Geotechnical investigation and design of leaching heap No. 2, Meydook copper mine,Iran

The main objective of this paper was to investigate the behavior of waste rock material as a foundation for the construction of leaching heaps. In mountainous open pit operations, selection of an appropriate location for dumping waste rock material or building leaching heaps is a major challenge. Meydook copper mine is one of the largest copper operations in Iran. The mine has operated about 2 decades. The current waste rock dump is located 4 km from the operation site but a new proposed dump only 1 km away will be built in a valley to the North of the pit. Construction of leaching heap No. 2 has been on the mine technical department agenda. The main objective of the project is to evaluate the potential for construction of heap No. 2 on a waste dump. Considering the project condition, a 3D analysis of heap major structures including; valley rock foundation, waste dump, and low grade ore was carried out. Five sets of analyses were conducted and the displacement and stress fields were computed. In all analyses conducted, the subsidence profile was determined for the valley base rock and heap foundation (waste dump). The analyses showed that the maximum settlement at the heap base would be only 4–5 cm so the waste dump provides a safe and reliable base for the heap construction. A sensitivity analysis of heap mechanical parameters was also conducted. The results showed that if the friction angle of heap material was reduced below 25°, the heap walls became unstable and the heap geometry would need to be redesigned.     

臭氧冰氧缓释剂的制备及其对某金矿滴淋堆浸的强化效果研究

钨作为一种稀有金属,目前主要应用于合金、电子和化工等领域,我国钨矿资源较为丰富,但多数属于难选矿物,其中具有开采经济价值的只有白钨矿和黑钨矿,但随着目前黑钨矿资源的减少,如何高效合理的利用白钨矿对国家经济的发展尤为重要。由于白钨矿和钙质脉石矿物具有相似的表面特性况且白钨矿作为脆性矿物,在破碎过程中容易产生微细粒,因此白钨矿与钙质脉石矿物方解石、萤石的有效分离和如何有效回收微细粒白钨矿是目前在浮选白钨矿所不可避免的两个难题。针对这两个问题,本文从白钨矿的晶体化学、浮选作用机理对浮选白钨矿进行了的介绍;此外还讨论了微细粒白钨矿的浮选工艺。其中白钨矿的晶体结构不同会使白钨矿表面呈现出不同的疏水性,进而影响白钨矿的可浮性。浮选作用机理方面根据作用效果阐述了抑制剂和捕收剂两类：无机抑制剂广泛的应用于白钨矿的浮选工艺中,;有机抑制剂对于白钨矿的浮选能达到很好的选择性;根据捕收剂性质以及特点,介绍了阴离子捕收剂、阳离子捕收剂、两性捕收剂以及组合捕收剂不同的作用效果,但大多数还处于理论研究阶段。微细粒白钨矿目前的浮选工艺主要有空化浮选、剪切絮凝浮选以及载体浮选三种方式,都是通过间接增加微细粒白钨矿的表观粒径,使微细粒白钨矿处于已易于浮选的状态,其优点是能减小微细粒白钨矿对浮选指标的影响,但未从根本上解决微细粒白钨矿浮选的问题。最后对白钨矿的浮选进行了总结。     

旋转喷头布液喷淋分布性能试验研究

研究选用方框旋转喷头和以色列旋转喷头,在喷头安装高度为2.5、2.0、1.5、1.0m的情况下,共进行了8次喷淋分布性能对比试验。结果表明:在相同的工作压力下,2类旋转喷头喷淋流量相差不大,方框旋转喷头略大于以色列旋转喷头;2类旋转喷头有效半径均为2m左右,对喷头安装高度敏感性不高;但喷头喷淋分布均匀性与安装高度关系度高,方框旋转喷头在安装高度为1m时喷淋分布均匀性最好。总体上分析,方框旋转喷头的喷淋分布均匀性优于以色列旋转喷头。     

德兴铜矿废石排放与堆浸筑堆相结合的探讨

本文阐述了德兴铜矿祝家废石场为满足废石排放和堆浸喷淋的双重工艺要求 ,提出了具体的措施和有利于二者的新布局构思     

Fracture toughness and surface energies of minerals: theoretical estimates for oxides, sulphides, silicates and halides

Theoretical estimates of the ideal fracture toughness and surface energies of 48 minerals have been modelled by treating them as ionic solids, using the Born model of bonding. Development of the toughness model required calculation of the crystal binding enthalpy from thermodynamic data and the use of published elastic constants for single crystals. The principal minerals studied were oxides, sulphides and silicates, plus a few halides and sulphates. The study showed grain boundary fracture is most likely in single-phase polycrystalline minerals. However, the fracture toughness for grain boundary cracking in pure minerals is not significantly lower than that for intragranular cracking. The computed critical stress intensity values for intragranular cracking, K_IC, ranged from 0.131 to 2.774 MPa m^1/2. The critical energy release rates for intragranular cracking, , ranged from 0.676 to 20.75 J m⁻². The results are discussed with relevance to mineral comminution, including energy considerations, particle impact efficiency, and lower limiting particle size.     

