Adaptive Transmit Diversity with Quadrant Phase Constraining Feedback

An adaptive transmit diversity scheme with quadrant phase constraining feedback is proposed in this paper. With simple linear operations at both transmitter and receiver, the proposed algorithm can achieve better system performances with only 2M−2 bits of feedback information for systems with M transmit antennas. Theoretical performance bounds of the proposed transmit diversity scheme are derived. Simulation examples and theoretical analyses show that the proposed transmit diversity scheme outperforms not only the conventional open-loop transmit diversity techniques, but also some closed-loop transmit diversity techniques with more information transmitted in the feedback channel.     

Some results on the sum-rate capacity of MIMO fading broadcast channels

We study the ergodic sum-rate capacity of the fading MIMO broadcast channel which is used to model the downlink of a cellular system with N/sub t/ transmit antennas at the,base and K mobile users each having N/sub r/ receive antennas. Assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) for all users is available at the transmitter and the receivers, we evaluate the sum-rate capacity numerically using the duality between uplink and downlink. Assuming Nt K, we also derive both upper and lower bounds on the sum-rate capacity to study its increase rate due to multi-user diversity. Finally, we compare three transmission schemes which use the single-user-MIMO scheme (SU-MIMO), ranked known interference (RKI) and zero-forcing beamforming (ZFB), respectively, to transmit to a selected set of users in order to approach the sum-rate capacity. We show that both ZFB and RKI outperform SU-MIMO in a cellular downlink scenario. when many mobile users are present.     

The Code Design of the Space-time Trellis Codes with Dynamic Transmit Power Allocation

Space-time trellis codes (STTCs) have been shown to efficiently use transmit diversity to improve the error performance. In existing space-time trellis codes, the transmit power is equally distributed across all transmit antennas. However, this power allocation strategy is not optimum regarding the error performance. In this paper, we propose a design of space-time trellis codes with dynamic transmit power allocation (STTCs/DTPA), when partial channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter side. It is demonstrated that this new scheme can achieve a full diversity order and have much better error performance than the standard STTCs scheme, the existing STTCs/DTPA, and some other closed-loop transmit diversity schemes with partial CSI.     

Robust Non-linear Precoder for Multiuser MISO Systems Based on Delay and Channel Quantization

In multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems, non-linear precoder is able to achieve the theoretical sum capacity of downlink channel with perfect channel state information (CSI). However, the perfect CSI is not available at the transmitter in practical system, especially in frequency division duplex (FDD) system where the imperfect CSI is the delayed, quantized channel direction information relayed back from the receiver through a dedicated feedback channel. So the performance of conventional non-linear precoder degrades significantly. In this paper, a robust non-linear Tomlinson–Harashima precoding (THP) based on sum mean squared error (SMSE) minimization for the downlink of multiuser MISO FDD systems is proposed. The proposed precoder is robust to the channel uncertainties arising from channel delay and quantization error. Furthermore, an improved non-linear THP with channel magnitude information (CMI) consideration is introduced to compensate the instantaneous CMI shortage at the transmitter. Additionally, the computational complexity of both proposed precoders can be reduced remarkably by Cholesky factorization with symmetric permutation. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement in bit error ratio performance and illustrate the SMSE performance of the proposed algorithms compared with conventional THP with perfect CSI in the literature.     

Performance analysis of closed-loop transmit diversity in thepresence of feedback delay

In this paper, a bit-error-rate (BER) analysis for closed-loop transmit diversity in a time-selective Rayleigh fading channel containing feedback delay is presented. In the absence of feedback delay, closed-loop transmit diversity always outperforms open-loop transmit for a given transmitted signal energy. This is no longer true in the presence of feedback delay. We derive closed-form expressions of the average BER for this case assuming QPSK and BPSK signaling. The results of the analysis are instrumental for comparing closed-loop with open-loop schemes under given operating conditions. In particular, we demonstrate that, for a given transmitted energy and number of transmit antennas, open-loop outperforms closed-loop at sufficiently fast channel fading. We also show that, for a given transmitted signal energy and fading rate, closed-loop outperforms open-loop for sufficiently large numbers of transmit antennas while the total average transmitted signal energy is kept constant. For some special cases, closed-form expressions for the fading rate at which the performance of open-loop is equal to closed-loop are obtained     

A transmitter diversity scheme for wideband CDMA systems based onspace-time spreading

