锈赤扁谷盗等3种菌食性储粮害虫的发生分布调查

在中国主要储粮生态区的海南、广东、云南、福建、浙江、湖南、湖北、河南、山东、辽宁、山西和黑龙江等12个省77个地市,现场采集调查了具有代表性的粮库、小麦粉厂、米厂、饲料加工厂和农户等共计505个。在所有调查的12个省内均有米扁虫和锈赤扁谷盗分布发生,除湖南省、山西省和黑龙江省外其余各调查省份均采集到小蕈甲。从发现害虫的单位总个数与调查单位的总个数之比(发现比率)看,米扁虫、小蕈甲和锈赤扁谷盗的发现比率分别为18.81%、11.48%、45.94%,锈赤扁谷盗的发现比率远高于米扁虫和小蕈甲的发现比率。比较不同省份中调查害虫分布发生的广泛性可看出,在海南省调查锈赤扁谷盗的发现比率与米扁虫和小蕈甲的发现比率相似,在山东省锈赤扁谷盗的发现比率略低于米扁虫发现比率,在黑龙江省的锈赤扁谷盗发现比率与米扁虫发现比率一致,其他所调查诸省份中锈赤扁谷盗的发现比率(14.29%～69.81%)显著高于米扁虫(3.03%～36.17%)和小蕈甲(0～33.92%),在我国主要储粮生态区多数省份中锈赤扁谷盗的分布发生程度远大于米扁虫和小蕈甲。     

多杀菌素及其多杀菌素复配剂实仓防虫效果初探

研究了多杀菌素及其多杀菌素复配剂在高大平房仓对玉米象、赤拟谷盗等主要储粮害虫的防治效果。试验结果表明：多杀菌素及多杀菌素复配剂对玉米象和赤拟谷盗均有较好的杀灭效果,玉米象药剂敏感性大于赤拟谷盗,2种药剂对粮食品质基本无影响。     

河北省储粮昆虫与螨类分布调查

2016年8月份在河北省张家口、石家庄、邯郸、秦皇岛等4个地级市粮库、加工厂、农户等25个场所进行了现场采集。共采集到5个目38种储粮昆虫,其中鞘翅目Coleoptera 16个科29种、膜翅目Hymenoptera 4个科4种、鳞翅目Lepidoptera 3个科3种、啮虫目Corrodentia 1个科1种、半翅目Hemiptera1个科1种,同时发现3个目5个科7种储粮螨类。从采集结果来看,河北省储粮场所中嗜卷书虱Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel、锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus)、锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestesferrugineus(Stephens)、土耳其扁谷盗Cryptolestesturcicus(Grouville)、赤拟谷盗Triboliumcastaneum(Herbst)、谷蠹Rhyzoperthadominica(Fabricius)、玉米象Sitophiluszeamais Motschulsky、米象Sitophilusoryzae(Linnaeus)等储粮害虫分布最为普遍,米象小蜂Lariophagus distinguendus(Duftschmid)等天敌昆虫也分布广泛。     

储藏小麦粉中害虫发生与温湿度变化的关系研究

研究了不同初始虫口密度(0、2、15头/kg小麦粉)的不同储粮害虫(锈赤扁谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫与锈赤扁谷盗成虫混合)发生对储藏小麦粉温度及环境湿度变化的影响.结果表明,在全部实验观察期间,随着实验时间延长,害虫为害引起小麦粉温度升高,初始感染害虫虫口密度越高小麦粉温度也越高;不同起始虫口密度的不同虫种害...     

紫光灯对储粮害虫引诱效果的评价

为探讨紫光灯对储粮害虫的引诱作用,本文在试验室内测试了2种紫光灯对赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗和印度谷螟的引诱效果。结果显示,自第12～60h起,白色、黑色紫光灯对赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗和印度谷螟的引诱数量均超过对照区的虫数,并且至试验结束时紫光灯的引诱数量持续增加。通过对比5d的总诱捕率发现,白色紫光灯引诱印度谷螟的数量显著高于赤拟谷盗、杂拟谷盗的数量,而黑色紫光灯对害虫引诱活性的排序为印度谷螟〉赤拟谷盗〉杂拟谷盗;黑色紫光灯对赤拟谷盗和印度谷螟的引诱活性高于白色紫光灯,而白色紫光灯对杂拟谷盗的引诱活性高于黑色紫光灯。     

