环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相流动特性实验研究

对环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相流动特性进行了实验研究。实验中质量流速G≤2 000kg·m-2·s-1,系统压力p≤0.1 MPa,热流密度q≤550kW·m-2。两相流动摩擦压降通过在相同质量流量的单相流动摩擦阻力系数的基础上引入两相摩擦倍增因子来考虑两相的影响。实验结果表明:环形通道内液态金属钠两相摩擦倍增因子随Martinelli参数的增大有减小趋势。综合本文实验数据、Lurie等的实验数据以及Kaiser等的棒束实验数据,拟合得到了计算液态金属钠沸腾两相流动摩擦倍增因子的关系式。计算了本文拟合得到的关系式与各组实验数据间的相对标准偏差(RSD),表明本文关系式适用于计算环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相流动特性。     

环形通道内液态铅铋合金流动换热特性实验研究

通过对环形通道内液态铅铋合金的流动换热特性进行实验研究,得到了气泡泵注气对液态金属流动的影响,并拟合出环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数关系式和换热特性关系式。结果表明：采用气泡泵注气能有效提升铅铋合金的质量流速;相同Reynolds数下环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数大于由布拉休斯公式计算得到的摩擦系数;液态铅铋合金对流换热过程中,导热项占主导地位,并且Nusselt数随Peclet数的增大而增大。     

环形通道内液态铅铋合金流动换热特性实验研究

通过对环形通道内液态铅铋合金的流动换热特性进行实验研究,得到了气泡泵注气对液态金属流动的影响,并拟合出环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数关系式和换热特性关系式。结果表明:采用气泡泵注气能有效提升铅铋合金的质量流速;相同Reynolds数下环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数大于由布拉休斯公式计算得到的摩擦系数;液态铅铋合金对流换热过程中,导热项占主导地位,并且Nusselt数随Peclet数的增大而增大。     

环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相传热特性实验研究

对环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相流动特性进行了实验研究。实验中,系统压力为3.6~110.0kPa,热流密度为11~600kW·m~(-2),流速为0.02~0.45m·s~(-1)。实验结果表明,液态金属钠沸腾传热系数与壁面热流密度和系统压力有强烈关系,而与入口过冷度和质量流速无关。在本文实验数据基础上,拟合得到了计算液态金属钠沸腾两相传热系数的关系式,通过与各组实验数据间的比较,证明本文关系式适用于计算环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相传热系数。     

矩形窄缝通道内水稳态和瞬态流动换热特性实验

以去离子水为工质,在压力0.5～5.0 MPa的范围内,对矩形窄缝通道内水稳态及瞬态流动换热特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:矩形窄缝通道在水平和竖直放置以及稳态和瞬态条件下,水的流动换热特性呈现出基本相同的规律。层流向紊流过渡区域的雷诺数(Re)为900Re1300,比常规通道提前,单相摩擦阻力系数比常规通道大;采用Dittus-Boelter公式的形式拟合得到了新的换热实验关联式,其系数较Dittus-Boelter公式的系数约小11.3%。在稳态条件下,紊流区换热系数随质量流速的增加而增大,增大趋势比较明显;换热系数随热流密度的变化不明显;压力对单相强迫对流换热特性基本没有影响。     

六边形排列的7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热特性试验研究

以液态钠作为试验工质,对六边形排列的7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热特性进行了试验研究。试验流速为0~4 m·s^-1,热流密度为0~120 kW·m^-2,系统压力为1.5~200 kPa,对应的雷诺数和佩克莱数分别为4 000~60 000和0~340。深入分析了部分热工参数对7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热特性的影响,通过对7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热的试验数据的非线性拟合,得到适用于7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热的经验关系式。结果表明：拟合得到的摩擦系数关系式和努塞尔数关系式能准确地预测7棒束通道内的试验数据,其预测误差分别小于5%和6%。将获得的努塞尔数关系式与其他研究者的试验数据进行比较,与其他研究者985%的试验数据误差在30%以内,表明获得的关系式适用于7棒束通道内液态钠流动换热。     

骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动传热实验研究

针对骨架发热多孔介质内单相水流动阻力和传热特性开展了实验研究,拟合获得骨架发热多孔介质内热态流动阻力和对流换热关系式。实验参数范围是:雷诺数Re取127～394,表面热流密度12～62 kW/m2。实验结果表明:在本文研究的孔隙有效雷诺数范围内,惯性项阻力系数Rf受流动参数影响;基于骨架发热条件下获得的阻力关系式具有较好的扩展性,可以较好地预测骨架不发热条件下多种几何结构的多孔介质通道内单相水、单相蒸汽流动阻力;随着表面热流密度增大,对流换热系数不断降低;在相同热流密度条件下,随着质量流速的增大,对流换热系数也会随之增大。     

