城市地质环境灾害的信息化分析

就城市地下空间开发过程中,如何详细掌握城市工程地质的基本情况这一问题,引入了城市信息化系统,并分析了该系统在城市地质环境灾害中的应用,指出城市地质环境系统对城市可持续发展有着重要意义。     

复杂地形地质条件岩土工程勘察实践与探索

在复杂的地形地质条件下,搞水利水电工程建设,面临的就是难字,特别是在勘测设计初期,更是困难重重,然而,查明工程区复杂的工程地质条件及水文地质条是勘测人员的主要任务,也是工程建设项目是否可行的重要基础工作。如何在复杂的地形地质条件下查明工程区工程地质、水文地质条件,是地质工作者一直潜心研究的一个重要课题。本文就复杂的地形地质环境中水利水电工程地质勘察方法、分析与评价或探索性的工作思路作一简要的论述。     

奉节白衣庵滑坡演化的工程地质与历史地质分析

在对三峡库区白衣庵滑坡进行的大量野外地质调查和试验的基础上，对众多勘探资料进行研究；从工程地质与水文地质分析出发，揭示白衣庵古滑坡的解体演化规律和发展趋势。从第四系地层沉积关系和年龄、特殊地层变形破坏形迹及地质事件的相互关联性出发，对自衣庵古滑坡进行历史地质综合分析，阐明其发育演化历史，从而判别其稳定性。研究结果表明，白衣庵滑坡整体是稳定的，但局部不稳定，将以中小型滑坡为主的形式逐渐发生解体。采用古滑坡的工程地质与历史地质联合分析法，可揭示大型古滑坡在不同地质环境下的发生发展规律及其多样性，有利于从宏观上把握滑坡目前所处的发展演化阶段，以正确评价和预测滑坡稳定性的发展趋势。     

水利水电工程地质勘察与建筑岩土勘察之别

对岩土工程地质勘察、水利水电工程地质勘察两个行业的分类进行了较为详细的阐述,从岩土工程地质勘察与水利水电工程地质勘察在土的分类、岩土地质标准制定、勘察报告的编号以及水利水电工程地质的特殊性、复杂性、时间性和经验性等方面进行了论述,说明了水利水电工程地质勘察与岩土工程地质勘察有着本质的区别。     

The role of engineering-geologic factors in the early settlement and expansion of the conterminous United States

Geologic factors that are favorable or unfavorable for land use and construction strongly influenced the early history and expansion of the United States. Many Indian settlements in the American west were built on natural plateaus, near the rims of canyons, or in recesses in canyon walls where they could be defended easily. After 1492, European settlers built communities along the seacoasts, where there were natural harbors, or along lakes and rivers that were transportation routes. Many of these places were low and swampy, so that construction difficulties were common when the early settlements began to expand. Early roads and canals were laid out and built with little or no benefit of geologic knowledge. The Appalachians were a barrier to westward expansion until the first part of the 19th century, when settlers began moving into the interior. In the 1850's the War Department engineers made exploratory surveys to determine the best routes for railroads that were to cross the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific Coast. Most of their geologic reports described the fossils, topography, lithology, and the natural resources of the country they explored, but dealt very little with the geological problems that might be encountered during construction of the railroads. In 1868 the burgeoning town of San Francisco was damaged by an earthquake, but the scientific report that was prepared after the disaster was never published. During the late 1800's four great geological exploratory surveys examined the natural resources of the west, and in 1879 the U.S. Geological Survey was established as a government agency. At first the work of the Geological Survey emphasized mining geology, but the scope of their studies gradually broadened. In 1890 they published an account of the earthquake at Charleston, South Carolina. In 1894 the application of geologic information to construction was discussed in a Geological Survey publication dealing with roads of the United States. A similar report was published by the New York Geological Survey in 1897. However, it was not until the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, that the clear relationship between geology and civil engineering was well established, and the location of roads and structures was influenced by studies of the geologic conditions of the routes or sites.     