京津地区储粮虫螨种类调查分析（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为了解第四储粮生态区京津地区储粮虫螨的种类及发生情况,以制订害虫防治策略提供依据,分别于2016和2017年对北京、天津地区涉粮相关场所进行了储粮虫螨现场调查。北京地区共采集到3个目、12个科的19种储粮昆虫以及3种螨类,其中玉米象Sitophilus zeamais（Motschulsky）、麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella（Olivier）、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum（Herbst）、印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella （Hübner）最为普遍;天津地区共采集到3个目、13个科的22种储粮昆虫以及4种螨类,其中玉米象Sitophilus zeamais（Motschulsky）、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum（Herbst）、锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis（Linnaeus）、黑粉虫Tenebrio obscurus Fabricius最为普遍。     

苦皮藤素乳油对三种储粮害虫的熏蒸作用

采用密闭熏蒸法研究了苦皮藤素乳油对储粮害虫的熏蒸作用。研究结果表明,处理24h后,苦皮藤素乳油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的LD50分别为3.606 97、2.773 78和2.048 87μg/ml;玉米象、赤拟谷盗和锯谷盗的回归方程分别为Y=3.972 64 X+2.786 68、Y=4.319 64 X+3.086 09和Y=4.095 70 X+3.724 13。三种储粮害虫对苦皮藤素乳油的敏感度由强到弱依次为锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、玉米象。     

6种主要储粮害虫成虫的耐饥饿能力研究

研究了不同饥饿条件下6种重要储粮害虫赤拟谷盗、锯谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、米象、谷蠹和烟草甲成虫的耐饥饿能力.研究结果表明,对于羽化后1周龄的6种储粮害虫成虫,赤拟谷盗和烟草甲成虫耐饥饿能力较强,耐饥饿时间可达到30 d以上,其次为锯谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗和谷蠹成虫,耐饥饿时间可达到15 d以上,米象成虫耐饥性最弱,7 d后死亡率即...     

紫外诱杀灯和瓦楞纸诱捕与取样筛检法检测储粮害虫比较研究

在散装储藏稻谷的平房仓中比较研究了紫外诱杀灯、瓦楞纸板和取样筛检检测储粮害虫的效果。在夏季近4个月的研究观察中,发现紫外诱杀灯可较取样筛检早近2个月大量检测到锈赤扁谷盗,早约2个月检测到较多的谷蠹,紫外诱杀灯没有诱集到赤拟谷盗。瓦楞纸板诱捕锈赤扁谷盗和赤拟谷盗较取样筛检法所得时间早、数量多,但在检测到谷蠹的时间上要比取样筛检晚4周的时间。随着环境温度的升高,紫外诱杀灯和瓦楞纸板诱集到锈赤扁谷盗和赤拟谷盗的数量都有增加和波动,瓦楞纸板诱集到谷蠹的数量变化很小。     

不同温度对赤拟谷盗生长发育和繁殖的影响

分别在自然变温(室温,作为对照)、25、30、35℃和相对湿度(75±5)%条件下研究了重要储粮害虫赤拟谷盗不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、雌虫产卵量及生命表参数。研究结果表明,不同温度对赤拟谷盗生长发育和繁殖具有显著影响。在25～35℃温度范围内,赤拟谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹及整个世代发育历期均随处理温度升高而缩短,每雌产卵量均随处理温度升高而显著增加。赤拟谷盗种群趋势指数均大于1,且随温度升高而增大。赤拟谷盗净增殖率(R_0)、内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)均随着温度升高而增大,世代平均周期(T)、种群加倍时间(D_t)均随着温度升高而减小。     

Hemp (Cannabis sativa) seed for reproduction of stored-product insects

Hemp, or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), is a high value alternative crop that has seen increases in production in Canada since commercial production was legalized in 1998. Insect infestation of stored hemp seed may result in loss of quality and value. There are few published studies on the ability of insects to survive and reproduce on hemp seed. Reproduction of eleven stored-product insects on hemp seed at different moisture contents with, or without dockage, was studied. Insects were introduced into 15 g of hemp seed at two initial moisture contents (dry, 9% m.c. or damp, 15% m.c.), two dockage levels (dockage-free or dockage, 15%), and held at 30°C and 60–70% r.h. Five replicates of each treatment for each species were used. For beetles, twenty unsexed adults were used, for Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), twenty eggs were used. For the beetles, live and dead adults were counted after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, for the moth, adults were counted after 12.5 weeks. After counting, only live adults were returned to the hemp seed. The following beetle populations increased over the 9 weeks; Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle) and Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle). The following species did not increase their populations; Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), Cryptolestes turcicus (flour mill beetle), Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle), and Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle). For the beetles, higher dockage generally led to higher populations. The effect of moisture content was variable. Ephestia kuehniella produced adults on all treatments, with the dry treatment containing dockage performing the best.     