VisioRock, an integrated vision technology for advanced control of comminution circuits

Over the last few years, a number of vision or optical systems became commercially available to determine particle size distributions of ore or other material on a conveyor belt, or in some cases at the discharge of a truck or even in a pile in some cases. Most such systems were designed as standalone measurement devices, which generate information for the operators or for an independent control system.The VisioRock system is innovative both from the hardware and software point of view. It is based on the USB technology—although it can use either analog or industrial USB cameras—and the software is integrated within the vision module of the OCS©advanced control software. It is possible to install VisioRock cameras at many different locations in a comminution circuit, which interact with the control system and help to increase plant performance.The paper describes the VisioRock technology and some of the possibilities which result from its integration with OCS©. For instance, in addition to measuring the particle size distribution of solids, VisioRock can determine texture and color separately for each size class, discriminate between ore types and size distribution for different type of particles, and ability to seamlessly combine image analysis algorithms with other artificial intelligence tools such as expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks or phenomenological process models.     

Effect of Jameson cell operating variables and design characteristics on quartz-dodecylamine flotation system

The Jameson cell is a relative newcomer to separation science and technology. Its mode of operation and mechanisms differ drastically from the other flotation machines. It has a number of unique parameters affecting flotation performance. An experimental investigation of Jameson cell operating variables and some design features was carried out within the quartz-dodecylamine flotation system. These parameters included jet length, bias, % solids, downcomer plunge length, and tank diameter studied for up to three different particle size groups (i.e., −250 + 106, −106 + 53 and −53 μm). The recovery of the medium and coarse size particles dropped by 10–15% as the free jet length increased, while that of fines was nearly independent of it. The bias factor negatively affected the recovery of all three size groups almost by same proportion. The effect of the downcomer plunging length on recovery was generally negative, but it was significant only for the coarsest size groups when the plunging length was beyond 50 cm. These negative effects on flotation recovery were mostly attributed to turbulence and its particle size dependent characteristics.     

钢铁工业中(从矿石到钢)取样工作的重要性及工序设施

蒂森 克虏伯钢铁公司 (TKS)每年经过多道工序加工处理大量原料 ,生产大约 1 50 0万t钢。钢铁生产的基础是持续保证原料的高质量 ,因为相关工序中的每个工序的生产都取决于上道工序的优质产品。因此 ,对每个工序的原料和产品进行定期和完善的取样 ,对于质量监测和过程控制具有重要意义。取样分析的结果 ,一方面可作为计算原料费用的基础 ,另一方面还可为各个工序进行合理的质量及过程控制提供基础信息。本文以铁矿石、烧结矿以及铁、钢和液态炉渣为例 ,介绍了钢铁生产过程中进行取样分析的重要性     

Acid leaching and rheological behaviour of a siliceous goethitic nickel laterite ore: Influence of particle size and temperature

This study investigates the isothermal, batch, H₂SO₄ acid leaching behaviour of siliceous goethitic (SG) nickel (Ni) laterite ore and its links to pulp rheology. Specifically, the effect of feed ore particle size (−0.2 vs −2.0 mm), leaching temperature (70 vs 95 °C) and pulp rheology on Ni and pay metal, cobalt (Co) extraction kinetics and yield was studied for 4 h on 40 wt.% solid dispersions at pH 1. The leaching behaviour was distinctly incongruent, reflecting the disproportionate proliferation of major gangue mineral’s constituent elements (e.g., Fe, Al, Mg, Na, Si) alongside Ni and Co in the pregnant leach solution. At 70 °C, Ni/Co extraction rates were notably lower (<20%) in contrast with 95 °C where a significant increase in Ni/Co extraction to 78/77% and 74/77%, respectively, for the −0.2 and −2.0 mm feeds occurred. The slurries displayed a non-Newtonian, shear thinning Bingham plastic rheological behaviour of which the viscosity and shear yield stress increased markedly in the course of 4 h leaching. The pulp viscosity and shear yield stress were greater at lower temperature than at higher temperature and they were also greater in slurries with finer than coarser feed particles. The dynamic pulp rheology, however, had no marked effect on the overall Ni/Co extraction rates. Whilst the feed ore particle size had no remarkable impact on overall Ni/Co extraction, it led to noticeably higher acid consumption and enhanced slurry rheology in the finer sized ore. The mechanism of leaching the SG ore followed a two-stage, first order chemical reaction-controlled shrinking core model, the kinetics of which gave higher rate constants and lower activation energies for the release of Ni, Co, Fe and Mg in the first stage. A faster leaching process involving more reactive minerals during the first 30 min is envisaged to be followed by leaching of the more refractory minerals.     