We present a transmit diversity technique for the downlink of (wideband) direct-sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The technique, called space-time spreading (STS), improves the downlink performance by using a small number of antenna elements at the base and one or more antennas at the handset, in conjunction with a novel spreading scheme that is inspired by space-time codes. It spreads each signal in a balanced way over the transmitter antenna elements to provide maximal path diversity at the receiver. In doing so, no extra spreading codes, transmit power or channel information are required at the transmitter and only minimal extra hardware complexity at both sides of the link. Both our analysis and simulation results show significant performance gains over conventional single-antenna systems and other open-loop transmit diversity techniques. Our approach is a practical way to increase the bit rate and/or improve the quality and range in the downlink of either mobile or fixed CDMA systems. A STS-based proposal for the case of two transmitter and single-receiver antennas has been accepted and will be included as an optional diversity mode in release A of the IS-2000 wideband CDMA standard     

Robust power allocation algorithms for MIMO OFDM systems with imperfect CSI

This paper presents a Bayesian approach to the design of transmit prefiltering matrices in closed-loop schemes robust to channel estimation errors. The algorithms are derived for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Two different optimization criteria are analyzed: the minimization of the mean square error and the minimization of the bit error rate. In both cases, the transmitter design is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the conditional mean of the channel response, given the channel estimate. The performance of the proposed algorithms is analyzed, and their relationship with existing algorithms is indicated. As with other previously proposed solutions, the minimum bit error rate algorithm converges to the open-loop transmission scheme for very poor CSI estimates.     

Optimal transmission strategies and impact of correlation in multiantenna systems with different types of channel state information

We study the optimal transmission strategy of a multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless communication link. The receiver has perfect channel state information (CSI), while the transmitter has different types of CSI, i.e., either perfect CSI, or no CSI, or long-term knowledge of the channel covariance matrix. For the case in which the transmitter knows the channel covariance matrix, it was recently shown that the optimal eigenvectors of the transmit covariance matrix correspond with the eigenvectors of the channel covariance matrix. However, the optimal eigenvalues are difficult to compute. We derive a characterization of the optimum power allocation. Furthermore, we apply this result to provide an efficient algorithm which computes the optimum power allocation. In addition to this, we analyze the impact of correlation on the ergodic capacity of the MISO system with different CSI schemes. At first, we justify the belief that equal power allocation is optimal if the transmitter is uninformed and the transmit antennas are correlated. Next, we show that the ergodic capacity with perfect CSI and without CSI at the transmitter is Schur-concave, i.e., the more correlated the transmit antennas are, the less capacity is achievable. In addition, we show that the ergodic capacity with covariance knowledge at the transmitter is Schur-convex with respect to the correlation properties. These results completely characterize the impact of correlation on the ergodic capacity in MISO systems. Furthermore, the capacity loss or gain due to correlation is quantified. For no CSI and perfect CSI at the transmitter, the capacity loss due to correlation is bounded by some small constant, whereas the capacity gain due to correlation grows unbounded with the number of transmit antennas in the case in which transmitter knows the channel covariance matrix. Finally, we illustrate all theoretical results by numerical simulations.     

Performance analysis for transmit antenna diversity with/withoutchannel information

Transmit antenna diversity (TAD) for the downlink channel has been investigated to improve the performance of wireless communications using multiple transmit antennas. We present a performance analysis for TAD with/without channel information. For performance analysis, we use the pairwise error probability and cutoff rate. For the closed-loop TAD in frequency-division duplex (FDD) mode, the downlink channel information should be transmitted to the base station from the mobile station. The feedback channel information may be imperfect because of the feedback delay, quantization error, and feedback error. The impact of imperfect channel information has been considered to analyze the performance of the TAD. We also present a performance analysis for a TAD technique that does not use the channel information, called space-time transmit diversity (STTD). Looking at the cutoff rates for the TAD techniques, the trellis-coded modulation (TCM) has been considered for better performance. Simulation results are shown to see the impact of the TCM on TAD systems     

视距相关信道下考虑非理想CSI的多用户MIMO收发联合设计

在FDD模式多用户MIMO(Multi-input Multi-output)系统下行链路中,由于信道估计、反馈信道等存在误差,使得发送端获取理想信道状态信息(CSI,channel state information)十分困难。针对获得非理想CSI的多用户MIMO系统,考虑在基站和各用户的天线分别具有相关性并引入视距分量的信道条件下,提出了一种新的基于块对角化的MMSE准则收发联合设计算法。该算法首先通过块对角化消除用户间的共信道干扰,然后针对存在信道估计误差的用户信道依据MMSE准则分别迭代求解每个用户预编码和解码矩阵。论文设计出一种基于训练序列的信道估计误差算法,并获得等效信道模型,使得收发端获得的信道状态信息更有实际意义。本文假设反馈信道理想,发射端可以完整得到信道估计矩阵。在MMSE准则下,推导获得了Lagrange乘子的解析解,避免了求解非线性方程的复杂过程,显著降低了计算复杂度。和已有算法相比,该算法不仅可以获得良好的误码性能还可以对各用户进行独立优化,处理更加灵活。仿真分析了视距分量、信道相关性以及信道估计误差对算法性能的影响。仿真结果表明,该算法误码性能良好,算法收敛快,并且对信道估计误差带来的影响有较好的抑制作用。      

