The use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the determination of pollutants in environmental and industrial wastes.

Twelve enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), for the determination of surfactants [linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkyl ethoxylates (AE), and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE)], endocrine disruptors [alkylphenol (AP), AP + APE, and bisphenol A (BPA)], estrogens [17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (El), estrogen (ES: El + E2 + estriol (E3)), 1 7alfa-ethynylestradiol (EE2)], dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were validated on environmental water and industrial wastes. The lowest quantification limits of these ELISAs were 0.05 microg/L (BPA, E2, El, ES and EE2), 2 microg/L (AE), 3 microg/L (dioxins and PCBs), 5 microg/L (AP, AP + APE) and 20 microg/L (LAS and APE). To apply these ELISAs to environmental or industrial waste samples, simple and appropriate pre-treatment methods were also developed for each ELISA. With optimized pre-treatments, the values of ELISAs were well co-related, in all cases, to those of instrumental analytical methods such as liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and high-resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-GC-MS), etc.     

Investigation of formaldehyde pollution of tap water and rain water using a novel visual colorimetry

The pollution of tap water and rain water with formaldehyde in Toyama Pref., Japan was investigated by means of a simple, rapid and cost-effective visual colorimetry developed by us. The levels of formaldehyde in three tap waters from different sources of dams on mountainside and a well-water pumped in urban area in Toyama Pref. were lower than 0.01 mg L(-1) that was the detection limit of the colorimetry. On the other hand, rain waters were seriously polluted with formaldehyde. Rain waters were sampled from three different sites (urban area, top of hill and industrial area) in Toyama Pref. from autumn to winter in 2006. The levels of formaldehyde in the rain waters ranged from 0.07 to 0.30 mg L(-1). The analytical results by the visual colorimetry were in good agreement with those obtained by GC-MS method. It was confirmed that the colorimetry is excellent for practical use for the determination of formaldehyde. It must be concerned about the pollution of rainwater with formaldehyde, when rain water is applied for tap water and miscellaneous purpose.     

复合酶制剂处理城市景观水体的试验研究

采用新型复合酶制剂(BZ剂)处理城市受污染景观水体。研究结果表明:该制剂的使用对COD、NH3-N、TP等有明显的净化效果。在本试验条件下,BZ剂投加量为0.4 mg/(L.d)时,CODCr、NH3-N、TP的最终去除效果最好,分别达到25.0%7、7.6%2、6.1%;相同投加量条件下,水质净化效果不曝气优于曝气状况。     

IAL-CHS (internal airlift loop--ceramic honeycomb supports) reactor used for biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and phenol.

The internal airlift loop reactor with ceramic honeycomb supports (IAL-CHS) was applied for biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and phenol. A strain of DCP-degrading bacteria isolated from activated sludge, Achromobacter sp., was rapidly immobilized onto the ceramic honeycomb supports. The immobilized cells effectively biodegraded 2,4-DCP alone and together with phenol in batch and continuous-flow experiments. For example, 2,4-DCP was biodegraded from an influent concentration of 50 mg/L to less than 1 mg/L with a 6-h hydraulic retention time (HRT) in continuous flow tests. The immobilized biomass grew and accumulated through 2,4-DCP biodegradation, and the rate of degradation increased accordingly.     

The effect of bisphenol A and chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A on the level of serum vitellogenin in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) propane or Bisphenol A (BPA), has been reported to behave as an endocrine disrupter below acute toxic levels, and is widely present in the water environment. Although BPA is easily chlorinated, very little is reported on the effect of chlorinated BPA to the aquatic organisms. In this study, the estrogenic activities of BPA and its chlorinated derivatives were evaluated by the induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in the serum of mature male Japanese medaka. In addition, the effect of sodium hypochlorite on the decomposition of BPA was tested. The relative potencies of estrogenic activities of chlorinated BPA descended in the order 3,3'-diCIBPA>BPA> or =3-CIBPA>3,3',5-triCIBPA, and no estrogenic activity was observed in 3,3',5,5'-tetraCIBPA. Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) and No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for both 3-CIBPA and 3,3'-diCIBPA were 500 microg/L and 200 microg/L, respectively. LOEC for 3,3',5-triCIBPA was >500 microg/L. When BPA was reacted with sodium hypochlorite (24 hours; residual chlorine at 1 ppm), however, complete decomposition of BPA and its chlorinated derivatives was observed. The decrease in BPA and its chlorinated derivatives paralleled the decrease in estrogenic potency evaluated by the induction of vitellogenin (VTG) in the serum of mature male Japanese medaka.     