基于遥感技术的公路工程地质选线

公路地质选线要求在对地形地貌、地质构造、不良地质做深入研究的基础上，分析对比各种可行的路线方案，从选线要求出发，探讨了遥感图像的地质解译，分析各种影响公路选线的地质构造、不良地质，在上述工作完成后再进行公路地质选线的研究。     

GIS技术在工程地质制图中的应用

采用GIS技术可达到CAD型制图输出效果 ,并实现工程地质信息综合应用 ,解决原始勘察数据管理、分析结果可视化表达与编辑等关键技术问题。基于GIS技术可自动制作平面图、柱状图、剖面图和等值线图四类工程地质图件 ,实现CAD型向GIS型工程地质制图的升级 ,该成果已成功应用于深圳市地质勘察信息系统。     

宝成铁路109隧道抢险改线地质选线

阐述了既有宝成铁路109隧道的各种病害发生情况,并对嘉陵江峡谷区地质条件进行了综合评价和比选,提出了改线地质选线意见,确定了具体的贯通方案,强调了在地质条件复杂的山区选线中对不良地质勘察的重要性.     

Environmental aspects of engineering geological mapping

Summary Engineering geological maps provide information on the natural environment in a way that planners and engineers find of value in planning of land-use and of engineering structures of all kinds. Such maps show the engineering character of rocks and soils, hydrogeological and geomorphological conditions and geodynamic phenomena. They may be classified in terms of purpose, content and scale. Examples of environmental aspects of engineering geological mapping from the United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia are given. Complex environmental problems can be resolved by interdisciplinary cooperation of specialists in appropriate fields including engineering geology, and a separate discipline of environmental geology is not considered necessary for this purpose.

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La Cartographie Géotechnique Et L’environnement

Résumé Les cartes géotechniques fournissent une information sur le milieu naturel d’une fa?on qui convient très bien aux besoins des planificateurs et des ingénieurs pour leurs projets d’urbanisme et de grands travaux. Ces cartes font appara?tre les particularités géotechniques des sols et des roches, les conditions hydrogéologiques et géomorphologiques, et les phénomènes géodynamiques. On peut les classer d’après leurs burts, leur contenu et leur echelle. On donne des exemples, anglais et tchécoslovaques, de l’incidence de la cartographie géotechnique sur l’environnement. Les problèmes complexes de l’environnement peuvent être résolus par une collaboration interdisciplinaire de spécialistes de divers domaines, y compris la géoloqie de l’ingénieur, et il n’est pas nécessaire de constituer une discipline distincte, la géologie de l’environnement, dans ce but.

     

天河梁隧道工程地质勘察与评价

结合天河梁隧道地质环境和工程地质条件，对工程地质条件和影响工程地质条件的各种因素进行了分析和评价，同时针对影响隧道稳定性的因素，提出了工程措施及建议，为隧道设计、施工提供了依据。     

浅谈工程地质勘察的野外工作

针对工程地质勘察野外工作的重要性,根据多年从事工民建勘察的经验,从测量、钻探、原位测试、记录等各方面阐述了获得野外勘察第一手资料应注意的问题,以供地质勘察野外工作者参考。     

南京地铁三号线过江隧道工程地质评价

结合南京地铁三号线过江隧道地质环境和工程地质条件,对工程地质条件和影响工程地质条件的各种因素进行了分析和评价,同时针对影响隧道稳定性的因素,提出了工程措施及建议,为隧道设计、施工提供了依据。     

核电站高挖方边坡稳定性评价与设计

从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、地下水及不良地质作用等方面对芜湖核电站东侧高挖方边坡的工程地质条件进行了详细分析,采用工程地质类比、赤平投影分析、极限平衡分析等定性与定量分析相结合的方法评价了芜湖核电东站侧高挖方边坡的稳定性,进而提出边坡设计方案.     

An ensemble landslide hazard model incorporating rainfall threshold for Mt. Umyeon,South Korea

In this study, a new ensemble method was developed to assess landslide hazard models in Mt. Umyeon, South Korea, using the results of a physically based model as a conditioning factor (CF). Hydrological conditions were obtained from the national-scale rainfall threshold. To incorporate rainfall threshold in landslide initiation, national landslide inventory data were used to prepare I-D and C-D thresholds. A series of factor of safety (FS) distribution maps were prepared using a physically based model with a 12-h cumulative rainfall threshold. We created an ensemble model to overcome limitations in the physically based model, which could not incorporate important environmental variables such as hydrology, forest, soil, and geology. To determine the effect of CFs on landslide distribution, spatial data layers of elevation, drainage proximity, soil drainage characters, stream power index, sediment transport index, topographic wetness index, forest type, forest density, tree diameter, soil type geology, and the FS distribution map were analyzed in a maximum entropy-based machine learning algorithm. Validation was performed with a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The ROC showed 65.9% accuracy in the physically based model, whereas the ensemble model had higher accuracy (79.6%) and a prediction rate of 89.7%. The ensemble landslide hazard model is a new approach, incorporating the FS distribution map into the available independent environmental variables.