New transmit schemes and simplified receivers for MIMO wireless communication systems

In this paper, optimized transmit schemes for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with simplified receivers are proposed for the downlink of high-speed wireless communication systems. In these systems, MIMO signal preprocessing is performed at the transmitter or base station with the receiver at the mobile station having a simplified structure that requires only limited signal processing. An important potential application for our transmit MIMO techniques is in the downlink of high-speed wireless communication systems with Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) or a similar technique utilized in the uplink, creating a high-speed duplex system with a simplified mobile station transceiver structure. Two approaches are introduced and these depend on whether or not receive diversity is employed at the receiver. Both methods require that channel state information be available at the transmitter. In addition, some important associated issues such as peak-to-average power ratio requirements at the transmitter and robustness to downlink channel errors are also investigated and various solutions are proposed. Simulation results are provided and these show that performance improvement can be achieved when compared with other MIMO transmit schemes.     

A Partial CSI Estimation Approach for Downlink FDD massive-MIMO System with Different Base Transceiver Station Topologies

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (massive-MIMO) is a promising technology for next generation wireless communications systems due to its capability to increase the data rate and meet the enormous ongoing data traffic explosion. However, in non-reciprocal channels, such as those encountered in frequency division duplex (FDD) systems, channel state information (CSI) estimation using downlink (DL) training sequence is to date very challenging issue, especially when the channel exhibits a shorter coherence time. In particular, the availability of sufficiently accurate CSI at the base transceiver station (BTS) allows an efficient precoding design in the DL transmission to be achieved, and thus, reliable communication systems can be obtained. In order to achieve the aforementioned objectives, this paper presents a feasible DL training sequence design based on a partial CSI estimation approach for an FDD massive-MIMO system with a shorter coherence time. To this end, a threshold-based approach is proposed for a suitable DL pilot selection by exploring the statistical information of the channel covariance matrix. The mean square error of the proposed design is derived, and the achievable sum rate and bit-error-rate for maximum ratio transmitter and regularized zero forcing precoding is investigated over different BTS topologies with uniform linear array and uniform rectangular array. The results show that a feasible performance in the DL FDD massive-MIMO systems can be achieved even when a large number of antenna elements are deployed by the BTS and a shorter coherence time is considered.

     

Covariance-based linear precoding

This paper extends the self-contained theory of linear precoding to the field of covariance based spatio-temporal downlink processing for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems and shows the applicability to the release 6 of high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). To this end, a unifying theory is developed to formulate the three known linear filters, namely, the transmit matched filter, the transmit zero-forcing filter, and the transmit Wiener filter, as optimization problems even in systems, where only covariance knowledge is available at the transmitter. Second, the solutions of these transmit filters are given for such systems with partial channel state information (CSI). Finally, it is shown how covariance-based linear precoding can be employed in the new generation CDMA system HSDPA, i.e., how channel estimation on the secondary common pilot channel allows for optimum full rank linear precoding employing only partial CSI.     

Transmit Diversity in the WCDMA System

This document presents the transmit diversityconcept adopted for the FDD mode of the thirdgenerationWCDMA system in ETSI in 1998. The open-loop mode isbased on the space-time block code attaining full diversity order with two transmit antennas.Different feedback modes are specified. They all utilizeterminal measurements in controlling the transmitweighting in the transmit antennas. The concept is described in detail for two transmit antennas.It is shown that very limited feedback from the terminalto the base, as defined for the FDD mode, can increasedownlink performance significantly when compared to single-antenna transmission.     

多波束移动卫星系统的自适应开环预编码方法

对于卫星移动通信系统,由于卫星与地面终端之间的相对运动以及星地间传输延迟,传统的基于理想信道信息的预编码方法是不适用的。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于开环信道估计的预编码方法。卫星端利用开环获取的部分信道信息实现多波束联合预编码,并导出了系统传输速率的闭合解析表达式。此外,为了克服强干扰环境下多波束预编码系统性能恶化问题,提出了一种自适应预编码传输方法。卫星发射机依据开环获得的慢时变用户位置信道信息和信道统计量信息,自适应地选择预编码方法或传统频率复用方法,实现最优的系统性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统的干扰抑制方法相比,所提方法能实现更优的系统性能,同时也克服了传统预编码方法的局限性。     

Transmit selection diversity with maximal-ratio combining for multicarrier DS-CDMA wireless networks over Nakagami-m fading channels