Simultaneous copper, cobalt and phenol removal from aqueous solutions by alternating biosorption and biodegradation

A strategy for removal of heavy metals and phenol from wastewaters is proposed. It involves consecutive cation biosorption by fungi, phenol biodegradation by the yeast association Candida sp. 2326 + Candida sp. 2327 and regeneration. Copper and cobalt removal from aqueous solutions containing 80-120 mg/L phenol by biosorption, using Rhizopus archizus cells immobilized onto poly (vinyl alcohol), was investigated by conducting a series of batch experiments. The removal efficiencies were 81% for Cu and 5% for Co. The residual concentrations of Cu (1.9 mg/L) and of Co (9.5 mg/L) did not change the biodegradation dynamics of phenol. A quantitative biodegradation of 120 mg/L phenol proceeded within 22 h. After biodegradation of phenol, the removal efficiencies achieved by biosorption after regeneration were 90% for Cu and 44% for Co. It was found that copper and cobalt form positively charged complexes with phenol. This complex formation hinders the retention of Cu and Co by the biosorbent and reduces the uptake of their cations.     

城市重度污染内河水质断面追踪监测与污染成因分析

针对某条流经城市人口密集区域河流的重度污染现状,在多个断面布点,对干流和支流水质进行了全面监测,以追踪分析水质变化趋势和污染成因.结果显示,该河流从上游到下游水质有所好转,COD从321 mg/L下降至100～135 mg/L,BOD5从226 mg/L下降至27～36 mg/L,悬浮物从159 mg/L下降至15～30 mg/L,总磷从8.91 mg/L下降至3～4 mg/L.位于河流上游的污水处理厂在水质改善中发挥了重要作用,COD整体去除率达到77.6％,但不能根本改善河流的污染现状.4条支流污染严重,是造成干流水质污染的主要原因,COD均在230 mg/L以上,最高达到512mg/L,BOD5最高达295 mg/L.对支流D实行重点监测,发现氨氮和总氮规律性升高,镍、锰、铜、锌、铬等重金属多次检出,铅的检出率高达77.1％.针对污染现状提出了治理建议.     

Reductive dechlorination of 1, 2-dichloroethane using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR)

The objective of this research was to study the dechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) in a synthetic wastewater with lab-scale anaerobic sequencing batch (ASBR) reactors. Anaerobic sludge was used as a biocatalyst. Sodium acetate and dextrose served as the main methanogenic substrate. Experimental studies were conducted at wide-range of volumetric (0.25-1.25 g COD/L.d) and specific (0.0362-0.181 g COD/ g VSS.d) loading rates and influent wastewater CODs (500-2500 mg/L). During 266 days of reactor operation, the mixed culture degraded 1,2 dichloroethane at concentrations of up to 50 mg/L, with an HRT of 48 hrs. No chlorinated intermediates or residues were found. 1,2-DCA degradation resulted in ethene and ethane formation. Acetate was the most effective electron donor for dechlorination, although, dextrose was also effective, but to a lesser extent. The mixed culture degraded 1,2 Dichloroethane in the temperature range of 28+/-4 degrees C, with the pH range of 7.25 to 7.95. The 1,2-DCA removal rates achieved, and the safe nature of the end products, signify the anaerobic sequencing batch (ASBR) reactor technology for practical decontamination of waters containing such types of organochlorines. The COD removal efficiencies were in the range of 95 to 98% depending on volumetric and specific loading rates applied.     

