Development of hydropower resources on the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River

China covers a vast territory with many rivers and richhydropower potential.China's exploitable hydropowercapacity amounts to 378 GW which corresponds to an annual powergeneration of 1920 TWh.This makes China the leading country inthe world as far as hydropower resources are concerned.At the end of 1990,the country's hydro capacity developedwas 36.0 GW,accounting for 26.1% of the country's total,with anannual electricity production of 126.4 TWh,accounting for almost20.34% of the country's total.By the end of this century,China's hydropower capacity willreach 75-80 GW,constituting 19.8-21.1% of the country's     

What is the state of development of retail electricity markets in the EU?

For our research, which aims to provide a thorough approach to assessing the development of the retail electricity market in the EU, we tested the hypotheses that the number of suppliers in the retail markets of EU member states has increased significantly over the past decade, and that in the same period, the number of suppliers entering the retail markets of EU member states increased significantly with market liberalisation. We also collected data on the number of electricity suppliers to end-consumers in EU member states between 2010 and 2017, and used the Kruskal-Wallis test for verification, which was also used to establish the ratio between electricity consumers and suppliers between 2010 and 2017. A thorough overview of current scientific findings led us to contemplate a possible combination to measure the dynamics and assess the energy market development, since several authors indicate that no method has been fully accepted as standardised for a thorough assessment of the energy market development. Therefore, a combination of indicators to measure the dynamics and assess the energy market development is proposed in the conclusion of this article, which brings important implications for science and specifically for politics and experts.     

Computational–Experimental Verification of Technologies of Utilization of the Concentrate Formed in the Reverse-Osmosis Water Demineralization Cycle

Technologies for utilizing the wastewater of the reverse-osmosis plants (ROPs) to prepare the make-up water for power-generating plants of combined heat and power plants and nuclear power plants are proposed and substantiated using mathematical models and full-scale experiments. The ROPs use natural feedwater with a wide range of quality characteristics. For the first time, variants of the treatment of the concentrate formed in the ROP cycle have been proposed for the reuse of the latter by acidifying it in H-type cation- exchange filters charged with a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin. By admixing part of the filtrate processed in the H-type cation-exchange filters to the feedwater, the latter is acidified thus reducing the probability of formation of carbonaceous sediments and water consumption. The rest of the filtrate subjected to a conversion process is used as a constituent of the make-up feedwater of the heating system or potable water, which eliminates the discharge of the reverse-osmosis plant wastewater into the environment. Another feature of the proposed technology is that the H-type cation-exchange filters are integrated into a regenerant solution reuse circuit (RSRC). As a result, the consumption rate of sulfuric acid for regeneration equals the stoichiometric rate and the regeneration yields gypsum used to produce a binding agent for construction. The kinetics of separation of gypsum from the spent regenerant solutions with different chemical compositions was studied experimentally as applied to the RSRC conditions. The procedure of operating filters charged with the Lewatit CNP-LF cation-exchange resin was trialed under production conditions. It was established that the height of the filtering cation-exchange resin layer should be 1.0–1.5 m and the concentration of the regenerant solution should not exceed 0.8% at a rate of 10–15 m/h. The basic components of the technological scheme were trialed under production conditions on a water treatment plant in service.     

Effect of the variation of the charge distribution along multi-overhead transmission lines’ conductors on the calculation method of ground surface electric field

This paper presents a new methodology to calculate the ground surface electric field, produced by overhead transmission lines (OHTLs), taking into account the effect of the variation of the charge distributions along the conductors of multi-overhead transmission lines. In this paper, the effects of the conductors sag, the presence of the tower, replacing the sub-conductors of each phase with an equivalent conductor, the presence of the ground wires, and the presence of another overhead transmission line (OHTL) circuit on the electric charge distribution along the OHTL conductors and hence on the calculation of the ground surface electric fields are extensively studied. The suggested technique is verified by comparing its results with a measurement by the other. The suggested technique is based on both the Charge Simulation Method (CSM) and the Image Method (IM).     