反击式破碎机破碎过程建模与仿真分析

为预测破碎产品粒度,有效控制破碎产品质量,基于总体平衡模型,建立了反击式破碎机的破碎过程模型,其中包括分级函数和破碎函数。确立了破碎产品粒度与破碎机转子半径、转子转速、给料粒度分布和给料速率的函数关系。为了解决给料粒度分布不均匀时,分析结果偏差较大的问题,提出采用粒度分布系数来描述给料粒度分布不均匀程度对分级函数的影响。利用CF250反击式破碎机进行破碎试验,对试验数据进行统计回归分析,建立破碎过程模型。以CF400反击式破碎机为算例,对不同转子转速和给料速率下的破碎产品粒度进行了仿真和试验分析,通过仿真分析结果与CF400反击式破碎机破碎花岗岩的试验数据相对比,验证了模型的可行性和可靠性。     

贵州织金互层型磷块岩工艺矿物学及浮选研究

对贵州织金地区中低品位磷块岩进行工艺矿物学研究,查明了矿石的矿物组成、化学组成、嵌布特征、矿物粒度分布等。结果表明：该磷矿石中有用矿物以氟磷灰石为主,脉石矿物主要以白云石为主,氟磷灰石含量为57.62%,白云石含量为25.34%,还含有少量的石英、黄铁矿、方解石等。氟磷灰石与白云石和石英的嵌布关系紧密,连生关系以三连生以上为主,嵌布关系复杂。结合工艺矿物学数据,从除镁角度考虑,确定了使用二段式反浮选脱镁工艺流程,获得了精矿P₂O₅品位为32.4%,精矿中MgO由12.5%降到1.6%,磷精矿回收率为85.13%。     

煤炭洗选加工过程中有关粒度控制问题的探讨

近年来,随着矿井及选煤厂生产规模的不断扩大,洗选煤种以及生产方式的不断变化,在选煤设计及生产过程中关于煤炭的粒度控制出现了一些新的情况,有些甚至严重影响了选煤生产的正常运行。文章结合生产实际,阐述了煤炭粒度控制的必要性,并详细介绍了粒度控制的技术途径,为选煤厂设计及现场生产管理提供了有益参考。     

高硅低铁锌焙砂中性浸出-液固分离试验研究

针对新疆某高硅低铁锌焙砂进行中性浸出—液固分离试验研究,详细考察了浸出时间、浸出液固比、浸出温度和始酸浓度对焙砂浸出和矿浆絮凝沉降的影响。结果表明,浸出温度、浸出时间和浸出液固比对锌的浸出影响较大,对硅的浸出影响不具明显规律;矿浆絮凝沉降受浸出条件影响较大,改变浸出液固比、初始酸度和矿浆浓度能够显著改善矿浆沉降性能。综合考虑锌、硅的浸出行为和矿浆沉降性能,最佳浸出工艺选择为:浸出温度70℃、浸出时间2.5h、液固比(mL/g)为8～10;中性浸出液初始酸度为40g/L时所得中性浸出渣含锌46.56%,渣率77.47%,锌的中性浸出率为45.06%,絮凝沉降矿浆浓度为4.5%。     

CT技术研究堆浸散体孔隙结构现状及展望

概述了CT技术的基本原理和应用,介绍了CT技术研究散体孔隙结构在国内外的应用现状,指出了CT技术研究堆浸散体所存在的问题,对运用CT技术研究生物浸铀过程中孔隙结构变化特征的前景进行了展望。最后指出X射线CT技术对堆浸散体孔隙结构的研究,可深入研究浸矿过程孔隙变化特征与溶质运移之间的关系,提高对堆浸体系生物浸出机理的认识。     

