基于公共空间建构的地下特色街区开发研究

城市对于地下空间开发所关注的焦点,已由扩充商业容量转变为发掘其所具备的公共空间价值。苏州平泷路地下空间为了达成建构地下公共空间与特色街区的开发目标,针对特色街区的影响因素,提出解决与对应影响因素的项目设计思路。为了确保开发过程中,项目能确实发展为平江新城的公共活动平台,平泷路地下空间以设置专业沟通平台,坚持合理与科学化发展的方式作为核心策略。同时,在项目计划初期阶段,从区域开发的角度优化调整相关的规划与建筑设计;在商业策划阶段,藉由制订主题、调整空间业态与经营定位的方式,精准定位未来运营方向;在设计概念阶段,增设了文化活动空间,为城市文化活动的产生保留余地;在设计深化与施工阶段,对内部重要与竖向节点进行重点设计,使平泷路地下空间最终能成为一个舒适、安全与安心的城市步行环境。最后,指出以公共空间开发为主,结合空间主题与城市文化设计的地上地下一体化开发模式,能够创造出地下空间街区的特色,并建议此模式可作为我国未来开发地下空间的参考。     

大型地下公共空间与当代北京城

地下公共空间是城市中重要的公共空间。近十几年间,高密度区的增加导致城市问题严重,城市景观的要求带来城市对地下空间的需要。在这些因素的作用下,北京的大型地下公共空间有了较大的发展。其在空间分布上趋向双轴双环的布局结构,在功能类型上分为综合、文化、体育和休闲等多种类型。本文探讨北京大型地下公共空间的分布,并针对其不同的空间类型展开研究。并在此基础上展望了未来地下北京城的发展方向。     

地下车库争议与城市停车难解决方案

分析了物权法对地下车库产权的规定以及一些专家对此的看法,多数学者拘泥于现有法律条文得出的解决方案,地下车库部分闲置和停车难的两难局面没有有效解决。本文考虑地下车库的利用率,有助于城市停车难问题的解决,以及城市地下空间的综合利用来建立地下车库的产权制度安排,提出了地下车库应列入公共设施管理,应修正现有法律条文,使其适应地下车库公共管理。并对建设管理方面可能出现的问题提出了解决办法。     

为城市活力与未来而设计——城市地下公共空间规划与设计理论思考

与现代主义盛行时期对城市公共空间有所忽视的大不相同,从70年代起,与城市未来生活密切相关的城市公共空间越来越引起建筑师和城市规划师的重视,城市地下空间通过整合城市街区、广场及外部空间,可以形成充满活力的城市外部公共空间,通过对城市未来发展的前瞻性分析,和对城市形态与功能的特征分析,从理论上探讨地下公共空间的作用和未来发展的可能性,以实现让城市公共生活回归城市新空间,新公共空间回归生活.     

居住小区地下车库社会化的思考

介绍我国居住小区规划建设的若干特征,提出将居住小区地下车库向社会开放,利用其车库停车、交通通行等资源改善城市交通;借鉴实例中的“双层城镇”、“地下公共交通层”等相关经验,在城市规划、道路安排以及地下车库的具体设计等方面提出相应设计策略.     

Tunnelling of infrastructure: from non-considered to ill considered — lessons from the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, tunnels are in much (public) demand since approximately 1980. Infrastructure is less tolerated in the urban environment, especially when it is elevated above ground. Three different projects for which the authors acted as scientific consultants can serve to demonstrate how problematic it can be to neglect an underground option on the one hand and to make it dogmatic on the other. Existing infrastructure is often seen as both environmentally and commercially damaging, suppressing urban land values. Reconstruction is a difficult task, though, in spite of modern techniques. The Helmond case, where an elevated part of a main road separates the town centre and historical castle and blocks revitalisation of the area, is an adequate demonstration. The proposed replacement with a tunnel proved to be ill considered, i.e. both difficult and costly. Even worse: perhaps the town might do without the road after all! In developing new infrastructure, like high speed train links, urban alignments are avoided because of public resistance. Yet these may prove to be acceptable if tunnelled, whereas an alignment in the rare open countryside is locally despised. This proved to be true in the case of the Amsterdam–Antwerp High-Speed Railway Line (HSL), for the passage of Dordrecht, south of Rotterdam. An urban underground solution was not considered in the government studies. A local proposal, which proved to be quite feasible, was rejected, mainly because it was presented late in the planning process. New types of infrastructure may be developed explicitly for underground use. Lorries are an ever-bigger problem in local distribution, both for the environment and congestion and for trade, dependent on these. Therefore, underground logistic systems (ULS) are proposed more frequently. Perhaps the best-studied one is the Schiphol Airport ULS, intended predominantly to connect air and rail terminals and the world's largest flower auction at Aalsmeer. It showed that the choice for an underground solution can be too dogmatic, not affordable and only partly necessary. Mixed solutions, partly underground, partly on the surface and partly elevated were quite feasible and economically more attractive.     