Results of Steam-Water-Oxygen Treatment of the Inside of Heating Surfaces in Heat-Recovery Steam Generators of the PGU-800 Power Unit at the Perm’ District Thermal Power Station

Prestarting, postinstallation steam-water-oxygen treatment (SWOT) of the natural circulation/steam reheat heat-recovery steam generators (HRSG) manufactured by OAO Krasny Kotelshchik was performed at the PGU-800 power unit of the Perm District Thermal Power Station (GRES). Prior to SWOT, steam-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and preservation of gas condensate heaters (GCH) of HRSGs were performed for 10 h using 1.3MPa/260°С/70 t/h external steam. After that, test specimens were cut out that demonstrated high strength of the passivating film. SWOT of the inside of the heating surfaces was carried out during no-load operation of the gas turbine unit with an exhaust temperature of 280–300°С at the HRSG inlet. The steam turbine was shutdown, and the generated steam was discharged into the atmosphere. Oxygen was metered into the discharge pipeline of the electricity-driven feed pumps and downcomers of the evaporators. The behavior of the concentration by weight of iron compounds and the results of investigation of cutout specimens by the drop or potentiometric method indicate that the steam-water-oxygen process makes it possible to remove corrosion products and reduce the time required to put a boiler into operation. Unlike other processes, SWOT does not require metal-intensive cleaning systems, temporary metering stations, and structures for collection of the waste solution.     

Director of Informenergo of Federal Russia solute to the counterparts all over the world!

DEAR SIRS,Informenergo-Scientific and Technological Information Centerin Power Engineering and Electrification of Federal Russia is a stateorganization which deals with:-inquire and information servicing of enterprises,organizations,specialists with different scientific and technological data in thefield of power engineering (allotment of copies of original docu-ments,data bases,access to data bases,information about novelties     

On the possibility of perfection of reactors’ passive heat removal systems by the use of an ebullience channel

The possibility is considered of creating a passive heat removal system with an ebullience channel and natural circulation of coolers, in which the residual heat release could be directed not only upward but also downward from the source to the final absorber. Experimental results on the properties of the system in the static and dynamic regimes and examples of its possible application are presented.     

Optimization of the range of asynchronous motors with the dimensions 100–132 with combined windings

The theoretical foundations for creation of a new type of intelligent energy-saving asynchronous electric motor with combined windings are described. The results of theoretical studies and computer modeling, as well as a method of manufacturing a range of such motors, are given.     

Water chemistry of the system for cooling the electrical generator’ stator of the power unit at a thermal power station

Results from studies of the water chemistry used in the system for cooling the stator windings of alternators used in supercritical-pressure power units are presented, and a solution is suggested using which the standardized pH value of cooling water is maintained in the range 8.0–9.0. It is shown that addition of NaOH in the water cooling system when a drop of pH value occurs cannot fully satisfy the requirements of the operating circular due to low buffer properties of aqueous medium.     

The evaluation of the safety of shaft system of large turbine generator set

1.IntroductionWith the increase of the capacity of the turbine generator set,the safety of the shaft system of the set(including the exciter)isthreatened for the following three reasons:1.The length of the shaft system increases.The length of theshaft system is 15 m for a 50 MW set,32-40 m for a 300 MW set and90 m for a 900 MW nuclear power set.The increased number of theconcentrated masses leads to the increase of both the number of the     

Influence of the sizes and initial temperature of the drum of a combined-cycle plant’s heat recovery boiler on its stressed state during the startup

Results from a study for analyzing the effect the geometrical characteristics of a heat-recovery boiler’s high-pressure drum and its initial temperature have on the drum’s stressed state during the startup are presented. Recommendations for determining the starting mode are given.     

On the local approximation of the electron–photon interaction self-energy

We investigate the impact of the so-called local, i.e., diagonal, approximation for the electron–photon scattering self-energy, within the nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. We report on three different systems to show that the local approximation may dramatically degrade expected selection rules, but that this degradation has minor impacts on the physical properties of realistic systems in which other scattering processes are assumed.     