复合菌群处理城市污染水体的试验研究

应用复合菌群的富集培养液进行了城市污染水体的处理试验,实验表明:对水体污染物CODMn、NH3 N的去除,微生物最佳投加量为0 1/1000,对PO3-4 P的去除,微生物最佳投加量为0.7/1000;水体污染物CODMn的质量浓度在14.2mg/L以上时,修复作用明显;水体溶解氧条件影响微生物对水体的修复效果,较高的溶解氧有利生物修复作用。     

Behaviour of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-nonylphenol ethoxylates (4-NP1EO, 4-NP2EO) in oxidative water treatment processes.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as natural and synthetic hormones or industrial chemicals can adversely affect the endocrine system at very low concentrations. As such substances can be present in raw water used for drinking-water production, they potentially pose a health risk to humans. In this study laboratory tests were performed to determine removal efficiencies of selected oxidative drinking water treatment processes, namely ozonation (1.4 mg/l O3) and chlorination, using sodium hypochlorite (0.5 mg/l NaClO) and chlorine dioxide (0.4-0.6 mg/l ClO2) under conditions applied in technical plants. 500-300,000 ng/l of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-nonylphenol-n-ethoxylates (NPnEO) were selected for investigations and measured by HPLC/FLD and HPLC/MS. To investigate possible oxidation by-products, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) were determined and estrogenic activities were assessed with the help of an estrogen receptor binding assay (YES). Ozonation and chlorination with ClO2 removed both 4-NP and BPA below detection limits, corresponding with AOX and estrogenic activity. Concerning NPnEO ozonation removed NP1EO and NP2EO up to 28% and 30%, respectively, whereas ClO2 showed high removal efficiencies, eliminating >94% and 92%, respectively. NaCIO removed 4-NP and BPA below detection limits, but estrogenic activities increased and AOX could be measured. NP1EO and NP2EO were only marginally reduced corresponding to the slight decrease of estrogenic potential.     

厌氧生物滤池+生物接触氧化组合工艺处理地表微污染水技术研究

通对通惠河通州段地表微污染水进行水质改善处理技术研究,确定采用厌氧生物滤池+生物接触氧化的组合工艺进行处理,通过试验确定工艺的最佳运行参数为厌氧生物滤池HRT=15 h,生物接触氧化池气水比10,水力停留时间为4 h,回流比为100%。出水中氨氮浓度为0.34 mg/L,总氮浓度为3.2 mg/L,总磷浓度为0.38 mg/L,CODCr浓度为34 mg/L,出水各指标完全满足《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)》中Ⅴ类水体质量标准,其中总氮浓度远低于课题研究目标的15 mg/L。     

平湖市古横桥水厂设计介绍

平湖地区地表水源受有机污染严重,原水中CODMn有时月均超过10mg/L,氨氮月均1~4.5mg/L,最高可达7mg/L。为保证供水水质,平湖市古横桥水厂采用生物预处理—常规处理—深度处理工艺,其中生物预处理采用悬浮填料接触氧化池,深度处理采用两级臭氧活性炭工艺。对该厂主要构筑物的设计特点、工程概算和运行成本作简单介绍。     

Relationships Between Bacterial Populations and Oxygen Levels in the Central Basin of Lake Erie

Studies were made to ascertain the relationships between bacteria and particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen, and the depletion of oxygen from the hypolimnetic waters of the central basin of Lake Erie. Heterotrophic bacterial populations, dissolved oxygen, particulate organic carbon, and total particulate nitrogen were determined during May, August, and September. Data indicate 1) a relationship between heterotroph populations and dissolved oxygen; 2) epilimnion oxygen concentrations of 9 mg/L were associated with bacterial levels of ?4 × 10³ colonies per mL; 3) bacterial densities started to increase from the thermocline downward; 4) hypolimnion oxygen levels of ?l mg/L were associated with bacterial densities of approximately three times the epilimnion values; 5) bacterial oxygen uptake rate in the hypolimnion varied from 1.5 to 7.4 × 10^?10 mg/L/hr; 6) particulate organic carbon and bacteria showed similar distribution patterns in the water column; 7) particulate nitrogen remained unchanged at 0.1 mg/L in the water column showing no relationship to the other parameters measured.     

