R290在大功率商用冷冻冷水机组的应用

R290作为一种天然制冷剂,被认为是R22的最佳替代工质而被各方研究。本文建立了R290大功率冷水机组的充注量模型并进行了实验验证,模型误差在3%以内。基于此模型,分析了R290在系统各部件内的制冷剂质量分布。同时,通过实验对比分析了R290与R22大功率冷水机组在不同环境温度、不同出水温度下的性能变化趋势。研究结果表明:R290主要存在于系统冷凝器中,制冷剂占比为56.95%,而系统液体管路中制冷剂占比7.37%,所以减小系统冷凝器内容积并且缩短系统液体管路是有效的降充注手段。在出水温度一定时,R290在高温工况下有明显优势,系统COP较R22系统提升了13.9%。而在环境温度一定时,出水温度的变化对R22与R290系统性能的影响趋势较为一致。     

R290分体式空调器中制冷剂分布与安全性

采用实验研究的方法,针对R290分体式空调器的结构特点,将分体式空调器分成6个单独的部件,分别对不同充灌量条件下的1P和1.5P R290分体式空调器各个部件的制冷剂分布规律进行研究。实验结果表明开机状态下虽然制冷剂在冷凝器中的分布最多,但整个低压侧的制冷剂量占整个系统充灌量的50%—60%,但在关机后1.5小时,低压侧的制冷剂量占整个系统充灌量的85%—92%。     

R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环性能分析对比

本文分析了R290直接接触冷凝(DCC)制冷循环的性能,并与R290常规单级压缩制冷循环的热力性能进行对比,得出:在最佳主循环冷凝温度下,R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环可获得最大性能系数和最低冷凝器热负荷。主循环过冷液体的过冷度增大,最优性能系数降低、最低冷凝器热负荷增加、蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少,同时,获得最优性能系数和最低冷凝器热负荷的最佳主循环冷凝温度升高。当蒸发温度为-15～-6℃,R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环相比R290单级压缩制冷循环的性能系数提高了7.5%～14.9%,冷间供冷设备蒸发器的制冷剂质量流量减少了26.5%～36.7%,冷凝器热负荷减少了1.5%～3.7%。结果表明R290直接接触冷凝制冷循环具有很好的发展前景。     

家用空调系统制冷剂充注量的研究

对1台制冷量为2.5kW的家用空调器进行研究,建立该空调器稳态分布参数仿真模型。研究系统中各部件的制冷剂分布情况：冷凝器中制冷剂分布最多,随着充注量的增大,冷凝器中制冷剂量增大,份额由38.6%变化到62.1%,而其他部件中制冷剂量基本保持不变。从各部件充注量变化的角度分析充注量与系统其他参数之间的关系：当充注量增加时,系统冷凝温度、冷凝压力、排气温度、过冷度增加,蒸发压力略有下降,质量流量减小,COP值先增后减。重点研究充注量、COP和过冷度3者的平衡关系。     

微通道换热器在R290家用空调器中的应用

以微通道换热器替代φ5 mm翅片管换热器作为冷凝器,在1.5 hp单冷R290家用空调器中进行整机性能配试,实现微通道换热器与R290家用空调器系统较理想匹配。配试试验中通过对微通道换热器的不同翅片选取、流程调整及室外机风量的优化,提高空调器能效,降低系统R290充注量。根据最终对比试验,系统制冷量提高0.7%,能效比提高3.4%,R290充注量降低8.8%。综合比较性能、充注量和成本等因素,在单冷R290家用空调器中以微通道换热器替代φ5 mm翅片管换热器作为室外机冷凝器,可以满足整机配试要求,并具备实际产品产业化应用的可行性。     

微通道换热器用于家用柜机空调时整机性能的对比实验研究

微通道换热器的应用日益普遍。文章通过将微通道换热器引入3 HP柜式家用空调,并对系统性能和充注量等进行了对比研究。实验表明:当只更换室内换热器,室内微通道换热器翅片间距为1.4 mm时,系统性能达到最优:与原机相比,系统充注量降低15.9%,制冷量基本相当,制冷COP提高2.2%;制热量比原机提高3.9%,制热COP则提高了11.2%。当将室内外换热器都更换为微通道换热器后,系统的充注量降低54%,与原机相比:制冷量提高0.8%,系统COP提高5.2%;当制冷剂更换为R290时,系统最优充注量降为500 g。     

HCs冷柜系统最佳充注量的实验研究与理论分析

本文对一台使用R290/R600a(1/1)制冷剂的冷柜系统进行了选择最佳充注量的实验研究,讨论了充注量的多少对蒸发压力、冷凝压力、蒸发器温度分布、压缩机开停机时间等方面的影响,得到了耗电量最少的充注量,并对此条件下的循环特点进行了理论分析.     

天然制冷剂R290用于热泵干衣机能效实验研究

独立式热泵干衣机目前主流制冷剂以HFCs类R134a为主,其全球变暖潜值(GWP)高达1 430。天然制冷剂R290属于HCs类制冷剂,GWP小于20。本文基于天然制冷剂R290与R134a的物理和热力学性质对比分析,对独立式热泵干衣机热泵循环系统进行了优化设计和实验研究,最终确定蒸发器采用φ7 mm管径铜管和2.2 mm片距的亲水平片,冷凝器采用φ5 mm管径铜管和1.5 mm片距的非亲水平片,压缩机采用排量为8.1 mL的R290制冷剂压缩机,节流装置采用管径φ1.0 mm和长度820 mm的毛细管。测试结果表明：R290用于独立式热泵干衣机热泵循环系统,在满足国际、国家和欧洲标准中关于A3类制冷剂充注量限制的要求下,即对于A3类制冷剂,若其充注量不大于0.15 kg时,则没有房间体积限制。在R290充注量为0.15 kg时,热泵干衣机能效指标为23.0,可达到欧洲现行干衣机能效等级标准最高等级A+++。     

小型风冷热泵制冷剂充注量实验研究

以R22为工质,通过对风冷热泵冷热水机组制冷剂充注量实验测试研究,全面分析充注量对测试机组系统性能的影响及原因．针对充注量的影响作者提出了机组性能改进措施及方法,实现风冷热泵节能优化。     

R290空气源冷水(热泵)机组性能研究

对R290制冷剂在空气源冷水(热泵)机组上的循环特性进行理论分析及试验研究,研究表明:R290理论循环性能与R22相当,实测名义制冷COP可达GB19577—2015中3级能效要求,名义制热COP高达3.27;R290系统的工作压力及压缩机排气温度较R22低,排气压力高压保护值可降低到2.6 MPa,排气温度高温保护值可降低到95~105℃;采用小管径换热管可以大幅降低R290的充注量。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...