     

工程地质对建设工程的影响与防治措施

环境工程地质是由于人类所兴建的各种工程设施引起的工程地质现象、问题及其防治和利用等。因此,环境工程地质不但要从地质角度,而且要从环境保护角度,亦即从人类资源生态、健康、生存和发展的角度进行整体的综合研究,克服地质和环境给人类带来的危害。建设工程根据其规模、功能、质量、建筑布置、结构构成、使用年限、运营方式和安全保证等,要求地基及其一定区域的地层有一定的强度、刚度、稳定性和抗渗性。工程地质对建设工程选址的影响,主要是各种地质缺陷对工程安全和工程技术经济的影响。     

Quarry site selection in Malaysia

To cater for the demands for various rock aggregates for the numerous engineering construction projects in Malaysia, such as dams, highways, housing developments, etc., the location of suitable quarry sites at or in the immediate vicinities of the project sites has been the responsibility and constant duty of the engineering geologist. This paper summarises the various engineering geologic factors that are considered in the location of potential quarry sites, in particular with reference to the practices in Malaysia. The factors considered include, among other things, the lithology, degree of weathering, overburden soil cover, geologic structures such as jointing or fracturing, engineering properties of the aggregates, operational difficulties such as benching, blasting and rock slope stability, and environmental considerations. Various case studies from Malaysia are presented, emphasis being on the problems that are often encountered here such as the high degree of weathering, inability to do benching in quarry sited on limestone cliffs, conflict with other landuse, etc.     

Engineering soils mapping in the tropical terrain: The Ghana experience

Laterites and other products of weathering in the tropics are an important source of material for highway construction. For any extensive use such as has happened over the past two decades when there has been a lot of development, rehabilitation and maintenance of roads throughout Ghana, it became necessary to evaluate and map these materials. Research into laterites and lateritic soils and other problem soils of Africa has been undertaken. Highway materials evaluation and mapping in Ghana has also been undertaken. This paper appraises the methodology used in the evaluation, highlights the fieldwork, including sampling processes and limits of extrapolation of point profiles for the development of line profiles leading to the preparation of two types of maps:

1. Area soils maps of selected areas;
2. General engineering soils maps of Ghana:

1. Laterite and lateritic soils maps.
2. Saprolitic soils maps.

The quantitative evaluation is then undertaken using the map and various profiles, and problems encountered in doing this are discussed. Laboratory testing methods are discussed with problems, some of which are unique to the tropical situation, highlighted. The relevance of geology and soil forming factors to the prediction of occurrence and mapping of engineering soils is emphasized. The speed and economy inherent in the method is also shown.     

某火力发电厂贮灰场防渗处理建议

从环境保护的角度出发,通过分析论证区域地质概况、水文气象及场区工程地质、水文地质条件,对贮灰场渗漏性进行评价并提出防渗方案与建议,使工程建设达到国家环境保护的要求。     

福建街面水电站地下厂房洞室稳定性评价

福建街面水电站地下厂房洞室围岩为沉积岩,岩层平缓,地质构造发育,地下水活动较强烈,工程地质条件复杂,地下厂房稳定问题是该工程的难点.本文从地下厂房工程地质条件、施工期监测成果、运行期监测成果等方面对其洞室稳定性进行评价,得出了地下厂房洞室是稳定的结论.     

隧道施工超前地质预报技术研究

针对隧道施工中各种超前地质预报技术进行了研究与分析,总结了在不同地质条件下最适用的超前预报法;并且对各种预报手段进行优化组合、相互补充,以提高预报精度,确保隧道施工快速、安全、科学、经济。