Potential of varietal resistance and Piper guineense seed oil to control infestation of stored millet seeds and processed products by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Three grain forms (whole grains, broken grains and wholemeal flour) of three improved varieties (ICMV-N89305, GB8735 and Sosat) developed at ICRISAT (Patancheru, India), one cultivar which originated in Zimbabwe (Zimbabwean dwarf) and two local cultivars (Ex-borno and Gwagwa), of pearl millet were compared for their susceptibility to the rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) under tropical storage conditions. The biological effects of Piper guineense seed oil were also investigated on T. castaneum confined on similar forms of millet (Ex-borno) contained in ventilated or unventilated devices. Mortality of adult flour beetles was significantly higher on whole grains of GB8735 (99.7%), Gwagwa (92.3%) and Ex-borno (77.7%) stored in unventilated glass jars than on whole grains of Zimbabwean dwarf (52.7%) stored in a similar device. The number of adult progeny was significantly higher in wholemeal flour than in broken grains; the number in broken grains was significantly higher than that in whole grains. Development of the beetle was significantly longer in GB8735 than in Zimbabwean dwarf and the overall susceptibility of Zimbabwean dwarf was significantly higher than that of ICMV-N89305. Susceptibility of the cultivars increased with decreasing grain particle size; susceptibility indices for the whole grains, broken grains and wholemeal flour were 2.52, 12.14 and 14.16, respectively. Significantly fewer beetles developed in grains/products treated with P. guineense seed oil than in untreated grains/products. The unventilated glass jar retained the biological efficacy of the two lower dosages (20 and 40 mg/10 g) of P. guineense seed oil significantly more than the ventilated clay pot or polypropylene sack.     

Olfactory host location and host preference of Holepyris sylvanidis (Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a parasitoid of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val and T. castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Parasitoids can suppress populations of their host and thus play a primary role in Integrated Pest Management. We studied foraging cues in Holepyris sylvanidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a larval parasitoid of Tribolium species, in a four-chamber olfactometer. H. sylvanidis is reported as a cosmopolitan parasitoid of Coleopteran including two major pests of stored products, the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum and the red flour beetle T. castaneum. Our study reveals that the host complexes of both Tribolium species and different living host stages attract naive H. sylvanidis females, whereas no reaction was observed to uninfested substrates. Our findings may contribute to the development of biological control strategies of T. castaneum and T. confusum with parasitoids.     

Temporal changes in stored-product insect populations associated with boot,pit, and load-out areas of grain elevators and feed mills

Commercial grain elevator and feed mill facilities can quickly become infested with stored-product insect pests, compromising the protection of the stored raw and processed cereal products. Elevators and feed mills were sampled monthly for adult stored-product insects in grain residues from the boot-pit areas and in bulk load-out samples from 2009 to 2010. The grain samples collected from the boot, pit, and load-out areas consisted of corn, soybeans, or a mixture of the two grains. Low insect densities were found in the boot-pit area during the cool winter months. Insect numbers increased in the spring and peaked during the warm summer months, prior to declining in the fall following a pattern of higher insect densities during higher ambient temperatures. The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), was the most prevalent species collected in all of the sampled grain residues, representing 69.2 and 35.8% of total insects collected in feed mills and elevators, respectively, during 2009 and was also commonly collected in 2010. Other commonly collected insect species included, the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens); and sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus). Our results showed that failing to clean out boot residual grain and a lack of sanitation of the pit area resulted in high numbers of insects that were transferred through the elevator leg to other locations within a facility. We conclude that the lack of sanitation at elevator and feed mill facilities allowed high numbers of insects to develop.     

Effectiveness of diatomaceous earth for control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium castaneum and Palorus subdepressus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) or diatomite has been assessed against three major beetle pests of stored maize: Sitophilus zeamais (the maize weevil), Tribolium castaneum (the red flour beetle) and Palorus subdepressus (the depressed flour beetle). Maize has been treated with four doses of DE (1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 g/kg) and four doses of Actellic Super™ Dust a chemical insecticide used as a reference (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/kg). The effective mortality was measured for each treatment after 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 d of exposure. The corrected mortality rates were calculated by considering the mortality in the control group. Diatomaceous earth was as effective as Actellic Super™ Dust but required higher doses. Diatomaceous earth acted faster on S. zeamais and P. subdepressus compared to T. castaneum. The highest dose tested for DE caused the same mortality in T. castaneum as the recommended dose of Actellic Super™ Dust. Diatomaceous earth is a good alternative for the control of these three devastating insect pests of maize stocks and can readily be incorporated into integrated stored products pest management programs.     

