A closed-loop coherent acquisition scheme for PN sequences using anauxiliary sequence

We propose a closed-loop system for the acquisition of the pseudo-noise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) systems. We introduce a novel idea of using an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, for correlation with the incoming signal. The cross-correlation function of the auxiliary signal and the PN signal has a triangle shape that covers essentially the entire period of the PN signal. Consequently, their correlation provides the direction for the phase update of the local signal generator in the acquisition scheme. With coherent demodulation, the mean and variance of the acquisition time are derived under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). They are compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition system. Results suggest that the proposed system acquires the PN phase at least twice faster, with significantly smaller acquisition time variance, than the conventional system     

A closed-loop coherent PN acquisition system with a pre-loopestimator

We propose a closed-loop system with a pre-loop code phase estimator (PLE) for acquisition of the pseudonoise (PN) signal in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems. It consists of two major parts: a PLE and a closed-loop acquisition subsystem. The system uses an auxiliary signal, as opposed to the PN signal itself, to correlate with the incoming signal. The PLE uses the correlation result to obtain an estimate of the incoming code phase. Then, starting with this initial estimate, the closed-loop subsystem will acquire the code phase of the incoming PN signal. With coherent carrier demodulation, mean and variance of the acquisition time of the proposed scheme are obtained and compared to those of the conventional serial-search acquisition receiver and the closed-loop system without the pre-loop estimator. Results show that, with proper choices of parameters, the proposed system acquires the PN phase significantly faster than the other two systems     

A differentially coherent PN code acquisition receiver for CDMAsystems

New differentially coherent detectors for acquisition of direct sequence spread-spectrum signals are introduced. These detectors are alternatives to the noncoherent detectors that have been considered almost exclusively in the past. The proposed detectors are suitable for commercial code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems which operate with a relatively large noise floor and provide a surprisingly large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement over the noncoherent detectors of approximately 5 dB. Under the random code sequence assumption, an exact analysis of the differentially coherent detection performance for both full period correlation (FPC) and partial period correlation (PPC) is carried out. The detector performance in terms of detection and false alarm probabilities for both partial and full period correlations is investigated, and the results are compared with those of classical noncoherent detection. The mean acquisition time for both single-dwell and multiple-dwell acquisition schemes are compared with their noncoherent counterparts     

一种改进的两级相干累加码捕获方法

为了提高伪码捕获性能,在分析常用相干-非相干码捕获平方损耗及捕获性能的基础上,提出了一种改进的两级相干累加伪码捕获算法.通过在第二级累加之前对多普勒频偏进行有效补偿,实现了相干累加,提高了捕获性能;采用FFT实现,解决了工程实现的难度.与传统的相干-非相干累加码捕获算法相比,该方法具有捕获门限低、多普勒频偏可估计等优点.计算机仿真表明,该方法仅比理论值恶化1dB,具有高效的捕获性能.同时,分析表明该方法实现简单、快捷,具有很好的工程应用前景.     

一种快速的PN码同步捕获方法

针对直扩系统中长PN码同步捕获速度慢的问题,利用推导的串接短PN码与长PN码具有相似相关性的结论,对直扩系统中PN码同步捕获的并行匹配滤波捕获方法进行改进,得到了简单可行的串并结合捕获方法。然后,结合一个周期内PN码相关值,采用迭代的方式,选取简单、实用的自适应门限,实现了突发通信中PN码的快速同步捕获。采用该自适应门限的捕获方法无需估计噪声,计算量小。仿真实验表明所提方法捕获概率高,抗噪性能强。     

两级相干累加伪码捕获算法的FPGA实现

针对现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)实现的伪码捕获算法中存在逻辑资源消耗大、频率估计精度差、判决门限计算复杂等问题,首先提出利用直接II型匹配滤波器结构实现第一级相关运算,做到逻辑资源与计算时间之间的平衡;然后提出利用线性调频Z变换(CZT)代替离散傅里叶变换(DFT)实现第二级相干累加,提高了频率估计精度并减小了频谱泄露;最后通过对判决量进行统计分析,给出了判决门限的自适应设置方法,并验证了其有效性。     

一种用PN码校正相控阵天线通道误差的新方法

为了校准相控阵天线通道间幅相误差,实现精确的数字波束形成,给出了一种用伪噪声序列(PN)码作为校准测试信号的在线校准方法(校准和通信可同时进行)。该方法由特定的校准站发送校准测试信号,被天线各阵元接收,并通过存在误差的各通道,在接收端用与发端相同的PN码作为本地信号与接收信号逐通道做相关运算,对各通道的相关峰值做比较可求出校准矢量进而完成校准。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效校准相控阵天线通道间的幅相误差,校准后的波束方向图接近理想的波束方向图。     

