of the zinc borosilicate (ZBS) glass content with a view to applying this system to LTCC technology. The addition of 7 wt% ZBS glass ensured a successful sintering below 900°C. The complete solid solution of Bi(Nb, Ta)O₄ with an orthorhombic structure was formed and the high temperature form of Bi(Nb, Ta)O₄ with a triclinic structure was not observed. The second phase of Bi₂SiO₅ was observed for all compositions. The non-relative liquid phase sintering (NLPS) occurred and the one-stage sintering was conducted. The Q?×?f values were improved by the addition of Ta. Bi(Nb_0.7Ta_0.3)O₄ with 7 wt% ZBS glass sintered at 900°C demonstrated 35.8 in the dielectric constant (? _r), 2,200 GHz in the quality factor (Q?×?f ₀), and ?48 ppm/°C in the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ _f).