试论城市地下公共空间的反恐问题

城市地下公共空间是指城市各种公共地下商业设施、地下娱乐设施、地下停车场和地铁等交通设施、地下广场等具有聚集性人流的地下公共空间场所。城市地下公共空间可能遭受恐怖威胁的内在因素包括地上空间环境复杂和外部安全保障缺失,外在因素包括内部人员密集性、空间的特定功能性和空间自身的脆弱性,面临的恐怖威胁形式主要有爆炸、纵火、暗杀与人质劫持、生化或放射性物质攻击等。反恐预防措施包括地下公共空间的入口控制,引入地下公共空间的情景预防,消除空间的结构性“犯罪死角”以及建立安全疏散机制等措施。     

城市抗震中地下空间作用与定位的思考

目前我国城市地下空间开发已具备相当规模,可充分利用地下空间较好的抗震性能进行合理的选址和采取抗震措施,将其作为地面避难空间的有益补充。为此,需进一步深入研究地下空间的抗震性能,编制地铁、大型地下公共空间、地下生命线等抗震预案,明确城市地下空间地震时的功能定位。     

关于地下公共建筑消防安全评估的研究

本文根据地下公共建筑的火灾情况,建立并完善了消防安全评价指标体系,成功的将模糊综合评价方法运用到地下公共建筑消防安全评估中,并在此评估模型上运用到模糊数学理论。通过评估地下公共建筑消防设计的安全性,就可以验证它是否科学有效。     

Why underground space should be included in urban planning policy – And how this will enhance an urban underground future

Cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, both for climate inflicted and spatial constraints: In many cities, infrastructure development is being outpaced by population growth. Climate change effects are requiring radical new approaches in terms of coping with for example excessive rainfall. The available space at the surface is rapidly being used up and the biggest danger is that built-up spaces are taking over the public green spaces of cities thereby threatening livability and quality of life. Urban underground space forms a societal asset, which is often unappreciated and underestimated in terms of the role it can play within dynamic city environments and associated challenges.This paper will explore the ways in which urban underground space can be optimally integrated into the dynamic urban context. It also explores the often contradictory functions that make underground space use complicated from a planner’s perspective. The first-come-first-served strategy of underground space use has left many cities wondering how they are going to cope with the self-inflicted “chaos” under the surface. The often mono-functional uses of the underground lead to sub-optimal space use. Most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer. In guiding the future use of urban underground space, a comprehensive policy framework guiding its development is lacking on which decisions can be based. This often leads to the non-sustainable use of this important asset. It will be argued that both vision and planning are needed to be able to make the best use of this underrated underground real estate.The authors will also debate that just understanding the potential of underground space is not enough. Realising its actual potential and facilitating its development will require a spatial dialogue between many stakeholders, including planners, engineers, developers and public decision makers.     

中心城区既有地下公共空间活力评价研究

在城市存量发展与精细化设计的背景下,既有地下公共空间作为城市公共空间的重要组成部分,对整个城市活力营造有着不可替代的作用。现阶段不少既有地下公共空间环境使用状态不良及空间环境恶化等问题致使空间活力丧失。故将“活力提升”作为推动中心城区既有地下公共空间再生的目标,对活力评价体系的构建进行尝试。通过专家和公众参与的调研问卷,运用层次分析法进行中心城区既有地下公共空间活力评价的初步研究,选取重庆3个中心城区既有地下公共空间作为案例进行活力评价体系的检测与反馈,反映当前关注度高、矛盾突出的中心城区既有的地下公共空间问题,为活力提升设计策略奠定研究基础。     

核生化恐怖背景下地下空间的安全评估与决策

论述了地下空间遭受核生化恐怖袭击时的特点和灾害。指出在核生化恐怖袭击背景下,只有通过识别并评估来自核生化恐怖的已知和潜在的威胁,采取有效措施降低灾害或减轻灾害后果,使地下空间的安全性提高到可接受水平的动态过程,才是增强地下空间反恐能力,维护公共安全,经济而有效的方法。建立地下空间在恐怖背景下安全评估与决策平台,为地下空间防、消核生化恐怖袭击提供必要的理论依据和技术措施。     

浅析提高城市中心区地下商业街活力的设计策略

地下商业街是地下空间利用的一种常见形式,往往位于城市各大商圈与交通枢纽附近。然而,大多数地下商业街面临活力不足的困境。人是城市空间的使用主体,人的活动是地下商业街活力的根源,从地下商业街中人的需求、行为认知心理特点与建筑环境的关系的角度来思考其设计能有效地激发人的活动积极性,进而提高地下商业街的活力。文章分析地下商业街存在的问题及原因,探讨地下商业街中人的需求与行为心理特点,并提出提高城市中心区活力的设计策略。     