Regulations of the China Illuminating Engineering Society

ChapterOneGeneralTermsArticle1TheChinaIlluminatingEngineeringSociety(hereinafterreferedtoastheSociety)isthelegallyregistratednationalacademicorganisationofChina'spersonnelengagedinthescienceandtechnologytasksintheilluminationfield.TheSocietyconsist-ingpartoftheChinaAssociationofScienceandTeehnology.TheSocietyisatiebetweentheconcerninggovernmentalorgansandthepersonnelengagedinthescienceandtechnol-ogytasksintheilluminationfield;aswellasanassistantfordevelopingilluminationsci-enceandtechnol…     

Improving the accuracy of multisided travelling wave determination of location of a fault in a power line by means of the difference–distance-measuring technique

The double-ended travelling wave method of determination of location of a fault in electrical networks has significant errors due to changes in the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves. We have developed a travelling wave method of improving the accuracy of location of a fault determination in power transmission lines that is based on navigation algorithms. The method is applicable to lines with branches. The distance to fault determination for the developed method is up to twice as accurate as the double-ended travelling wave location of a fault method. The accuracy of the developed method is less influenced by external factors (change of sag, soil resistance, the instantaneous value of the current at the fault time) than is the accuracy of the double-ended travelling wave location of a fault method. The proposed method allows reducing the errors in determining distance to the location of a fault, and its accuracy is less affected by external factors. The developed method can be incorporated into existing and prospective devices based on travelling wave methods of location of a fault determination.     

In Celebration of the Establishment of State Power Corporation Northeast Company

BeingthefirstbatchofdemonstratiVeprojectsforChinapowerindustrialcorporahzahonalrestrUctUring,theStatePowerCorporahonNortheastCompan}rwasestablishedinMarch1999.TheStatep')xver(;orporahonNortheastCompanyisanagentoftheStatePowerCorporahoninChinanortheastregion.AccordingtotheauthorizahonoftheStatePowerCorporahon,theNortheastCompanyisengagedinmanagingpowerindustryinLiaoning,JinnandHeilong?iangthreeprOVincesandtheeastareaofInnerMongoliabyperforthengsuperVisiononregionalpowerstrategy,mark…     

Speed up the Retrofit of Thermal Power Generating Units, Raise the Effectiveness of Power Plant Comprehensively

In the second step of the reform of State Power Corporation(SP), the organizational separation of power plant from powernetwork will be implemented positively, it will bring newpressure upon the power plant to bid for accessing to powernetwork and to implement the new operation mechanism offair, open and just dispatching, that is, the electric powerprovided by power sources will be competitive in low price andhigh quality. That also urges power plants into making technicalimprovements and cre…     

Realization of the 9200-MW Generation Assets

With a process of disposition obeying market rules and a result of realization at a cost of 18.7 billion Yuan which is 56% excess, the State Electricity Regulatory Commission, the organizers for realization of the 9200-MW generation assets （the so-called ＂920 Project＂） didn＇t fail to accomplish its mission and withdrew the curtain of power reform in the 11th Five-Year period with a satisfactory performance.     

Effects of high voltage discharge on the human bodies of workers

In this paper,as it is reported,through mechanism analysis,calculation,testing,measuring in the site and the observation ofbiologic effect on workers as well as the peripheral blood test in vitro,there are low energy X-ray and so forth produced due to high volt-age discharge which are harmful physical and chemical factors.Theexistence of these harmful factors affect workers' health to a certaindegree.The observed biologic indexes are those of peripheral bloodcell effect,lymphocyte,micronuclear,chromosomal aberration,sisterchromatid exchange,blood serum immune globulin,electroen-cephalogram and brain blood current gram. The vitro peripheralblood test indexes are including those of chromosmal aberration,sister chromatid exchange and blood serum immune globulin.Theresults obtained from the said observation and testing express thatthe above mentioned indexes have obvious significance after thecomparison of those between test group and control group treated bystatistics (i.e.P<0.05).Further,the test results also point out that theenvironment of high voltage discharge will creat injury to the workers,therefore a detail research should be taken.