复叠式水水热泵的制冷剂筛选

结合我国现行制冷剂标准,按照环境相容性、安全性、热工循环性能原则进行了高温复叠式热泵循环的制冷剂筛选,对不同制冷剂组合进行了计算和分析。结果表明,高低温侧制冷剂可采用R245fa/R134a、R245fa/R420A、R245fa/R413A、R245ca/R420A等组合。若进一步考虑制冷剂获得的容易程度、经济性等因素时,可选择R245fa/R134a组合。     

复叠式水水热泵的制冷剂筛选

结合我国现行制冷剂标准,按照环境相容性、安全性、热工循环性能原则进行了高温复叠式热泵循环的制冷剂筛选,对不同制冷剂组合进行了计算和分析.结果表明,高低温侧制冷剂可采用R245fa/R134a、R245fa/R420A、R245fa/R413A、R245ca/R420A等组合.若进一步考虑制冷剂获得的容易程度、经济性等因素时,可选择R245fa/R134a组合.     

中温循环制冷剂对三级复叠式制冷系统性能的影响

为研究R1150/R23/R161三级复叠式制冷系统中温循环制冷剂替代的可行性方案,对采用R1150/R41/R161,R1150/R170/R161和R1150/R23/R161的三级复叠式制冷系统进行热力学分析。结果表明:蒸发温度在-120~-80℃范围内,系统处于最优运行效率时,R1150/R41/R161,R1150/R23/R161和R1150/R170/R161的系统性能系数、压缩机输入功率和系统损失相差不大;在压缩机排气温度、热力学完善度和效率上,R1150/R170/R161和R1150/R41/R161的表现优于R1150/R23/R161。综合来看,采用R41或R170在三级复叠式制冷系统中取代R23的制冷剂替代方案是可行的。     

R1234yf热泵技术综述与潜力分析

为了满足逐步严苛的环保法规要求,R1234yf成为车用热泵制冷剂R134a的热门替代制冷剂之一。本文对R1234yf热泵技术的研究进行了综述与分析,其GWP<1,各方面性质均符合车用热泵系统的工作需求。在传热效果上,R1234yf的沸腾传热性能略优于R134a,且冷凝过程压降比R134a低5%~10%,优于R134a系统。在诸多R1234yf和R134a系统的仿真和实验研究中,R1234yf热泵性能略低于R134a,但可以通过优化零部件、强化补气、改善工况等方式使其与R134a十分接近甚至超越。R1234yf低压饱和压力比R134a高约15%,可以适配更高的压缩机转速,低温下制热性能比R134a更好,且较低的压缩机排气温度使系统工作更为稳定,强化补气的效果也优于R134a。因此,R1234yf在车用热泵中具有较好的工作性能和发展前景,可以作为R134a的替代制冷剂。     

排气冷却R290/CO_2复叠式制冷系统性能分析

通过对带排气冷却器的R290/CO_2复叠式制冷系统的性能分析,以及与不带排气冷却器的R290/CO_2复叠式制冷系统的性能进行比较,得出在相同的运行工况下,当排气冷却器的热负荷为1.4 kW,低温循环的冷凝温度为-20℃,制冷量为10kW时,排气冷却器在降低冷凝蒸发器CO_2的入口温度方面起到显著作用,高温循环制冷剂R290的质量流量减少11.4%,相应的高温循环压缩机的功耗和冷凝器的热负荷均降低11.4%,R290/CO_2复叠式制冷系统的COP提高8.8%。     

回热器对复叠式制冷系统性能的影响

通过分析回热器对R290/CO2、NH3/CO2、R404A/CO2三种复叠式制冷系统性能的影响,得出在一定的冷凝温度、蒸发温度和冷凝蒸发器传热温差下,回热循环能提高R290/CO2、R404A/CO2复叠式制冷系统的性能系数,且当回热器效率大于0.31时,R290/CO2复叠式制冷系统的性能系数超过NH3/CO2复叠式制冷系统的性能系数,减少R290/CO2、NH3/CO2、R404A/CO2复叠式制冷系统中高温循环制冷剂的充注量,从而提高复叠式制冷系统的安全性。     

强非共沸工质R1234yf/R170/R14系气液相平衡的模拟

超额吉布斯自由能-状态方程法(G~E-EoS)是继传统的状态方程法和活度系数法之后预测气液相平衡的一个新思路。本文采用PRWS-UNIFAC-PSRK模型对R161/R1234yf、R32/R125/R134a及强非共沸工质R1234yf/R170/R14系的气液相平衡数据进行计算。结果表明:R161/R1234yf系压力和气相组分质量分数的计算值与实验值的偏差在±1.5%和±0.02以内,优于REFPROP9.0软件的计算结果,而R32/R125/R134a系的偏差分别在±4%和±0.02以内。根据计算结果及三维相平衡图发现,R1234yf/R170/R14在质量分数比为0.4/0.2/0.4附近时体系的温度滑移现象最为明显,最大的滑移温度达到72.5 K;且R1234yf组分的质量分数越大,泡点温度与露点温度越高。     

复叠式与二级压缩式热泵冷冻干燥系统循环特性比较

为了降低干燥过程的能耗,提高冷冻干燥过程的经济性,故以R600a/R290和R90为工质,分别构建了复叠式循环和二级压缩式循环的热泵冷冻干燥系统.对2种热泵干燥系统的构建方法和循环性能进行了分析和计算,并讨论了中间温度、加热温度和冷阱温度变化对系统循环特性的影响.计算结果表明,复叠式热泵循环和二级压缩式热泵循环均可用于冷冻干燥系统;在常规的冷冻干燥条件下,系统中采用复叠式热泵循环较适宜.     

低温室效应HCFCs替代物性能分析

在阐述目前国内外HCFCs替代形势的基础上,对热泵空调及冷冻冷藏系统典型HCFCs制冷剂R22和其传统替代制冷剂(R410A,R407C,R404A,R507A),以及低温室效应R22替代物(R161,R290,RTJU4,R32,R717及R1234yf)的热力性能、循环性能及其可燃特性进行对比与分析.结果表明,R161,R290,RTJU4,R717,R32不仅具有零ODP较低GWP值的优势,其热力学及传热学特性也优于传统的HCFCs替代物,其中部分工质在一定的应用条件下具有较好的循环性能.R32,R1234yf和RTJU4的可燃性较小;RTJU4在系统循环性能上具有较明显的优势;R717具有较好热力学、传热学和循环特性,经进一步的系统和部件改进也具有较强的替代潜力.     

回热器对单级蒸气压缩式制冷系统性能的影响

结合当前最新制冷剂替代政策,以单级蒸气压缩式制冷系统为研究对象,对自然工质(R744、R717、R290、R1270、R600a)、HFCs类过渡工质(R410A、R404A、R32、R152a、R161、R134a)和新型烯烃类制冷剂HFOs(R1234yf、R1234ze)经回热器后对制冷系统性能的影响进行分析。结果显示:回热器对系统COP的提升效果与制冷剂物性、运行工况和回热器效率有关;R717和R32在使用回热器后系统COP降低,当回热器效率为80%时,与回热器效率为30%相比系统COP分别降低了3.90%和2.27%;R161、R152a和R410A受回热器的影响很小;对于其他制冷剂,在使用回热器后,系统COP随蒸发温度和回热器效率的升高均有一定幅度提升,其中R1234yf、R1234ze、R600a和R404A变化最大。当回热器效率为80%的时,与回热器效率为30%相比系统COP分别升高了5.99%、3.94%、4.41%和5.05%。分析结果与相关评估标准较为接近,为现阶段带回热器的蒸气压缩式制冷系统制冷剂的选择提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...