Planning and design of a Civil Defence shelter station in Singapore

The proposed MRT North East Line (NEL) consists of sixteen transit stations and a depot. Thirteen of the underground stations are designed as Civil Defence (CD) shelters as required by the Civil Defence Shelter Bureau (CDSB) of Singapore. This paper presents the main CD design requirements and its implications on the architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical design aspects of an underground rail transit station. It shows how a public transport facility can be successfully designed to meet both transit and CD operational requirements.     

城市地下公共空间防灾广场初探

城市地下公共空间为人员与活动聚集之所在,一旦发生大规模灾害,常造成生命财产的严重损失,防灾救灾工作实为地下公共空间规划重要的一环。文章从增强地下公共空间的使用功能及逃生避难者的角度,通过合理设置地下防灾广场,有效增加人气及应付地下公共空间的紧急灾害,如火灾、毒气、暴乱等,方便人们迅速逃离。研究结果表明,防灾广场的合理设置能保证地下公共空间中灾时人员的有效疏散。     

城市地下空间开发经营理论与策略探析

城市地下空间开发经营,是目前地下空间开发水平和规模达到一定阶段后,为适应我国社会主义市场经济体制,对地下空间开发,特别是原来由政府包办的地下公共基础设施的建设进行市场化运作的新思路.在我国经济体制转轨的大背景下,通过对城市地下空间开发经营理论的阐释,基于经营原则,探讨城市地下空间开发的经营策略,以期能更有效地开发利用城市地下空间提供一定的参考和帮助.     

Access way to underground space: Present status of access ways to underground space with examples of spatial requirements ITA Working Group 4 “subsurface planning”

This report presents the results and output from a questionnaire undertaken by the ITA Working Group No. 4 regarding “Design Criteria for Access ways” to different types of underground structures. This theme was considered an important issue as the design and layout of access ways and installed mechanical equipment have great influence on construct ability and construction costs, maintenance and operation of the underground structures.

The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities.

Foreword

The theme of this report, design criteria for access ways to underground structures, was proposed by the representatives of Japan and Spain during the ITA Working Group No. 4 meeting, held in Sao Paulo in 1998. Around the globe an increased application of underground space has been experienced and the design of access ways is an important aspect of underground structures. The participants in the meeting in Sao Paolo, representing their member nations, supported the theme. Following the Working Group meetings in Oslo (1999) and Durban (2000) a questionnaire was prepared by Japan and Spain and distributed amongst the ITA member nations. The questions raised were basically dealing with the theme of access ways, but dealt as well with the wider scope of design criteria for underground structures, such as: road (transport) tunnels; underground (metro) railway stations; underground parking areas and underground shopping malls and other facilities.

The main intention of the Working Group No. 4 Subsurface Planning was that the findings of the questions raised could be of great help in the field of assisting, developing and harmonizing subsurface planning.

Not surprisingly, the member nations who replied to the questionnaires addressed the various aspects of this topic in different ways. Nevertheless, the diverse views clearly show differences in opinions and details by which various countries approach these issues. The report is intended to aid subsurface planners who wish to gain a broad view on how matters are dealt with in other countries or seek guidance in comparable situations – and also for the benefit and understanding of owners and operators of such facilities.

The fire and life safety issues in road and railway tunnels are of course of great importance for public confidence in such structures. These issues have been specifically dealt with in a previous report by Working Group No. 4; “Fire and Life Safety for Underground Facilities” published in the journal “Tunneling and Underground Space Technology” (TUST), volume 13/3 July/September 1998.

The ITA expresses the appreciation to the member nations who made contributions and especially to Japan who assembled and presented the material. The ITA also wish to thank Norway and the Netherlands for assisting in finalizing the report, which was completed under remaining Working Group 4 responsibilities.     

步行街型地下公共空间的规划和设计研究

以某步行街地下空间开发为例,在介绍项目概况的基础上,对与步行街结合的地下公共空间形态及其特点进行了分析,探讨了步行街型地下公共空间的设计要点,从而为步行街地下公共空间的规划设计奠定基础。     

地下公共空间与城市活动指标相关性的研究

地下公共空间发展受许多因素影响 ,本文选择与地下公共空间相关度较高并易于量化的因素进行研究 ,从国家、城市、地区三个不同的范围 ,分析了地下公共空间开发时机、开发量等地下公共空间发展指标与人均国民生产总值、社会零售总额、交通量、容积率、气候等城市活动指标的相关性