PN acquisition for DS/SS using a preloop parallel binary search phase estimator and a closed-loop selective search subsystem

An acquisition method of long pseudo-noise (PN) sequences in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems is presented. The concurrent cross correlation of locally generated auxiliary signals with the incoming PN sequence produces binary search estimates leading to an initial approximation of the input signal's PN offset. The PN receiver then uses a closed-loop subsystem to determine the true offset of the incoming PN signal. New phase estimates are generated from successive corrections of likely errors in the binary search. The acquisition scheme's average acquisition time and its variance are analytically determined. Simulation results show that the proposed acquisition scheme is faster than the conventional serial receiver. A hybrid serial/parallel PN acquisition receiver is used for comparing the acquisition performance given similar hardware complexity. The hybrid receiver used the same number of parallel correlators as used in the proposed receiver's input phase estimator. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides an improved performance under normal operating conditions.     

PN码滑动相关捕获方法的改进

在扩频通信中,PN码的同步一直是研究的重点和难点.同步包括两部分:捕获和跟踪.捕获是实现同步的第一步,为了适应不同的环境,人们研究出了许多捕获的方法,其中,滑动相关捕获法是一种最简单、最实用的方法.针对该方法捕获时间较长的不足,提出了增加一个相位搜索控制器的方法来改进PN码捕获电路.在完全不影响其优点的情况下,缩短了捕获时间,使其捕获时间变为了原来的3/4,在工程中有重要的应用价值.     

Rapid acquisition of PN signals for DS/SS systems using a phaseestimator

We propose a new scheme for rapid acquisition of PN signals in direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS/SS) systems by estimating the phase of the received PN signal with the use of an auxiliary signal. The auxiliary signal can be generated by a sum of the phase shifted PN signals. The phase of the incoming PN signal is estimated using the properties of cross correlation between the PN signal and the auxiliary signal. True phase alignment is detected using a conventional serial search scheme, where the initial phase of the local PN generators is set to a value obtained by the phase estimator. The performance of the proposed acquisition scheme is analytically evaluated in terms of the mean acquisition time. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve acquisition at least two times faster than the conventional scheme in the nominal operating condition     

Differentially coherent PN code acquisition with full-periodcorrelation in chip-synchronous DS/SS receivers

Differentially coherent detection techniques for PN code acquisition in direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) receivers are designed and analyzed in this letter. The full-period cross correlation (FPC) can be modeled as deterministic for certain types of PN sequences whose autocorrelation functions have ideal shapes the same as those of maximum length shift registration (MLSR) sequences. This model is exploited here to simplify the design and performance evaluation of the proposed detection techniques. Such techniques can be confidently employed as alternatives to noncoherent detectors because of their attractive improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and, thus, are very suitable for commercial code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems, which often operate in severely noisy environments. The results of statistical analyses show that the proposed techniques can provide rapid acquisition and improved performance in SNR     

Noncoherent sequential PN code acquisition using slidingcorrelation for chip-asynchronous direct-sequence spread-spectrumcommunications

Noncoherent sequential pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition using sliding correlation is proposed in this paper. Noncoherent detection and chip asynchronization should be taken care of to handle a severely noisy environment, while frequency offset and data modulation effects can be simultaneously dealt with in the proposed technique. To realize sequential detection, the cross-correlation sequences at the output end of the integrate/dump (LID) filter under out-of-lock conditions have to be modeled as either a Gaussian random sequence for chip-asynchronous applications or as their upper bound for chip-synchronous applications in order to avoid significantly high probabilities of false alarm caused by the conventional zero-sequence model. Meanwhile, the in-lock sequence also has to be modified by taking the frequency offset and chip-asynchronization effects into account in order to avoid the occurrence of high probabilities of miss. Extensive computer simulation results indicate that the proposed technique can achieve low probabilities of false alarm and miss and can outperform its fixed-sample-size (FSS) counterparts by roughly 2~4 dB. This superiority, furthermore, increases with decreasing SNRs and/or decreasing desired error probabilities     