长江下游干流水体中氮的空间分布特征

为全面了解长江下游干流氮素的含量水平,于2014年6月对长江下游干流表层、中层和底层水体中总氮(TN)、溶解性氮(TDN)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的含量进行检测,分析了氮素的空间分布特征。研究结果表明:TDN是氮在长江下游干流水体中的主要形态,而且表层、中层、底层水体中氮素含量均不相同;长江下游干流水体中TN的含量范围为0.85～2.46 mg/L,表层和底层水体中TN平均含量均高于中层水体中TN的平均含量;水体中TDN的含量范围为0.72～2.08 mg/L,表层水体中TDN平均含量相对较高;水体中NH₄⁺-N的含量范围为0.13～0.75 mg/L,表层、中层和底层水体中NH₄⁺-N的含量相近;从研究区域上游至下游,TN和TDN的平均含量呈现上升的趋势;不同城市间的NH₄⁺-N平均含量波动较大。通过相关性分析还发现,TDN与叶绿素a (Chl-a)呈显著负相关, 水温(T)与叶绿素a (Chl-a)呈显著正相关,其它形态氮与水的理化性质无明显相关关系。此研究结果可作为控制长江下游干流水体中氮素污染的基础数据。     

Evaluation of DNA isolation procedures for detecting and quantifying environmental Legionella by real-time quantitative PCR

Six methods, QiAamp DNA Mini Kit (Q), Q with Sepharose 4B gel column (Q/G), Q with low melting point agarose (Q/L), freeze-thaw/phenol-chloroform lysis (FT-PC), FT-PC/G, and FT-PC/L, were evaluated for their ability to isolate DNA of sufficient quality to quantify Legionella using qPCR. Samples of mixing Legionella pneumophila (ATCC33152) and humic acid (HA, 0-126.8 mg/l) were treated by the six methods. Q, Q/G, Q/L, FT-PC/G, and FT-PC/L removed HA from 1.9-126.8 to <1 mg/l determined by A260 with a spectrophotometer. Q obtained the highest DNA yield, followed by Q/G. Dilution (10- to 100-fold) of DNA arising from extraction using Q, Q/G, FT-PC, or FT-PC/G prevented qPCR inhibition. The highest recovery of cells was found in DNA extracted by Q and diluted 100-fold, and followed by Q/G. The applicability of Q and Q/G with dilution was further validated with cooling tower waters. Q or Q/G with 10-fold dilution increased L. pneumophila detection, whereas 100-fold dilution obtained the highest cell concentrations. Similar results were found for Legionella spp. except that both 10- and 100-fold dilutions increased cell concentrations. Thus, Q with 10-fold dilution is suggested to detect and quantify Legionella spp. and detect L. pneumophila. For L. pneumophila-positive samples, 100-fold diluted DNA must be re-analyzed to accurately quantify L. pneumophila.     

Enhanced biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate in membrane bioreactor by Pannonibacter sp. W1

4-Aminobenzenesulfonate (4-ABS), an aromatic amine and recalcitrant toxic pollutant, is widely used in the dye and pharmaceutical industry. Pannonibactersp. W1 is a specialized microbial strain which can efficiently degrade 4-ABS. This study shows the feasibility of using the specialized strain in an MBR system to treat synthetic wastewater containing large amount of 4-ABS. Due to membrane retention, the biomass concentration is able to reach 5 g/L within two months of continuous operation. Pannonibacter sp. W1 is able to adapt to the high loading rate of 1000 mg 4-ABS/L and achieve a remarkable 4-ABS removal efficiency of 99% within 6 h. Strain W1 grows well under the MBR continuous operation and remains as the dominant bacterium at the end of 60 days continuous operation. Minor membrane fouling has been detected within 40 days of operating at 15 LMH. At a flux of 25 LMH, the system experiences the 'TMP jump'. The high organic removal rate and low membrane fouling results illustrate the excellent performance of the bioaugmented MBR system in 4-ABS wastewater treatment.     