九种药用植物提取液对储粮害虫毒杀作用的研究

本文介绍了中国的丹皮(Paeonia suffrutiposa Andr.)、蛇床子(Cnidiummonnieri(L.)Cuss.)、花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)、姜黄(Cur-cuma longa auct.non L.),木香薷(Elsholtozia stauntonii Benth)、苦楝(Me-lia azedarach L.)、槟榔(Areca Catechu L.)、半夏(Pinellia ternata Breit)和乌梅(Prunus mume Sieb.et Zucc.)等九种药用植物,采用点滴法、喷雾法、拌粮法和熏蒸法,对玉米象(Sitophilus Zeamais Motschulshy)、谷蠹(Rhizopertha domin-ica(Fabricius))、杂拟谷盗(Tribolium confnsum Jacqnelin du Val)、赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castanneum Herbst)和绿豆象(Callosobruchus chinensis(L.))等虫种,进行了室内毒力测定和毒杀作用的研究。结果表明,苦楝油、木香薷挥发油和丹皮乙醚热提取物均具有较明显的接触致死效应;蛇床子95%乙醇热提取物也具有一定的接触致死作用。其中木香薷挥发油还具有较强的熏杀作用。苦楝油拌粉处理赤拟谷盗各个虫态,导致形态畸形;丹皮粗提物对谷蠹和赤拟谷盗等成虫亦具有相似作用。槟榔—正丁醇提取物对杂拟谷盗幼虫中肠淀粉酶的活性具有一定的抑制作用。     

Growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on rice flour and brown rice as affected by time and temperature

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, is a cosmopolitan stored product insect that infests a variety of raw grains and processed grain products. Although this pest is prevalent in rice mills, there is a comparative lack of data on growth and development on rice by-products and fractions compared to other grains. In this study, ten mixed-sex adults were exposed on 200 g of either rice flour or brown rice, and populations were assessed after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months at 22, 27, or 32 °C. At 22 °C, the number of adults, pupae and larvae on rice flour and brown rice remained low throughout the 12-month storage period. At 27 °C, the number of adults on rice flour increased to a maximum at 8 months, while adult populations on brown rice remained relatively constant from 2 to 10 months, with few pupae or larvae in the samples. At 32 °C, adult populations on rice flour and brown rice were constant after month 2, with low numbers of pupae and larvae. Adult predation could have accounted for low numbers of pupae and larvae. Using the original 10-month data, populations were projected for an additional 14 months to predict population patterns. Adult numbers showed an increase over time at all temperatures on rice flour and brown rice at 22 °C but numbers seemed to stabilize at 27 and 32 °C. For both diets at 27 and 32 °C, projected pupae and larvae numbers remained steady but low compared to adults. However, populations would not be expected to increase indefinitely because at some point the resources would become limited and populations would crash or decline. Results show T. castaneum can deplete fixed resources such as bags of rice flour or brown rice when temperatures equal or exceed 27 °C.     

Toxicity of coumaran to stored products beetles

The fumigant activity of coumaran was tested against mixed-age cultures of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.), the rust-red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst), saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis L.) and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephens). T. castaneum was tolerant to coumaran, for total population extinction was achieved in 72 h exposure at 50 μg/L dose only. In contrast all developmental stages of O. surinamensis, C. ferrugineus and R. dominica were quite susceptible 100% mortality was attained at < 50 μg/L doses in 24 or 72 h exposure. Further results showed that T. castaneum, generally tolerant pest to fumigants and R. dominica, a predominant stored grain pest in India, could be controlled by coumaran. The findings indicate that, coumaran is good source for alternate to methylbromide for effective control of stored grain insect pests.     

Asymmetric courtship boosts male mating success in the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Recently, the functional asymmetries of courtship and mating behavior in several major pests of economic importance at the post-harvest stages of agricultural commodities have been reported. In this study, we investigated the presence of population-level behavioral asymmetries in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) mating pairs. Males showed left-biased population-level courtship attempts when approaching potential mates. Furthermore, no significant differences were recorded for the duration of mate recognition and copula of males approaching females from the left, right side or backside. However, precopula and whole mating duration differ significantly among males approaching females from the left, right or backside. On the other hand, lateralization of courtship attempts had a significant impact on male mating success. Left-biased courtship attempts of T. castaneum males led to a higher male mating success, as compared to right-biased and backside courtship attempts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the impact of side-biased courtship attempts on male mating success in T. castaneum. Moreover, our findings add basic knowledge to the mating and reproductive behavior of this important pest that damages foodstuffs worldwide, which can be useful to optimize rearing procedures of this beetle, minimizing mating success reductions due to prolonged mass-rearing. Furthermore, knowledge about the mating behavior of T. castaneum can be utilized further towards the development of traps and attractants for this pest.