环形窄缝通道湍流流动换热特性分析

对双面加热环形窄缝通道内单相流动换热进行分析研究,提出了理论预测模型.基于该模型,对窄缝宽度分别为1.0、1.5、2.0 mm的环形通道单相湍流流动换热系数进行了理论计算,并与实验结果进行了对比,理论预测值与实验结果符合较好.研究表明:内外加热热流密度比对环形窄缝通道内的湍流流动换热过程有显著影响,在双面加热情况下,窄缝对流动换热过程强化与否,取决于内外管加热热流密度比及流动状态,即Re大小.     

环形通道内液态金属钠流动传热特性数值模拟

利用数值方法，使用商用软件ANSYS CFX，针对内径4~10 mm、外径7~20 mm的环形通道内不同边界条件下单相钠的流动和传热特性进行了研究，分析了流速、入口温度、内壁面热流密度和外壁面热流密度等对其流动传热的影响。结果表明，环形通道间隙对液态金属钠流动和传热影响较大，热流密度对其影响较小。将计算结果与文献中理论和实验结果进行了比较和分析，得出环形通道内液态金属钠的传热关系式。数值模拟结果与文献实验结果吻合较好，总体趋势符合良好。      

窄间隙矩形通道单相水纵向涡强化传热实验

在窄间隙矩形通道内设置4对周期性分布的矩形块纵向涡发事器(LVG),研究该类通道和光通道内单相水介质流动阻力特性和对流传热特性.在雷诺数Re为310-4220范围内,纵向涡(LV)使得通道内流动提前由层流向紊流转化.在层流区,LV强化传热可达100.9%,摩擦阻力增大仅11.4%;在紊流区,LV强化传热可超过87.1%...     

Experimental Study of Liquid Sodium Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics Along Hexagonal 7-rod Bundle Channel

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase liquid sodium were experimentally investigated in a hexagonal 7-rod bundle channel with the velocity of 0-4 m/s, the heat flux of 0-120 kW/m² and the absolute pressure of 1.5-200 kPa. The corresponding Reynolds number ranges from 4 000 to 60 000, and the Peclet number varies from 0 to 340. The influence of some thermal parameters on the heat transfer characteristics of liquid sodium flow in a hexagonal 7-rod bundle channel was analyzed in depth. Empirical correlations of liquid sodium flow and heat transfer in a hexagonal 7-rod bundle channel were obtained by nonlinear regression analysis for experimental data. The results show that these correlations can accurately predict the friction coefficient and Nu in a hexagonal 7-rod bundle channel. The prediction error for flow and heat transfer is less than 5% and 6%, respectively. The new equation was compared with other results, and the error is within 30%. It is shown that the new empirical correlation is suitable for the flow heat transfer of liquid sodium in a hexagonal 7-rod bundle channel.     

绕丝棒束组件低流速时摩擦阻力实验研究

钠冷快堆在事故停堆余热排放期间,堆芯组件内钠流为自然循环流动,流速很低,因此准确确定绕丝棒束组件低流速时的摩擦阻力系数对钠冷快堆非能动余热排出系统的设计具有重要意义。本文以水为流动介质,准确测量了37棒和19棒绕丝棒束组件在低流速（Re<1 000）时的摩擦阻力系数。实验结果表明,随着流速的降低,绕丝棒束组件的摩擦阻力系数迅速升高,流动从层流向过渡流转变时,摩擦阻力系数有明显跃升。将实验测量值与绕丝棒束摩擦阻力系数经验公式的计算结果进行比较,发现在低流速时,经验公式计算结果较实验测量值明显偏小,同时经验公式计算的绕丝棒束层流向过渡流转变的临界Re较实验值偏大。     

Effects of ship motions on laminar flow in tubes

The thermal–hydraulics of barge-mounted floating nuclear desalination plants is the incentive for this study. Laminar flow in tubes in heaving motion is modeled. The friction factor and heat transfer coefficient are obtained. All the equations of laminar flow in steady state are applicable for heeling motion. The effect of ship motions on the laminar developing region is also analyzed. The ship motions can weaken the boundary layer in the laminar developing region and strengthen the laminar frictional resistance. The effect of ship motions on the instability of laminar flow is also investigated. The ship motions do not affect the instability point, but they can shorten the distance between the instability point and the transition point, and cause the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow to occur earlier.     