高浓度制药废水处理工艺的调试运行

某制药厂生产废水水质变化大,污染物浓度高,毒性大.采用气浮—兼氧-CASS工艺进行处理.实践表明,处理出水COD 450～650 mg/L,氨氮20～35 mg/L,BOD5≤100 mg/L,SS50～100mg/L,可达《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准.     

低温苯胺降解菌的筛选及其特性

通过驯化培养,从含苯胺的管道污泥中分离出1株高效苯胺降解菌7#,在苯胺质量浓度低于5500 mg/L的普通培养基中均可生长。7#菌株降解苯胺的最适温度为30℃,经低温驯化后,10℃和30℃时对苯胺的降解率接近,最适pH=7.0,当苯胺质量浓度在400 mg/L以下时,对该菌不表现出明显抑制作用。在苯胺质量浓度200 mg/L的无机盐溶液中,10℃下培养60 h可使苯胺降解率达89.14%,降解符合二级动力学模型。经鉴定,该菌株为假单胞菌属。     

Nitrogen removal and ammonia-oxidising bacteria in a vertical flow constructed wetland treating inorganic wastewater

Nitrogen removal performance and the ammonia-oxidising bacterial (AOB) community were assessed in the batch loaded 1.3 ha saturated surface vertical flow wetland at CSBP Ltd, a fertiliser and chemical manufacturer located in Kwinana, Western Australia. From September 2008 to October 2009 water quality was monitored and sediment samples collected for bacterial analyses. During the period of study the wetland received an average inflow of 1,109 m3/day with NH3-N = 40 mg/L and NO3-N = 23 mg/L. Effluent NH3-N and NO3-N were on average 31 and 25 mg/L, respectively. The overall NH3-N removal rate for the period was 1.2 g/m2/day indicating the nitrifying capacity of the wetland. The structure of the AOB community was analysed using group specific primers for the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and by clone libraries to identify key members. The majority of sequences obtained were most similar to Nitrosomonas sp. while Nitrosospira sp. was less frequent. Another two vertical flow wetlands, 0.8 ha each, were commissioned at CSBP in July 2009, since then the wetland in this study has received nitrified effluent from these two new cells.     

Denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater using a simple immobilized activated sludge bioreactor

A simple anaerobic-activated sludge system, in which microorganisms are immobilized by a novel functional carrier, was used for removing nitrate in groundwater. The operating conditions, including hydraulic retention time (HRT), C/N ratio, temperature and NO(3)(-)-N loading concentration were investigated. The NO(3)(-)-N concentration, residual chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrite accumulation were used as indicators to assess the water quality of the effluent. The anaerobic biomass loading capacity in the carrier was 12.8 g/L and the denitrifying Pseudomonas sp. and Rhodocyclaceae bacterium were dominant among the immobilized microorganisms in the anaerobic-activated sludge. Under operating conditions of HRT= 1.5 h, C/N= 2-3 and T= 16.8-20 °C, the removal efficiency of NO(3)(-)-N exceeded 93%, corresponding to a relatively high denitrification rate of 0.73 kg NO(3)(-)-N m(-3) d(-1), when the NO(3)(-)-N loading concentration was 50 mg/L. The NO(3)(-)-N concentration of the effluent always met regulatory criteria for drinking water (<10 mg/L) in the main developed and developing countries. The effluent COD was also below 10 mg/L. Although some nitrite accumulated (0-1.77 mg/L) during the operating period, it can be decreased through adjusting the operating pH and HRT. The immobilized activated sludge system may be useful for the removal of nitrate from groundwater.