试分析矿用设备的安全系数与可靠度

阐述了安全系数与可靠度的一般概念，分析载与强度的统计分布，总结了提高可靠度、加大安全系数的方法。     

Factors influencing the rate of gold cyanide leaching and adsorption on activated carbon, and their impact on the design of CIL and CIP circuits

The carbon in pulp (CIP) and carbon in leach (CIL) processes became firmly established in the gold mining industry in the 1980s, initially in South Africa and Australia, from where they spread rapidly to all the gold producing regions of the world. The percentage of annual global gold production by activated carbon-based processes grew from zero in the 1970s to almost 70% by the turn of the century, which represented a phenomenal rate of acceptance of a new technology by a traditionally conservative industry. The main reason for this rapid acceptance of the new technology was the fact that the first few large industrial plants in South Africa convincingly demonstrated better gold recoveries than the traditional filtration/Merrill Crowe process, with lower capital and operating costs. And as the plants developed an operating track record over their first few years of life, they proved to be remarkably robust mechanically, and highly tolerant of plant upsets, changes in feed composition and solution phase contaminants that had caused great problems in Merrill Crowe plants.These stellar attributes of the carbon-based gold plants have led to complacency and laziness in the industry, both at the new plant design stage, and with on-going optimization of existing plants. In many cases, basic “rules of thumb” that were developed as design criteria for the early CIP plants are still used today, with no appreciation of the factors that may cause one plant to perform quite differently from another. There seems to be little incentive to improve performance when it is well known that most CIP and CIL plants operate quite well with minimal optimization and, in many cases, minimal understanding of the factors that influence performance. Consequently, almost all CIP and CIL plants are overdesigned at the construction stage and are then operated sub-optimally. This can lead to higher gold losses and/or higher capital and operating costs than necessary.This paper examines the factors that influence CIP and CIL plant design and performance, and demonstrates a very simple methodology that can be used to arrive at something close to an optimum plant design. It can also be used as an on-going tool by plant metallurgists to transform a fairly well run plant into an exceptionally well run plant.     

CO2+O2浸出工艺溶浸通道堵塞控制措施探究

在地浸采铀浸出过程中,渗透性是决定浸出效率的重要因素,保持良好的渗透性对铀的浸出具有举足轻重的作用。目前,矿层结垢堵塞溶浸通道致使矿层渗透性降低影响浸出效率,是各地浸矿山运行中存在的普遍问题。基于对纳岭沟铀矿床水文地质条件及CO2+O2地浸采铀试验过程中主要沉淀物的生成机理分析,旨在针对矿层渗透性降低的情况,通过分析浸出过程中沉淀物类型及特性,探究沉淀物生成及堵塞矿层的主要原因,提出通过采区投入运行前20~30 d内加入CO2进行微酸预酸化直至HCO3-浓度维持在1 000 mg/L,调节溶浸通道环境,保持主要沉淀物高溶解度;随后注氧氧化,控制余氧含量为20 mg/L左右;摒弃目前袋式过滤方式,采用活性炭、石英砂、阳离子树脂等集中过滤方式,有效去除溶浸液中的有害金属离子,减少回注矿层形成二次沉淀等主要技术措施,有效控制沉淀物在溶浸通道的生成与积累,实现地浸铀矿山高效浸出运行。     

微细粒辉钼矿疏水聚团及聚团浮选研究

为了解决微细粒辉钼矿难以通过传统浮选回收的难题,以煤油为添加剂,以聚团粒度与规则度为表征手段,探讨微细粒辉钼矿疏水聚团过程中聚团的形成、破坏和重组形为,并在此基础上研究了聚团对微细粒辉钼矿浮选效果的影响。结果表明：聚团的形成与搅拌速度和煤油用量密切相关;搅拌速度越高,聚团形成越快;煤油用量可以显着提高聚团强度,以承受高应力剪切,煤油用量越高,使得聚团破碎和重组所需要的搅拌速度越大,时间越长;聚团规则度受搅拌速度和煤油用量影响非常明显,搅拌速度越大,煤油用量越大,聚团变得越规则。与常规浮选相比,聚团浮选使得微细粒辉钼矿的上浮率显著提高,聚团浮选效果与疏水聚团过程中搅拌强度紧密相关,搅拌速度越高,达到最大上浮率所需时间越短,添加煤油能够显著提高辉钼矿上浮率。