液态金属钠在圆管内传热特性数值模拟研究

为研究液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的湍流传热特性,在已有实验研究的基础上,提出了k-ε模型下的湍流普朗特数Pr_t模型,并使用Fluent程序对圆管内的液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性进行了计算。理论设计值与已有实验结果进行对比,二者符合较好。根据本文提出的Pr_t模型,可较为精确地计算液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性。     

Heat transfer, momentum losses and flow mixing in a 61-tube bundle with wire-wrap

Friction factors and heat transfer coefficients were obtained in the laminar and turbulent regions for a 61-tube wire-wrapped hexagonal bundle in a water flow loop. Circumferential static pressure and temperature profiles of tubes, and the flow patterns produced by injection of dye at the periphery of the bundle revealed a strong local effect of the wire-wrap. The increase in heat and momentum transfer resulting from the wire-wrap was more pronounced in the laminar region than in the turbulent region. Correlations for the friction factors and Nusselt numbers were developed from the data and compared with the literature.     

垂直向上窄间隙矩形通道内单相流动特性实验研究

以垂直向上窄间隙矩形通道为研究对象,开展了恒热流密度加热条件下的单相流动特性实验研究。根据测量的温度、流量、压降和热流密度,获得一定工况范围内层流、过渡流和湍流流动的非等温摩擦系数实验数据,并基于这些实验数据对现有的预测关系式进行了对比评价。结果表明,由Kays和Clark提出的层流等温摩擦系数关系式以及由Blasius、Techo、Moody提出的湍流等温摩擦系数关系式的预测结果均与相应的实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

Experimental investigations on single-phase heat transfer enhancement with longitudinal vortices in narrow rectangular channel

Four pairs of rectangular block as longitudinal vortex generators (LVG) were mounted periodically in a narrow rectangular channel to investigate fluid flow and convective heat transfer respectively in the narrow rectangular channel with LVG and without LVG. Both the channels have the same narrow gap (d) = 3 mm, the same hydraulic diameter (D_h) = 5.58 mm and the same length to diameter ratio (L/D_h) = 80.65. The experiments were performed with the channels oriented uprightly and uniform heat fluxes applied at the one side of the heating plate and single-phase water was used as test fluid. The parameters that were varied during the experiments included the mass flow rate, inlet liquid temperature, system pressure, and heat flux.In each of the experiments conducted, the temperature of both the liquid and the wall was measured at various locations along the flow direction. Based on the measured temperatures and the overall energy balance across the test section, the heat transfer coefficients for single-phase forced convection have been calculated. At the same time, in these experiments, the single-phase pressure drop across the channels was also measured. The correlations have been developed for mean Nusselt numbers and friction factors. Additionally, the visual experiments of infrared thermo-image recording the temperature on the outer wall of the heating plate have been conducted for validating the effects of LV.In these experimental investigations, both laminar regime and turbulent regime were under the thermo-hydraulic developing conditions, laminar-to-turbulent transition occurred in advance with the help of LV when Reynolds numbers vary between 310 and 4220. In laminar regime, LV causes heat transfer enhancement of about 100.9% and flow resistance increase of only 11.4%. And in turbulent regime, LV causes heat transfer enhancement of above 87.1% and flow resistance increase of 100.3%. As a result, LV can obviously enhance heat transfer of single-phase water, and increase flow resistance mildly.     

Heat Transfer in a Fluid with Internal Heat Generation Flowing through a Vertical Tube

This paper deals with heat transfer in a fluid, with uniformly distributed internal heat source, flowing upwards through a vertical tube. Measurements were made of the temperature distribution in both laminar and turbulent flow, and both with and without heat transfer at wall. Heat generation within the fluid was brought about by passing an electrical current through the working fluid, which was an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. The experimental results were compared with analytical calculations.

Free convection, which occurs and is superimposed on the movement by forced convection, flattens the fluid temperature distribution in laminar flow through thermally insulated vertical tube. In turbulent flow with heat transfer to wall, the temperature distribution near the wall is affected considerably by the outgoing heat flux.     

液态金属钠在圆管中湍流传热特性研究

采用高Re k-ε模型与壁面函数法对液态金属钠在圆管中湍流传热特性进行数值计算,并与文献实验结果进行了比较,计算值与实验结果符合较好。同时应用该方法研究了湍流程度和加热条件对液态钠传热特性的影响。结果表明：湍流程度对传热的影响主要集中在流道前半段,后半段分子扩散对传热的影响逐渐凸现出来,使不同湍流程度流体传热特性的区别逐渐缩小。初始温度与热流密度对传热特性无明显影响。