基于可信度累积的伪随机序列多项式估计算法

针对高阶误码条件下伪随机序列多项式估计算法效率不高、容错性能差等问题进行研究,提出一种基于可信度累积的多项式估计算法。该算法结合了基于二元序列迭代的BM算法和改进型Chase算法,利用序列软信息,在BM算法外部构建序列及多项式可信度集合,通过可信度累积实现估计。然后,利用本原多项式的二元域性质,通过缩小累积多项式规模,提高估计精度。仿真结果表明,该算法性能不受制于多项式抽头个数,在误码率为18%的条件下能够完成17阶m序列多项式估计。     

基于分段相关－视频积累方法的多驻留伪码捕获系统优化设计

针对载波多普勒下的伪码捕获问题,分析了基于分段相关-视频积累方法的多驻留伪码捕获系统的最优性能。推导了正交双通道检测器的检测概率和虚警概率表达式,给出了多驻留系统的捕获时间均值表达式;通过采用遗传算法对系统进行优化设计,增大了系统的多普勒容限,降低了捕获时间;分析了驻留级数、多普勒和载噪比等对捕获系统性能的影响。研究成果可用于指导扩频系统接收机伪码捕获模块的设计。     

大动态下扩频码捕获的一种改进方法

针对现有扩频码捕获方法在大动态下捕获时间长、硬件资源消耗大、动态适应性差的问题,提出了一种改进的扩频码捕获方法。新方法把码钟多普勒的补偿放在本地扩频码上进行,先对接收信号进行降采样和存储再进行频率分槽和补偿,一次采样实现了所有频率槽的搜索。计算结果表明,完成同样的捕获过程新方法所需时间和存储器容量不到原方法的1/5,且具备更强的动态适应能力。     

PN code acquisition using signed-rank-based non-parametric detector in a multiplicative noise model

Multiplicative noise is known to be useful in modelling an environment that is difficult to describe with an additive noise model. In this article, signed-rank-based non-parametric detectors are used for pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition in multiplicative noise. First, a locally optimum (LO) detector based on the signs and ranks of observations is derived, and then the locally suboptimum rank (LSR) detector is proposed by using approximate score functions. The finite sample-size performance of the LSR detector is considered. Numerical results show that the LSR detector asymptotically has almost the same performance as the LO detector for multiplicative noise.     

PN code acquisition using smart antenna for spread-spectrum wireless communications. I

The smart antenna (a blind adaptive antenna array) has brought much attention to its ability to improve the future code-division multiple-access (CDMA) wireless communications systems. However, Adachi et al. (1998), employed only one out of M elements that are in a smart antenna array during the pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition process due to the difficulty in obtaining the weight coefficients of the smart antenna and PN code acquisition jointly and adaptively. Yet, as the PN code is acquired, all M elements are used by Adachi et al. to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a reverse link. We propose an efficient PN code acquisition scheme where all elements are employed during PN code acquisition. Also, we show that by using all elements, the PN code acquisition time can be shortened by at least 40% for a given signal-to-noise ratio and M=5, compared to the single element case. Furthermore, the power of a random access user signal in the reverse link can be lowered at least 3 dB. The additional computational load and complexity to use the proposed PN code acquisition are insignificant.     

A new approach to rapid PN code acquisition using iterative message passing techniques

Iterative message passing algorithms on graphs, which are generalized from the well-known turbo decoding algorithm, have been studied intensively in recent years because they can provide near-optimal performance and significant complexity reduction. In this paper, we demonstrate that this technique can be applied to pseudorandom code acquisition problems as well. To do this, we represent good pseudonoise (PN) patterns using sparse graphical models, then apply the standard iterative message passing algorithms over these graphs to approximate maximum-likelihood synchronization. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves better performance than both serial and hybrid search strategies in that it works at low signal-to-noise ratios and is much faster. Compared with full parallel search, this approach typically provides significant complexity reduction.     

一种非相干TD-SCDMA下行同步码捕获算法研究

目前我国自主研发的第三代移动通信标准TD-SCDMA已经成功商用.基于TD-SCDMA的物理帧结构特性,该文设计了一种用于下行同步码组捕获与精确帧同步的单信号点峰均比判决算法.MATLAB仿真结果表明:新算法在复杂度低于传统算法的同时,具有较高下行链路帧同步准确性.     

Subspace based PN code sequence estimation for direct sequencesignals using a simplified Hebb rule

It is known that a tapped delay line filter adapted by the constrained Hebbian rule can blindly estimate the code sequence of a direct sequence (DS) signal, provided that the estimation is symbol synchronous. A modification is proposed to the existing Hebb based blind sequence estimator to reduce the number of computations required; simulation results are presented