We propose the scheme to integrate transmit selection diversity/maximal-ratio combining (TSD/MRC) with multicarrier (MC) direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) for various wireless networks. Applying this TSD/MRC-based scheme, the transmitter jointly selects the optimal subcarrier-and-antenna pair to significantly decrease the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which is one of the main problems inherently associated with MC DS-CDMA communications. Over the frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading channels, we develop the unified analytical framework to analyze the symbol-error rate (SER) of the scheme implemented in different types of wireless networks, while dealing with the perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) feedbacks, respectively. The imperfect feedbacks we focus on include delayed feedbacks and erroneous feedbacks. Taking the imperfectness of the feedback into account, the resultant SER is compared with that of both conventional selection diversity (SD)/MRC-based and space-time block coding (STBC)/MRC-based schemes. Our analyses show that in a wide variation of the feedback imperfectness, our proposed TSD/MRC-based scheme has significant advantages over the other two schemes for both downlink cellular networks and ad hoc wireless networks. However, our analytical findings indicate that TSD/MRC-based scheme cannot always outperform SD/MRC-based and STBC/MRC-based schemes even when the perfect CSI feedbacks are available.     

Capacity Improvement for TDD-MIMO Systems via AR Modeling Based Linear Prediction

The quality of channel state information (CSI) affects the performance of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems which employ multi-elements antenna arrays at both the transmitter and the receiver. In a time division duplex (TDD) systems, the CSI for downlink can be obtained from uplink channel using reciprocity principal. However, the performance of a MIMO system can be degraded due to channel impairments especially in fast fading scenarios when the CSI obtained from uplink is used for downlink transmission. In this paper, we study performance of autoregressive (AR) modeling based MIMO channel prediction under varying channel propagation conditions (mobile speed, multipath number and angle spread) and prediction filter order. Our simulation results show that using the predicted CSI for downlink provides capacity improvement compared to conventional method.     

Maximizing Outage Capacity of OFDM Transmit Diversity Systems

Performance analysis of open-loop transmit diversity schemes for orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) systems is addressed by investigating the outage capacity limits in frequency-selective fading channels. It is shown that the variance of the mutual information provides details on the amount of available diversity, and it suggests guidelines on transmitter design. The optimal delays, in the outage capacity maximization sense, are found for linear and cyclic delay diversity (LDD and CDD) schemes. It is proved that the outage rates for subcarrier diversity (SD) systems are the same as for the optimized CDD case. The effect of spatial correlation on system performance for a uniform linear transmit array is discussed and numerically evaluated.      

Analysis of diversity schemes employing antenna selection in the presence of channel estimation errors and feedback delay

The main objective of this paper is to provide an extensive and complete examination on the effect of practical impairments such as channel estimation errors (CEEs) and feedback delay (FD) on the performance of diversity schemes over Nakagami‐m fading channels. Under erroneous channel estimation and outdated feedback cases, statistical expressions and several performance metrics related to the post‐processing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) are derived for four different diversity schemes: transmit antenna selection (TAS)/orthogonal space–time block coding, TAS/maximal‐ratio transmission (MRT), MRT/receive antenna selection (RAS), and joint transmit and RAS. Exact analytical expressions for outage probability and average error rates of M‐ary modulations are derived in order to provide insightful perspectives on the capacity and error performance of diversity schemes that experience both CEE and FD. The asymptotic diversity order of the investigated diversity schemes are derived via a high‐SNR approximation approach. In order to assess the real‐world performance of the investigated diversity schemes and to observe their robustness or sensitivities in practical imperfections, various configurations are considered together with several performance comparisons. Also, Monte Carlo simulations are performed in order to validate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Channel Magnifying Limited Feedback Technique for FDD Massive MIMO Systems

A limited feedback system, so-called, channel magnifying (CM) is proposed for a downlink (DL) frequency-division duplex (FDD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. Although massive MIMO system has received significant research interest as a key technology for beyond 4G wireless communications systems, it has a number of issues that needs to be technically addressed. Among such issues is the difficulty of acquiring channel state information at transmitter for an FDD massive MIMO system which cannot exploit channel reciprocity as in a time-division duplex system. The proposed CM technique makes it possible to support a few user equipments in DL FDD massive MIMO system by finding a balance between spatial resources and channel quantization error (CQE). By choosing a subchannel with low CQE, CM can secure multiplexing gain at high SNR based on a fixed size codebook. Two types of subchannel indicator alignment (SIA) schemes are introduced for efficient interference nulling for the proposed CM technique. Specifically, we discuss how to maximize the sumrate of CM through genie added SIA and minimum CQE based SIA. Simulation results show that the sum rate of the proposed CM has a higher multiplexing gain than that of random vector quantization, especially when the number of transmit antennas is sufficiently large.